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Encyclopedia > In God We Trust

Updated 185 days 9 hours 52 minutes ago.
"In God We Trust"
"In God We Trust"

In God We Trust is the current official national motto of the United States (although in this context it is technically meaningless ceremonialism with no connection to any religious concept) and the U.S. state of Florida. In Spanish form, En Dios Confiamos, it is also the national motto of Nicaragua. In God We Trust became the official U.S. national motto after the passage of an Act of Congress in 1956. In God We Trust may refer to: In God We Trust, the national motto of the United States of America In God We Trust (album), a 1988 album by Christian rock band Stryper In God We Trust (Brand Nubian album), a 1993 album by rap group Brand Nubian In God... Enlargement of the 20-dollar bill. ... Enlargement of the 20-dollar bill. ... Here is a list of state mottos for countries and their subdivisions around the world. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... An Act of Vaginapenis is a bill or resolution adopted by both houses of the United States Congress to which one of the following events has happened: Acceptance by the President of the United States, Inaction by the President after ten days from reception (excluding Sundays) while the Congress is... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...


E Pluribus Unum, approved for use in the Great Seal of the United States in 1782, remains a ubiquitous motto appearing on coins and currency, and has been widely considered the national motto de facto. However, by 1956 it had not been explicitly established by legislation as the official "national motto". E pluribus unum included in the Great Seal of the United States, being one of the nations mottos at the time of the seals creation E Pluribus Unum was one of the first mottos adopted by the United States government. ... Obverse The Great Seal of the United States is used to authenticate certain documents issued by the United States government. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without...


Though many believe that the 1956 act disrespected an already existing national motto, the Congressional Record version of the legislation reads: "At the present time the United States has no national motto. The committee deems it most appropriate that 'In God we trust' be so designated as U.S. national motto."[1] The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. ...


In God We Trust is also found on the current flag of Georgia, flag of Florida, and the official state seal of Florida. It was first adopted by the state of Georgia for use on flags in 2001, and subsequently included on the Georgia flag of 2003. In Florida, it became the state motto during the term of Republican governor Jeb Bush, a Roman Catholic, who signed the bill making it so into law. Starting in 2007, the phrase can also be found on the license plates of Indiana and Ohio (can be selected among offered designs). State flag of Georgia The current flag of Georgia was adopted on May 8, 2003. ... The flag of Florida The flag of Florida consists of a red saltire (diagonal cross) on a white background, with the seal of Florida superimposed on the center. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Ellis Jeb Bush (born February 11, 1953), a Republican, is the forty-third and current Governor of Florida. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... // Introduction A license plate, number plate or registration plate (often referred to simply as a plate, or colloquially tag) is a small metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle for official identification purposes. ... For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Greater Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ...


One possible origin of In God We Trust is the final stanza of The Star-Spangled Banner. Written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key (and later adopted as the U.S. national anthem), the song contains one of the earliest[citation needed] references to a variation of the phrase: "...And this be our motto: "In God is our trust." The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Francis Scott Key Maryland Historical Society plaque marking the birthplace of Francis Scott Key Fort McHenry looking towards the position of the British ships (with the Francis Scott Key Bridge in the distance on the upper left) Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer... The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ...

Contents

[edit] History on currency

As excerpted from the Treasury Department's public education website, "History of 'In God We Trust'".: The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department, a treasury, of the United States government established by an Act of U.S. Congress in 1789 to manage the revenue of the United States government. ...


The motto In God We Trust was placed on United States coins largely because of the increased religious sentiment existing during the American Civil War. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase received many appeals from devout Christians throughout the country, urging that the United States recognize God on United States coins. From Treasury Department records, it appears that the first such appeal came in a letter dated November 13, 1861. It was written to Secretary Chase by Reverend M. R. Watkinson, Minister of the Gospel from Ridley Township, Pennsylvania, and read: Top row: Sacagawea Dollar, Lincoln Cent, and Roosevelt Dime. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Salmon Portland Chase (January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as Senator from Ohio, Governor of Ohio, as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln, and Chief Justice of the United States. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department, a treasury, of the United States government established by an Act of U.S. Congress in 1789 to manage the revenue of the United States government. ... Gospel, from the Old English good tidings is a calque of Greek () used in the New Testament (see Etymology below). ... Ridley Township is a township located in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. ...

Dear Sir: You are about to submit your annual report to the Congress respecting the affairs of the national finances.
One fact touching our currency has hitherto been seriously overlooked. I mean the recognition of the Almighty God in some form on our coins.
You are probably a Christian. What if our Republic were not shattered beyond reconstruction? Would not the antiquaries of succeeding centuries rightly reason from our past that we were a heathen nation? What I propose is that instead of the goddess of liberty we shall have next inside the 13 stars a ring inscribed with the words PERPETUAL UNION; within the ring the allseeing eye, crowned with a halo; beneath this eye the American flag, bearing in its field stars equal to the number of the States united; in the folds of the bars the words GOD, LIBERTY, LAW.
This would make a beautiful coin, to which no possible citizen could object. This would relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism. This would place us openly under the Divine protection we have personally claimed. From my heart I have felt our national shame in disowning God as not the least of our present national disasters.

To you first I address a subject that must be agitated. [1]

As a result, Secretary Chase instructed James Pollock, Director of the Mint at Philadelphia, to prepare a motto, in a letter dated November 20, 1861: James Pollock (10 September 1811 - 19 April 1890) was the governor of Pennsylvania from 1855 to 1858. ...

Dear Sir: No nation can be strong except in the strength of God, or safe except in His defense. The trust of our people in God should be declared on our national coins.
You will cause a device to be prepared without unnecessary delay with a motto expressing in the fewest and tersest words possible this national recognition.

It was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837, prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States. This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by Congress. In December 1863, the Director of the Mint submitted designs for a new one-cent coin, two-cent coin, and three-cent coin to Secretary Chase for approval. He proposed that upon the designs either OUR COUNTRY, OUR GOD or GOD, OUR TRUST should appear as the motto on the coins. In a letter to the Mint Director on December 9, 1863, Secretary Chase stated: A mint is a facility which manufactures coins for currency. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political...

I approve your mottoes, only suggesting that on that with the Washington obverse the motto should begin with the word OUR, so as to read OUR GOD AND OUR COUNTRY. And on that with the shield, it should be changed so as to read: IN GOD WE TRUST.

Congress passed the Coinage Act (1864) on April 22, 1864. This legislation changed the composition of the one-cent coin and authorized the minting of the two-cent coin. The Mint Director was directed to develop the designs for these coins for final approval of the Secretary. In God We Trust first appeared on the 1864 two-cent coin. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (910x910, 596 KB)Media:Example. ... The Coinage Act of 1864, a United States federal law, changed the composition of the one-cent coin and authorized the minting of the two-cent coin. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... ¢ c A United States cent, or 1¢ or a penny In currency, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of various countries basic monetary units. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...


Another Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865 which allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon." Under the Act, the motto was placed on the gold Double Eagle coin, the gold Eagle coin, and the gold Half Eagle coin. It was also placed on the silver dollar coin, the half dollar coin and the quarter dollar coin, and on the nickel five-cent coin beginning in 1866. Later, Congress passed the Fourth Coinage Act of February 12, 1873. It also said that the Secretary "may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto." The 1933 Double Eagle, Saint Gaudens design A Double Eagle is a gold coin of the United States with a denomination of $20. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The 1914 Half-Eagle The Half Eagle is a United States coin that was produced from 1795 to 1929. ... Dollar coins have been minted in the United States in both gold and silver versions. ... The Half Dollar of the United States has been produced nearly every year since the inception of the United States Mint in 1793. ... The quarter is 1/4th of a United States dollar or 25 cents. ... The United States five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a unit of currency equaling one-twentieth, or five-hundredths, of a United States dollar. ... In 1873, Congress enacted the Fourth Coinage Act (The Crime of 73) which embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...


The use of In God We Trust has not been uninterrupted. The motto disappeared from the five-cent coin in 1883, and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938. Since 1938, all United States coins bear the inscription. Later, the motto was found missing from the new design of the gold Double Eagle coin and the gold Eagle coin shortly after they appeared in 1907. In response to a general demand, Congress ordered it restored, and the Act of May 18, 1908, made it mandatory on all coins upon which it had previously appeared. Therefore, the motto was not mandatory on the one-cent and five-cent coins, but it could be placed on them by the Secretary of the Treasury or the Mint Director with the Secretary's approval. Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and, until 2003, some issues of national security and defense. ...


American presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt strongly disapproved of the idea of evoking God within the context of a "cheap" political motto. In a letter to William Boldly on November 11, 1907, President Roosevelt wrote: "My own feeling in the matter is due to my very firm conviction that to put such a motto on coins, or to use it in any kindred manner, not only does no good but does positive harm, and is in effect irreverence, which comes dangerously close to sacrilege ... it seems to me eminently unwise to cheapen such a motto by use on coins, just as it would be to cheapen it by use on postage stamps, or in advertisements."


Despite historical opposition, the motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909 and on the ten-cent dime since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since July 1, 1908. ¢ c A United States cent, or 1¢ or a penny In currency, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of various countries basic monetary units. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A dime is a coin issued by the United States Mint with a denomination of one-tenth of a United States dollar, or ten cents. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...

A 1934-A five-dollar silver certificate (top image is the obverse of the certificate, bottom image is the reverse of the certificate).
A 1934-A five-dollar silver certificate (top image is the obverse of the certificate, bottom image is the reverse of the certificate).

In God We Trust was first used on paper money in 1957 when it appeared on the one-dollar Silver Certificate. The first paper currency bearing the motto entered circulation on October 1, 1957. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) was converting to the dry intaglio printing process. During this conversion, it gradually included In God We Trust in the back design of all classes and denominations of currency. Download high resolution version (731x642, 151 KB)Picture of a silver certificate. ... Download high resolution version (731x642, 151 KB)Picture of a silver certificate. ... In logic (and usually without being paired with reverse), obverse has a meaning close to contrapositive. ... The term obverse, and its opposite, reverse, describe the two sides of units of currency and many other kinds of two-sided objects, most often in reference to coins, but also to medals, drawings, old master prints and other works of art. ... A picture of a Silver Certificate (top image is the obverse of the certificate, bottom image is the reverse of the certificate). ... the bomb. ... Intaglio printing. ...


As a part of a comprehensive modernization program, the BEP successfully developed and installed new high-speed rotary intaglio printing presses in 1957. These allowed BEP to print currency by the dry intaglio process, 32 notes to the sheet. One-dollar silver certificates were the first denomination printed on the new high-speed presses. They included In God We Trust as part of the reverse design as BEP adopted new dies according to the law. The motto also appeared on one-dollar silver certificates of the 1957-A and 1957-B series. Intaglio printing. ... A picture of a Silver Certificate (top image is the obverse of the certificate, bottom image is the reverse of the certificate). ...


One-dollar silver certificates series 1935, 1935-A, 1935-B, 1935-C, 1935-D, 1935-E, 1935-F, 1935-G, and 1935-H were all printed on the older flat-bed presses by the wet intaglio process. P.L. 84-140 recognized that an enormous expense would be associated with immediately replacing the costly printing plates. The law allowed BEP to gradually convert to the inclusion of In God We Trust on the currency. Accordingly, the motto is not found on series 1935-E and 1935-F one-dollar notes. By September 1961, In God We Trust had been added to the back design of the Series 1935-G notes. Some early printings of this series do not bear the motto. In God We Trust appears on all series 1935-H one-dollar silver certificates.


On March 7, 2007, the U.S Mint reported an unknown amount of new George Washington dollar coins mistakenly struck without the edge inscriptions, including "In God We Trust." These coins have been in circulation since February 15, 2007 and it has been estimated by some experts that at least 50,000 of them were put in circulation. The coin rapidly became a collector's item as well as a source for conspiracy theorists.[2][3] is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Seal of the U.S. Mint The United States Mint primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... A collectors item is an object or item of any kind that has become valuable -- often unexpectedly. ... For other uses, see Conspiracy theory (disambiguation). ...


[edit] Adopted as National Motto

A law was passed by the 84th United States Congress (P.L. 84-140) and approved by the President on July 30, 1956. President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a joint resolution declaring In God We Trust the national motto of the United States. Some allege that this decision was a reaction to Communism (which was commonly associated with atheism). [2] The Eighty-fourth United States Congress was in session from 1955 to 1957. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... “Atheist” redirects here. ...


[edit] Controversy

A circulated $1 bill with "In God We Trust" marked out with a custom-made stamp
A circulated $1 bill with "In God We Trust" marked out with a custom-made stamp

Today, the motto is a source of some heated contention. Opponents[4][5] of the phrase argue that the First Amendment and a need for Thomas Jefferson's "wall of separation between church and state" require that the motto be removed from all governmental use, including on coins and paper money. They argue that religious freedom includes the right not to believe in the existence of deities and that the gratuitous use of the motto infringes upon the religious rights of those whose beliefs do not include a god. They argue that an endorsement of any deity by the government is unconstitutional. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Igwtcontro. ... Image File history File links Igwtcontro. ... For the Wikipedia policy regarding controversial issues in articles, see Wikipedia:Guidelines for controversial articles. ... “First Amendment” redirects here. ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... The separation of church and state is a legal and political principle derived from the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reads, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . ... Various Religious symbols, including (first row) Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Bahai, (second row) Islamic, tribal, Taoist, Shinto (third row) Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Jain, (fourth row) Ayyavazhi, Triple Goddess, Maltese cross, pre-Christian Slavonic Religion is the adherence to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve a faith in a spiritual... Constitutionality is the status of a law, a procedure, or an acts accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable constitution. ...


A number of theists[attribution needed] also protest the use of the name. United States President Theodore Roosevelt argued against the requirement of the motto on coinage, not because of a lack of faith in God, but because he thought it sacrilegious to put the name of God on something so common as money.[6] Indeed, a number of commandments forbidding the trivial use of God's name can be found in the Bible, such as Exodus 20:7, Deuteronomy 5:11, and Leviticus 19:12. Holy name redirects here. ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ...


Use of the motto on circulating coinage is required by law. Some activists have been known to cross out the motto on paper money as a form of protest.[7] While several laws come into play, the act of May 18, 1908 is most often cited as requiring the motto (even though the cent and nickel were excluded from that law, and the nickel did not have the motto added until 1938). Since 1938, all coins have borne the motto. The use of the motto was permitted, but not required, by an 1873 law. The motto was added to paper money over a period from 1957 to 1966. is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...


Some shops in the United States have displayed jocular signs reading "In God we trust — All others pay cash." This was also used by humorist Jean Shepherd for the title of his 1966 book In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash. The sentence is parodied in an episode "Deep Space Homer" of the The Simpsons when an Inanimate Carbon Rod saves the day and is featured on the front-page of Time with the slogan "In Rod We Trust." Another religious themed episode (Season 8, Episode 22) is titled "In Marge We Trust." In the John Carpenter science fiction film They Live, the subliminal message hidden on money is the phrase "This is your God." In Chris Rock's Never Scared HBO Special, he made references to the motto to illustrate his point that Americans worship money, declaring, "All my life I've been looking for God, and he's right in my pocket!" Jean Shepherd posed as Frederick R. Ewing on the back cover of Ballantines I, Libertine (1956). ... In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash (1966, ISBN 0385021747) is the title of a book by Jean Shepherd. ... Deep Space Homer is the fifteenth episode of The Simpsons fifth season and first aired on February 24, 1994. ... Simpsons redirects here. ... “TIME” redirects here. ... In Marge We Trust is the twenty-second episode of The Simpsons eighth season, which originally aired April 27, 1997. ... They Live is a 1988 film directed by John Carpenter, who also wrote the screenplay under the pseudonym “Frank Armitage”. The movie is based on the short story Eight O’Clock in the Morning by Ray Nelson. ... A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. ... Christopher Julius Rock III[5] (born February 7, 1965)[6][7] is an American comedian, actor, screenwriter, television producer, film producer and director. ... Chris Rock Chris Rock (born February 7, 1965) is an African-American stand-up comedian and actor born in Georgetown, South Carolina. ... For other uses, see HBO (disambiguation). ...


[edit] See also

The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in 1970: It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency In God We Trust has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Holding A noncustodial parent did not have standing in federal court to allege that his childs school violated the Establishment Clause by leading students in the recital of the phrase one nation, under God in the Pledge of Allegiance. ...

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... A work of the United States government, as defined by United States copyright law, is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the U.S. government as part of that persons official duties. ...

[edit] External links


  Results from FactBites:
 
In God We Trust - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (1853 words)
In God We Trust is also the official state motto of the state of Florida, and is found on the Seal of Florida.
The motto In God We Trust was placed on United States coins largely because of the increased religious sentiment existing during the American Civil War.
The other side of the argument states that the separation of church and state means that Congress shall not impose a state religion on the populace, and that the separation of church and state is a legislative invention not intended by the founding fathers.
  More results at FactBites »

 

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