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In canon law, commendam (or in commendam) was a form of transferring an ecclesiastical benefice in trust to the custody of a patron. The phrase in commendam was originally applied to the provisional occupation of an ecclesiastical benefice, which was temporarily without an actual occupant – a corollary of the phrase in titulum, which was applied to the regular and unconditioned occupation of benefices. An abbot thus in commendam was a patron, not the working head of an abbey on the site; he drew the revenue, but was not concerned with the abbey's working or spiritual discipline. Canon law is the term used for the internal ecclesiastical law which governs various churches, most notably the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches. ...
Originally a benefice was a gift of land for life as a reward (Latin beneficium, means to do well) for services rendered. ...
Generally, patronage is the act of a so-called patron who supports or favors some individual, family, group or institution. ...
The practice of in commendam came in to widespread use (and abuse) in the 14th and 15th centuries, but the origins can be found in the Early Middle Ages when, during periods of upheaval and invasion, church property (ecclesiastical benefice's) would be given to a member of the church to safeguard until order was restored. Justinians wife Theodora and her retinue, in a 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. ...
History The origins of the practice can be found in the Early Middle Ages when temporarily unoccupied church property (ecclesiastical benefice) would be temporarily entrusted to the protection of a member of the church, to safeguard it until order was restored and a new permanent holder of the position was granted in titulus. The safeguarder would receive any revenues generated from the property in the meantime. Each of the early basilicas of Rome was under the guardianship of a patron. Justinians wife Theodora and her retinue, in a 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. ...
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Specifically, the custom of giving benefices in commendam dates back to the fourth century. In a letter Ambrose makes mention of a church which he gave in commendam, while he was Bishop of Milan: "Commendo tibi, fili, Ecclesiam quae est ad Forum Cornelii... donec ei ordinetur episcopus" (Epistle ii) The Third Council of Orleans, (538), in its eighteenth canon reserves the right of commendams to bishops, an early move against proprietary churches and abbeys, less common in Gaul than they were in Germany. St. Gregory the Great on various occasions gave churches and monasteries in commendam to such bishops as had been driven from their sees by the invading barbarians, or whose own churches were too poor to furnish them a decent livelihood (Epistles i, 40; ii, 38; iii, 13; vi, 21; in P. L., LXXVII, 493, 577, 614, 812). Saint Ambrose, (Latin: Sanctus Ambrosius, Ambrosius episcopus Mediolanensis; Italian: SantAmbrogio) (c. ...
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy. ...
Saint Gregory I, or Gregory the Great (called the Dialogist in Eastern Orthodoxy) (circa 540 - March 12, 604) was pope of the Catholic Church from September 3, 590 until his death. ...
The practice of granting benefices in commendam was employed by Pope Gregory the Great (590-604). Gregory I Pope Saint Gregory I or Gregory the Great (called the Dialogist in Eastern Orthodoxy) (c. ...
When in 1122 the Investiture Controversy was settled in favor of the church, the appointment of laymen as abbots in commendam was abolished. The Investiture Controversy was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. ...
The practice came into widespread use in the 14th and 15th centuries, and was open to abuse; such benefices were multiplied in the hands of favored cardinals, who accepted them like lay absentee landlords, increasing the coffers of favorite church members. The arrangements were no longer temporary and could last a lifetime. Monastic communities, from which the grants were taken, were hard hit; they lost the revenues and gained nothing in return. Absentee landlord is an economic term for a person who owns and rents out a profit-earning property, but does not live within the propertys local economic region. ...
By the 16th century the practice was less common, but remains to this day in limited form. The pope today has reserved to himself the right of giving benefices in commendam, but makes use of this right only in cases of cardinals who reside in Rome. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official in the Roman Catholic Church, a member of the College of Cardinals, ranking below the Pope and appointed by him during a consistory of the College. ...
Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 km² (496. ...
Etymology The word "commendam" is the accusative of the Low Latin noun commenda, "trust", or "custody", which is derived from the verb commendare ("to give in trust"). The phrase in commendam was originally applied to the provisional collation and occupation of an ecclesiastical benefice which was temporarily without an actual occupant. It was thus opposed to the phrase in titulum which was applied to the regular and unconditioned collation of benefices. Vulgar Latin (in Latin, sermo vulgaris) is a blanket term covering the vernacular dialects of the Latin language spoken mostly in the western provinces of the Roman Empire until those dialects, diverging still further, evolved into the early Romance languages — a distinction usually assigned to about the ninth century. ...
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