Inari Sami anarâškielâ
Spoken in:	Finland
Total speakers:	~400
Language family:	Uralic  Finno-Ugric   Finno-Permic    Finno-Volgaic     Finno-Lappic      Sami       Eastern        Inari Sami
Writing system:	Latin alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	smn
ISO 639-2:	smn
ISO/FDIS 639-3:	smn
Inari Sami is 7 on this map.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English- based pronunciation key.

Inari Sami (anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people, the majority of which are middle-aged or older and live in the town of Inari. It is the only Sami language that is spoken exclusively in Finland. The language is classified as being seriously endangered as few children learn the language. Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages  Yukaghir  Samoyedic  Ugric  Finnic The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... The Finno-Permic languages are a large branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... The Finno-Volgaic languages, also known as the Finno-Mari, Finno-Cheremisic, or Volga-Finnic languages, are a language group within the Uralic language family. ... Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ... Sami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ... Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ... Writing Systems of the World today A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code Twenty-two of the languages have two three-letter codes: a code for bibliographic use (ISO 639-2/B) a code for terminological use (ISO 639-2/T). ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1107x1329, 327 KB) Summary A map of Sami dialects numbered. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1107x1329, 327 KB) Summary A map of Sami dialects numbered. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone = sound/voice) is the study of sounds (voice). ... Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This is a concise version of the International Phonetic Alphabet for English sounds. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... Sami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ... Inari (Aanaar in Inari Sami, Anár in Northern Sami, Aanar in Skolt Sami, Enare in Swedish) is a municipality in Finland. ... Sami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ...

History

The first book in Inari Sámi was Anar sämi kiela aapis kirje ja doctor Martti Lutherus Ucca katkismus written and translated by Edvard Wilhelm Borg in 1859. The written history of modern Inari Sami is said to begin with Lauri Arvid Itkonen's translation of the history of the bible in 1906 although he did translate some other books before that (Martin Luther and John Charles Ryles). After that, Inari Sami was mainly published in books written by linguists, Frans Äimä and Erkki Itkonen, in particular. For many years, there was little literature written in Inari Sami, although Sämitigge has funded and published a lot of books, etc., in recent years.

Since 1992, Finland's Sami have had the right to interact with officials in their own language in areas where they have traditionally lived: in Enontekiö, Utsjoki, Inari and the northern part of Sodankylä as official policy favors the conservation of the language. All announcements in Inari, which is the only officially quadrilingual municipality in Finland, must be made in Finnish, North Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami. Only about 10% of public servants in the area can actually serve the Inari Saami-speaking population in Inari Saami, so Finnish is used by the remaining 90%. Enontekiö (Eanodat in Northern Sami, Enontekis in Swedish) is a municipality of Finland. ... Utsjoki (Ohcejohka in Northern Sami, Uccjokk in Skolt Sami) is a municipality in Finland. ... Inari (Aanaar in Inari Sami, Anár in Northern Sami, Aanar in Skolt Sami, Enare in Swedish) is a municipality in Finland. ... Sodankylä (SoaÄ‘egilli in Northern Sami, Syäˊđjel in Skolt Sami) is a town and municipality of Finland. ... Inari (Aanaar in Inari Sami, Anár in Northern Sami, Aanar in Skolt Sami, Enare in Swedish) is a municipality in Finland. ... Northern or North Sami (also written Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. ... Skolt Sami (Sää´mÇ©iõll) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland and nearby parts of Russia. ...

In 1986, the Anarâškielâ Servi (Inari Sámi Association) was founded in order to promote the language and its use. The association also publishes a lot of books, textbooks, a calendar, etc. in Inari Sami. They have also established a language immersion program in 1997 for 3-6-year-old children in a day care in Inari and Ivalo. The name may refer to one of the folloing. ... Ivalo is a town in Inari Municipality, in Finnish Lapland, situated a few kilometres to the south of Lake Inari. ...

A new phenomenon has been the fact that Inari Sami is currently being used in rap songs by Mikkal Morottaja, whose stage name is Amoc. Mikkal Morottaja, better known by his stage name Amoc, is a Finnish rapper who raps in the Inari Sami language. ...

Orthography

Inari Sámi is written using an extended version of the Latin alphabet. The alphabet currently used for Inari Sami was made official in 1996 and stands as follows: The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...

A/a, (Â/â), B/b, C/c, Č/č, D/d, Đ/đ, E/e, F/f, G/g, H/h, I/i, J/j, K/k, L/l, M/m, N/n, O/o, P/p, R/r, S/s, Š/š, T/t, U/u, V/v, Y/y, Z/z, Ž/ž, Ä/ä, (Á/á).

The phonetic values are the same as in Karelian, and đ represents the voiced dental fricative (in English "the"). Q/q, W/w, X/x, Å/å, Ö/ö are also used in words of foreign origin. Á is traditionally pronounced in the middle of /a/ and /ä/, but in modern Inari Sámi the difference between á and ä is nonexistent. In text, Á and ä are nevertheless concidered as separate characters. Ä is used only, if 1) it is in a first syllable of a word, and there is an "e" or "i" in a second syllable of the same word, 2) it is in a word, which does have only one syllable (although á is also used), or 3) it is a part of diphthong "iä". Ä however is not used, if it is supposed to be a part of diphthong "uá" (uá and uä are pronouced almost the same, but only uá is correct). The Karelian language is a variety closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily mutually intelligible. ... The voiced dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...

Grammar

Cases

Inari Sámi has 9 cases, although the genitive and accusative are oftentimes the same:

• Nominative
• Genitive
• Accusative
• Locative
• Illative
• Comitative
• Abessive
• Essive
• Partitive

The partitive appears to be a highly unproductive case in that it appears to only be used in the singular. The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... The term accusative may be used in the following contexts: A form of morphosyntactic alignment, as found in nominative-accusative languages. ... Locative is a case which indicates a location. ... Illative is, in the Finnish language, Estonian language and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of into (the inside of). An example from Hungarian would be a házba (into the house). ... The Comitative case is used where English would use in company with or together with. It, and many other cases, are found in the Finnish language, the Hungarian language, and the Estonian language. ... In linguistics, the Abessive case is a noun case expressing the lack and absence of something. ... The essive or similaris case carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English as a. ... The basic meaning of the Partitive case is partialness, without result or without specifying identity. In the Finnish language, its used to express unknown identities and irresultative actions. ... The basic meaning of the Partitive case is partialness, without result or without specifying identity. In the Finnish language, its used to express unknown identities and irresultative actions. ... The word singular may refer to one of several concepts. ...

Pronouns

The personal pronouns have three numbers - singular, plural and dual. The following table contains personal pronouns in the nominative and genitive/accusative cases. Dual is the grammatical number used for two referents. ...

The next table demonstrates the declension of a personal pronoun I/we (dual)/we (plural) in the various cases:

Verbs

Person

Inari Sami verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons: A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action (bring, read), occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Narrator. ...

• first person
• second person
• third person

... Grammatical person, in linguistics, is used for the grammatical categories a language uses to describe the relationship between the speaker and the persons or things she is talking about. ... Grammatical person, in linguistics, is used for the grammatical categories a language uses to describe the relationship between the speaker and the persons or things she is talking about. ...

Mood

Inari Sami has 5 grammatical moods: In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ...

• indicative
• imperative
• conditional
• potential
• optative

In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ...

Grammatical number

Inari Sami verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers: A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action (bring, read), occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. ... In linguistics, the term grammatical number refers to ways of expressing quantity by inflecting words. ...

• singular
• dual
• plural

The word singular may refer to one of several concepts. ... Dual is the grammatical number used for two referents. ... Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ...

Tense

Inari Sami has 2 simple tenses: Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...

• past
• non-past

and 2 compound tenses: This article is about the grammatical term. ... Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...

• perfect
• pluperfect

The present perfect tense denotes a present condition resulting from a previous action. ... The pluperfect tense (from Latin: plus quam perfectum more than perfect) is a perfective tense that exists in most Indo-European languages, used to refer to an event that has completed before another past action. ...

Verbal nouns

Negative verb

Inari Sami, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Inari Sami, the negative verb conjugates according to mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). A negative verb is a verb with help of which negative forms of verbs are formed. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Narrator. ... In linguistics, the term grammatical number refers to ways of expressing quantity by inflecting words. ...

 Ind. pres. Imperatiiva Optatiiva sg. du pl. sg. du pl. sg. du pl. 1 jie'm ián ep 1 - - 1 iällum iäl'loon iällup 2 jie'h eppee eppeđ 2 ele ellee elleđ 2 ele ellee elleđ 3 ij iä'vá iä 3 - - 3 iä'lus iällus iällus 

References

• Itkonen, Erkki. Inarilappisches Wörterbuch. Lexica societatis fenno-ugricae: 20. Suomalais-ugrilainen seura. Helsinki. ISBN 951-9019-94-4.
• Sammallahti, Pekka. Morottaja, Matti. Säämi-suoma sänikirje. Inarinsaamelais-suomalainen sanakirja. Girjegiisá. Ykkösoffset Oy, Vaasa 1993. ISBN 951-8939-27-6.
• Olthuis, Marja-Liisa. Kielâoppâ. [Inari] : Sämitigge, 2000.
• Østmo, Kari. Sämikielâ vieres kiellân vuáðuškoovlâst. Helsinki : Valtion painatuskeskus, 1988.

Links

• Salminen, Tapani. UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages. 1993.
• Kimberli Mäkäräinen A minute vocabulary (Inari Sámi-English) (233 words)
• Northern Sámi - Inari Sámi - Skolt Sámi - English dictionary (requires a password nowadays)
• Names of birds found in Sápmi in a number of languages, including Skolt Sámi and English. Search function only works with Finnish input though.