In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. Many languages express distinctions of mood through morphology, by changing (inflecting) the form of the verb. Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ... This article is about grammar from a linguistic perspective. ... A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action (bring, read), occurrence (to decompose (itself), to glitter), or a state of being (exist, live, soak, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. ... Morphology is the following: In linguistics, morphology is the study of the structure of word forms. ...

Because modern English does not have all of the moods described below, and has a very simplified system of verb inflection as well, it is not straightforward to explain the moods in English. Note, too, that the exact sense of each mood differs from language to language. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Grammatical mood per se is not the same thing as grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used to express more than one of these concepts at the same time. Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ... In linguistics, grammatical aspect is a property of a verb that defines the nature of temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. ...

Currently identified moods include conditional, imperative, indicative, injunctive, negative, optative, potential, subjunctive, and more. The original Indo-European inventory of moods was indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative. Not every Indo-European language has each of these moods, but the most conservative ones such as Ancient Greek, and Sanskrit retain them all. Some Uralic Samoyedic languages have over ten moods. Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Indo-European is originally a linguistic term, referring to the Indo-European language family. ... The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ... The Sanskrit language ( संस्कृता वाक्) is one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family and is not only a classical language, but also an official language of India. ... Geographical distribution of Finnic, Ugric, Samoyed and Yukaghir languages The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages The Samoyedic languages are spoken on both sides of the Ural mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by perhaps 30,000 speakers altogether. ...

Indicative mood

The indicative mood is used in factual statements. All intentions in speaking that a particular language does not put into another mood use the indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is reading books" or "Paul reads books".

Imperative mood

The imperative mood expresses commands, direct requests, amd prohibitions. In many circumstances, directly using the imperative mood seems blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, read that book".

Many languages, including English, use the bare verb stem to form the imperative. In English, second-person is implied by the imperative except when first-person plural is specified, as in "Let's go."

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood has several uses in independent clauses. Examples include discussing hypothetical or unlikely events, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests (the exact scope is language-specific). A subjunctive mood exists in English, but appears to be falling out of common use; many native English speakers do not use it. Example: "I suggested that Paul read books". Paul is not in fact reading the book. Contrast this with the sentence "Paul reads books", where the verb read has the third person singular ending. Another way, especially in British English, of expressing this might be "I suggested that Paul should read books.", derived from "Paul should read books." Other uses of the subjunctive in English, as in "And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass..." (KJV Leviticus 5:7) have definitely become archaic. The subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a grammatical mood of the verb that expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), and statements that are contrary to fact. ... Diagram showing the geographical locations of selected languages and dialects of the British Isles. ... This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ... Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ...

The subjunctive mood figures prominently in the grammar of the Romance languages, which require this mood for certain types of dependent clauses. This point commonly causes difficulty for English speakers learning these languages. The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages, are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire. ...

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to express a lack of certainty about if the action ever occurs, particularly, but not exclusively, in conditional clauses. In English, the conditional is manifested by means of the modal auxiliary 'would' added to the bare infinitive, e.g. I would buy. In other languages, such as Spanish, it is expressed by means of morphological marking on the verb. So, the conditional of 'John eats' is, in English, 'John would eat' ('would' + bare infinitive of main verb) and, in Spanish, 'Juan comería' (infinitive comer ((to) eat)) + third-singular ía). The conditional tense (sometimes described as the conditional mood) is a verb form in many languages, in which a verb root is modified to form verb tenses, moods, or aspects expressing degrees of certainty or uncertainty and hypothesis about past, present, or future. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Typically, it introduces subordinate clauses which are headed by a phrase roughly meaning 'on the condition that', such as 'if', 'as long as', etc., and these phrases can have their meaning intensified by items like 'even', as in 'even if'. A peculiarity in English and several related languages is that the the conditional mood occurs only in the main clause: the verb of the subordinate clause is marked for subjunctive modality. This is unusual; in Finnish, for example, the conditional mood is used both in the main and the subordinate clauses. An example in English with a conditional main clause and a subjunctive subordinate clause is: I would buy a house if I earned a lot of money (I might buy a house, if I earn a lot of money, but I do not and thus earning a lot of money is a condition for buying a house.) Compare Finnish, where the both clauses have a conditional marker (-isi-): Ostaisin talon, jos ansaitsisin paljon rahaa. A clause is a group of words consisting of a subject (often just a single noun) and a predicate (sometimes just a single verb). ... A phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. ... Finnish is spoken by the majority (92%) in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. ...

The conditional mood does not express uncertainty; this is a distinct mood, the potential mood, which is expressed with the words "probably" or "may" in English. The conditional mood is sometimes erroneously called a tense rather than a mood. This practice should be avoided, as tense refers exclusively to temporal location, and therefore in no way does it involve conditions, desires, etc., which are all modal. However, despite this, linguistics tends to be the only area in which such discrimination takes place — in foreign language courses, for example, non-temporal distinctions such as the conditional mood may be erroneously called 'tenses'. Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ...

Generic mood

The generic mood is used to make generalizations about a particular class of things, e.g. in "Rabbits are fast", one is speaking about rabbits in general, rather than about particular fast rabbits. English has no means of morphologically distinguishing generic mood from indicative mood, so the distinction must be made by contextual clues and linguistic experience. The generic mood, in linguistics, is a mood used to make generalized comments about a class of thing. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Morphology is the following: In linguistics, morphology is the study of the structure of word forms. ...

Negative mood

The negative mood expresses a negated action. In many languages, this is not distinct mood; negativity is expressed by adding a particle before (as in Russian or Esperanto: "Li ne iras."), after (as in archaic or dialectic English: "Thou remembrest not?"), or both (as in French: "Je ne sais pas.".) Standard English brings in a helper verb, do usually, and then adds not after it: "I did not go there". Negation, in its most basic sense, changes the truth value of a statement to its opposite. ... Russian (русский язык  listen?) is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ... Esperanto flag Esperanto is a constructed international auxiliary language. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...

In Indo-European languages, it is not customary to speak of a negative mood, since in these languages negation is originally a grammatical particle that can be applied to a verb in any of these moods. In some non-Indo-European languages, the negative mood counts as a separate mood. It could be argued that Modern English has joined the ranks of these languages, since negation in the indicative mood requires the use of an auxiliary verb and a distinct syntax in most cases. Contrast, for instance, "He sings" -> "He doesn't sing" (where the auxiliary to do has to be supplied, inflected to does, and the clitic form of not suffixed to derive the negative from "He sings") with "Il chante" -> "Il ne chante pas"; French adds the (discontinuous) negative particle ne...pas, without changing the form of the verb. In linguistics, the term particle is often employed as a useful catch-all lacking a strict definition. ... Modern English is the term used for the contemporary use of the English language. ... In linguistics, an auxiliary verb is a verb whose function it is to give further semantic information about the main verb which follows it. ... In linguistics, syntax is the study of the rules, or patterned relations, that govern the way the words in a sentence come together. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...

Interrogative Mood

The interrogative mood is used for asking questions. Most languages do not have a special mood for asking questions, but Nenets does. In linguistics and grammar, the interrogative mood is a grammatical mood used for asking questions. ... Nenets is a language spoken by the Nenets people in North Russia. ...

Optative mood

The optative mood expresses hopes, wishes or commands and has other uses that may overlap with the subjunctive mood. Few languages have an optative as a distinct mood; Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Japanese, and Finnish are four that do. The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ... The Sanskrit language ( संस्कृता वाक्) is one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family and is not only a classical language, but also an official language of India. ... The Japanese language is a spoken and written language used mainly in Japan. ... Finnish is spoken by the majority (92%) in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. ...

In Finnish, the mood may be called an "archaic" or "formal imperative", even if it has other uses; nevertheless, it does express formality at least. For example, 9th Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights begins with Älköön ketään pidätettäkö mielivaltaisesti, "Not anyone shall be arrested arbitrarily", where älköön pidätettäkö "shall not be arrested" is the optative of ei pidätetä "is not arrested". (Also, using the conditional mood -isi- in conjunction with the clitic -pa yields an optative meaning, e.g. olisinpa "if I only was". Here, it is evident that the wish is not, and probably will not be fulfilled.) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (also UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, December 10, 1948), outlining basic human rights. ...

In Japanese the verb inflection -tai expresses the speaker's desire, e.g. watashi wa asoko ni ikitai "I want to go there". Oddly enough, this verb form is treated as a pseudo-adjective: the auxiliary verb garu is used by dropping the end -i of an adjective to indicate the outward appearance of another's mental state, in this case the desire of a person other than the speaker (e.g. Jon-san wa tabetagatte imasu "John wants to eat").

Sometimes this is called a "desiderative mood", since it indicates desires. Occasionally distinctions are made between different optative moods, e.g. a mood to express hopes v.s. mood to express desires. (Desires are what we want to be the case; a hope is a desire which we have a positive attitude towards its fullfilment. If you desire something, but are pessimistic about its occurence, then you desire but do not hope for it.)

Cohortative mood

The cohortative mood is used to express plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose or consequence. It does not exist in English, but phrases such as "let us" are often used to denote it. The cohortative mood (also known as Intentional; cohortative subjunctive is also synonymous with hortatory subjunctive) is a grammatical mood, used to express plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose or consequence. ...

Jussive mood

The jussive mood is similar to the cohortative mood, in that it expresses plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose or consequence. In some languages, the two are distinguished in that cohortative occurs in the first person and the jussive in the second or third.

Potential mood

The potential mood is a mood of probability, indicating that the action most likely, but not certainly, occurs. It is used in Finnish and Japanese. (In Japanese it is often called something like tentative, since potential is used to refer to a voice indicating capability to perform the action.) In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... Finnish is spoken by the majority (92%) in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. ... The Japanese language is a spoken and written language used mainly in Japan. ... Voice, in grammar, is the relationship between the action or state expressed by a verb, and its arguments (subject, object, etc. ...

In Finnish, it is mostly a literary device, as it has virtually disappeared from daily spoken language in most dialects. Its suffix is -ne-, but such that any possible consonant clusters simplify, e.g. korjata -> *korjatnee -> korjannee ("probably will fix"), or tulla -> *tulnee -> tullee ("probably will come"). The auxiliary verb lie is used in other forms than the present tense as lienee, e.g. lienee korjannut "probably fixed".

In English, it is formed by means of the auxiliaries may, can, ought and must.

Eventive mood

The eventive mood is used in the Finnish epic poem, Kalevala. It is a combination of the potential and the conditional. It is also used in dialects of Estonian. In Finnish, there are theoretically forms like this: Finnish is spoken by the majority (92%) in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. ... The Kalevala is an epic poem compiled by Elias Lönnrot in the 19th century from Finnish folk sources. ... The Estonian language (eesti keel) is spoken by about 1. ...

• 'kävelleisin' = 'I probably would walk'

Dubitative mood

The dubitative mood is used in Ojibwa, Turkish, and other languages. It expresses the speaker's doubt or uncertainty about the event denoted by the verb. Dubitative mood is a grammatical mood found in some languages, that indicates that the statement is dubious, doubtful, or uncertain. ... For other uses of Chippewa, see Chippewa (disambiguation). ... Turkish (Türkçe or Türk dili) is a Turkic language, spoken natively by over 100 million speakers in Turkey, Cyprus, and worldwide. ...

Hypothetical mood

The hypothetical mood, found in Russian, Lakota, and other languages, expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. Hypothetical mood is a grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that while a statement is not actually true, it could easily have been. ... Russian (русский язык  listen?) is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ... Alternative meaning: Lakota, Côte dIvoire is a département of Côte dIvoire. ... A counterfactual conditional (sometimes called a subjunctive conditional) is a logical conditional statement whose antecedent is (ordinarily) taken to be contrary to fact by those who utter it. ...