History of Brazil

Indigenous peoples

Colonial Brazil

Empire of Brazil

1889–1930

1930–1945

1945–1964

1964–1985

1985–present

The Indigenous peoples in Brazil (provoke indía gnas in Portuguese) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the country's present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500. Unlike Christopher Columbus, who thought he had reached the East Indies, the Portuguese had already reached India via the Indian Ocean route when they reached Brazil. Nevertheless the word índios ("Indias"), was by then established to designate the peoples of the New World and stuck still being used today in Brazil. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1822, when Brazil became independent from Portugal. ... The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822, it was replaced by a republic in 1889. ... The period of Brazilian History, from 1889 to 1930, is commonly called the República Velha (Old Republic). ... // The tenente rebellion did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazils bourgeois social reformers. ... The period between 1964 in Brazilian history, that is also known as Second Republic, was marked by a huge political instability. ... The military maintained power in Brazil from 1964 until March 1985 because of political struggles within the regime and Brazilian elite. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator and maritime explorer credited as the discoverer of the Americas. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and...

At the time of European discovery, the indigenous peoples were traditionally mostly semi-nomadic tribes who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. Many of the estimated 2000 nations and tribes which existed in 1500 died out as a consequence of the European settlement, and many were assimilated into the Brazilian population. The indigenous population has declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated at below 4 million to some 300,000 (1997), grouped into some 200 tribes. A somewhat dated linguistic survey ^[2] found 188 living indigenous languages with 155,000 total speakers. On 18 January 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted peoples. The term indigenous people has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil and is spoken the indigenous peoples. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI or Funai) is the Brazilian Indian Protection Agency. ... Few peoples have remained totally uncontacted by modern civilisation. ...

Brazilian indigenous people made substantial and pervasive contributions to the country's material and cultural development—such as the domestication of cassava, which is still a major staple food in rural areas of the country. Binomial name Crantz The cassava, casava, yuca or manioc (Manihot esculenta) is a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) native to South America that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. ...

In the last IBGE census (2006), 519.000 Brazilians classified themselves as indigenous. IBGE, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica), is the agency responsible for statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic and environmental information in Brazil. ... The term indigenous people has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ...

A Brazilian Indian couple.

Picture of a couple of modern Karajá Indians in their traditional attire. ... Picture of a couple of modern Karajá Indians in their traditional attire. ...

Origins

Xingu, a Brazilian Indian reservation.

The origins of these indigenous peoples are still a matter of dispute among archaeologists. The traditional view, which traces them to Siberian migration to America at the end of the last ice age, has been increasingly challenged by South American archaeologists. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 506 pixelsFull resolution (2480 × 1568 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 506 pixelsFull resolution (2480 × 1568 pixel, file size: 1. ... For the river of this name see Xingu_River For the Brazilian natives see Xingu (people) For the story by Edith Wharton see Xingu (story) Xingu is also a brand of Brazilian black beer. ... For the song, see Indian Reservation (song) BIA map of reservations in the United States Tribal sovereignty: Map of the United States, with non-reservation land highlighted. ... This July 2007 does not cite any references or sources. ... “Siberian” redirects here. ... The Wisconsin (in North America), Devensian (in the British Isles), Midlandian (in Ireland), Würm (in the Alps), and Weichsel (in northern central Europe) glaciations are the most recent glaciations of the Pleistocene epoch, which ended around 10,000 BCE. The general glacial advance began about 70,000 BCE, and... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

The Siberian Ice Age hypothesis

Anthropological and genetic evidence indicates that most Native American peoples descended from migrant peoples from North Asia (Siberia) who entered America across the Bering Strait in at least three separate waves. In Brazil, particularly, most native tribes who were living in the land by 1500 are thought to be descended from the first wave of migrants, who are believed to have crossed the so-called Bering Land Bridge at the end of the last Ice Age, around 9000 BC. Anthropology (from Greek: ἀνθρωπος, anthropos, human being; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of humanity. ... This article is about the general scientific term. ... Regions of Asia:  Northern Asia  Central Asia  Western Asia  Southern Asia  Eastern Asia  Southeastern Asia North Asia or Northern Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... “Siberian” redirects here. ... Satellite photo of the Bering Strait Photo across the Bering Strait Nautical chart of the Bering Strait The Bering Strait (Russian: ) is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43 W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the westernmost point (168°05... Nautical chart of Bering Strait, site of former land bridge between Asia and North America The Bering land bridge, also known as Beringia, was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at...

A migrant wave around 9000 BC would have reached Brazil around 6000 BC, probably entering the Amazon River basin from the Northwest. (The second and third migratory waves from Siberia, which are thought to have generated the Athabaskan and Eskimo peoples, apparently did not reach farther than the southern United States and Canada, respectively.) This article is about the river. ... Areas in which Athabaskan languages and Eyak and Tlingit are traditionally spoken Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Athapascan or Athapaskan) is the name of a large group of distantly related Native American peoples, also known as the Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes, located in two main Southern and Northern groups in western... For other uses, see Eskimo (disambiguation). ...

The American Aborigines hypothesis

A Chaman man.

The traditional view above has recently been challenged by findings of human remains in South America, which are claimed to be too old to fit this scenario—perhaps even 20,000 years old. Some recent finds (notably the Luzia skeleton in Lagoa Santa) are claimed to be morphologically distinct from the Asian genotype and are more similar to African and Australian Aborigines. These American Aborigines would have been later displaced or absorbed by the Siberian immigrants. The distinctive natives of Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the American continent, may have been the last remains of those Aboriginal populations. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2336 × 3504 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2336 × 3504 pixel, file size: 3. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Australian Aborigines are the main indigenous people of Australia. ... Aboriginal Americans (or alternatively, American Aborigines) are the aboriginal (original residents) peoples of the Americas. ... Tierra del Fuego Cerro Sombrero Village, Chile. ...

These early immigrants would have either crossed the ocean on boat, or traveled North along the Asian coast and entered America through the Bering Strait area, well before the Siberian waves. This theory is still resisted by many scientists chiefly because of the apparent difficulty of the trip.

Archaeological remains

Virtually all the surviving archaeological evidence about the pre-history of Brazil dates from the period after the Asian migratory waves. Brazilian natives, unlike those in Mesoamerica and the western Andes, did not keep written records or erect stone monuments, and the humid climate and acidic soil have destroyed almost all traces of their material culture, including wood and bones. Therefore, what is known about the region's history before 1500 has been inferred and reconstructed from small-scale archaeological evidence, such as pottery and stone arrowheads. Location of Mesoamerica in the Americas. ... This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... American Indian arrowheads of several shapes and functions Japanese arrowheads of several shapes and functions Arrowhead can refer to: the point of an arrow; some plants in the genus Sagittaria; the Arrowhead region of northeastern Minnesota; a place name in southern California, derived from an arrowhead-shaped geologic formation in...

The most conspicuous remains of pre-discovery societies are very large mounds of discarded shellfish (sambaquís) found in some coastal sites which were continuously inhabited for over 5,000 years; and the substantial "black earth" (terra preta) deposits in several places along the Amazon, which are believed to be ancient garbage dumps (middens). Recent excavations of such deposits in the middle and upper course of the Amazon have uncovered remains of some very large settlements, containing tens of thousands of homes, indicating a complex social and economical structure. Cooked mussels Shellfish is a term used to describe shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. ... Terra preta (which means dark soil in Portuguese), refers to expanses of very dark soils found in the Amazon Basin. ... A midden, also known as kitchen middens, is a dump for domestic waste. ...

The natives after the European colonization

First contacts

Depiction of cannibalism in the Brazilian tupinamba tribe, as described by Hans Staden

When the Portuguese discoverers arrived for the first time in Brazil, in April 1500 they found, to their astonishment, a widely inhabited coastland, teeming with hundreds of thousands of indigenous people living in a "paradise" of natural riches. Pero Vaz de Caminha, the official scribe of Pedro Alvares Cabral, the commander of the discovery fleet which landed in the present state of Bahia, wrote a letter to the King of Portugal describing in glowing terms the beauty of the land. In fact however, the portuguese colonizers had many armed conflicts with the indigenous peoples and had many indigenous people as allies. Download high resolution version (981x835, 306 KB)from www. ... Download high resolution version (981x835, 306 KB)from www. ... “Cannibal” redirects here. ... Hans Staden (with beard) watching an indigenous tribe in Brazil practicing cannibalism. ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pero Vaz de Caminha was a member of Pedro Alvares Cabrals crew on his voyage to India. ... Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. ... Flag of Bahia See other Brazilian States Capital Salvador Largest City Salvador Area 564 273 km² Population   - Total   - Density 13 070 250 23. ...

Slavery and the Bandeiras

The mutual feeling of wonderment and good relationship was to end in the succeeding years. The Portuguese colonists, all males, started to have children with female natives, creating a new generation of mixed-race people who spoke Indian languages (in the city of São Paulo in the first years after her foundation, a Tupi language called Nheengatu). The children of these Portuguese men and Indian women formed the majority of the population. Groups of fierce conquistadores' sons organized expeditions called "bandeiras" (flags) into the backlands to claim the land to the Portuguese crown and to look for gold and precious stones.^[3] This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ... The Tupi language group consists of 6 languages in the Tupi-Guarani sublanguage family: Tupi Antigo, Nhengatu, Tupinkin, Potiguara, Omagua, and Cocoma. ... The Nheengatu tongue, often spelled Nhengatu, is also known by the Portuguese names língua geral da Amazônia and língua geral amazônica, both meaning Amazonian General Language, or even by the Latin lingua brasilica (Brazilian Language). ... The Monument to the Bandeiras, a stone sculpture group by Victor Brecheret, located in São Paulo, Brazil Bandeirantes were participants in the Bandeiras, expeditions organised by the inhabitants of the then poor village of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga together with allied Indians to enslave other Indians... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... A gemstone is a mineral, rock (as in lapis lazuli) or petrified material that when cut or faceted and polished is collectible or can be used in jewellery. ...

Intending to profit from sugar trade, the Portuguese decided to plant sugar cane in Brazil, and use indigenous slaves as the workforce, as the Spanish colonies were successfully doing. But the indigenous people were hard to capture and, soon infected by diseases brought by the Europeans against which they had no natural immunity, began dying in great numbers. This, coupled with the prospects of increased profits from the African slave trade (at the time almost monopolized by Portugal), encouraged Portuguese colonists and traders to start importing black slaves from Africa. Although in 1570 King Sebastian I ordered that the Brazilian Indians should not be used for slavery and ordered the release of those held in captivity it was only in 1755 that the slavery of Indians was finally abolished. Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Sebastian I, King of Portugal the Desired (in Portuguese, Sebastião I, pron. ...

The Jesuits

Main article: Jesuit Reductions

The Jesuit priests, who had come with the first Governor General to provide for religious assistance to the colonists, but mainly to convert the "pagan" peoples to Catholicism, took the side of the natives and extracted a Papal bull stating that they were human and should be protected. The Jesuit Reductions were a particular version of the general Spanish colonial strategy of building reducciones de indios in order to civilise and catechise the native populations of South America. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... A Governor-General (in Canada always, and frequently in Pakistan/India prior to the abolition of the last monarchy, Governor General) is most generally a governor of high rank, or a principal governor ranking above ordinary governors [1]. The most common contemporary usage of the term is to refer to... “Catholic Church” redirects here. ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ...

Jesuit priests such as fathers José de Anchieta and Manoel da Nóbrega studied and recorded their language and founded mixed settlements, such as São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, where colonists and natives lived side by side, speaking the same Língua Geral (common language) and freely interbred. They began also to establish more remote villages peopled only by civilized natives, called Missiones, or reductions (see the article on the Guarani people for more details). José de Anchieta (1534-1597) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil, South America, in the second half of the 16th century. ... Father Manoel da Nóbrega Manoel da Nóbrega (variant Manuel da Nóbrega) was a Portuguese Jesuit priest and first Provincial of the Society of Jesus in colonial Brazil. ... Pátio do Colégio in São Paulo. ... Língua Geral, literally general language in Portuguese, served as a common language during the vice-kingdom of Brazil. ... Guaraní is the name for a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guaraní language. ...

Wars

A Warrior depicted by Jean-Baptiste Debret in the early 19th Century

A number of wars between several tribes, such as the Tamoio Confederation, and the Portuguese ensued, sometimes with the natives siding with enemies of Portugal, such as the French, in the famous episode of France Antarctique in Rio de Janeiro, sometimes allying themselves to Portugal in their fight against other tribes. At approximately the same period, a German soldier, Hans Staden, was captured by the Tupinamba and released after a while. He described it in a famous book. Image File history File links Debret2. ... Image File history File links Debret2. ... Jean Baptiste Debret Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848) was a French painter, who produced many valuable lithographs depicting the peoples of Brazil. ... The Tamoyo Confederation (Confederação dos Tamoios in Portuguese language) was a military alliance of aboriginal chieftains of the sea coast ranging from what is today Santos to Rio de Janeiro, which occurred from 1554 to 1567. ... France Antarctique was the name of the failed French colony south of the Equator, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which existed between 1555 and 1567. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... Hans Staden (with beard) watching an indigenous tribe in Brazil practicing cannibalism. ... Tupinambá is an extinct language of Brazil. ...

There are various documented accounts of smallpox being knowingly used as a biological weapon by Brazilian villagers that wanted to get rid of nearby tribes (not always aggressive ones). The most "classical", according to Anthropologist, Mércio Pereira Gomes, happened in Caxias, in south Maranhão, where local farmers, wanting more land to extend their cattle farms, gave clothing owned by ill villagers (that normally would be burned to prevent further dissemination) to the Timbirans. The clothing infected the entire tribe, and they had neither immunity nor cure. Similar things happened in other villages throughout South America.^[4] Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ...

Government protection

In the 20th century, the Brazilian Government adopted a more humanitarian attitude and offered official protection to the indigenous people, including the establishment of the first indigenous reserves. The National 'Indian' Service (today the FUNAI, or Fundação Nacional do Índio) was established by Cândido Rondon, a Bororo native himself and a military officer of the Brazilian Army. The remaining unacculturated tribes have been contacted by FUNAI, and accommodated within Brazilian society in varying degrees. However, the exploration of rubber and other Amazonic natural resources led to a new cycle of invasion, expulsion, massacres and death, which continues to this day. Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI or Funai) is the Brazilian Indian Protection Agency. ... Cândido Mariano de Silva Rondon (1865-1956) was a Brazilian explorer who is most famous for exploring with Teddy Roosevelt during Roosevelts exploration of the Rio Roosevelt in the Mato Grosso state in Brazil. ... The Bororo are a Bororoan-speaking people in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil; they also extended into Bolivia and the Brazilian state of Goiás. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Major ethnic groups

For complete list see List of Indigenous peoples in Brazil It has been suggested that Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil#Major_ethnic_groups be merged into this article or section. ...

Two male indigenous men.

• Aché
• Amanyé
• Awá
• Baniwa
• Botocudo
• Caingang (Kaingang)
• Guaraní
  

  Kuarupu people.
• Kamayurá (Kamaiurá)
• Karajá
• Kayapo
• Korubo
• Matsés
• Mayoruna
• Munduruku
• Ofayé
• Panará
• Pirahã
• Quilombolo
• Tapirape
• Ticuna
• Tremembé
• Tupi
• Tupiniquim (Tupinikim)
• Waorani
• Xavante
• Xokó
• Xucuru
• Yanomami
• Yawanawa
• Zuruaha

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 549 pixelsFull resolution (2342 × 1608 pixel, file size: 564 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 549 pixelsFull resolution (2342 × 1608 pixel, file size: 564 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The Aché (also known by the hostile names Guayakí, Guaiaqui, Guoyagui, Guayaki, which literally mean rabid or ferocious rats; and the alternate spellings Ache or Axe meaning in their language human or person) are an indigenous people who lived in the subtropical forest of Eastern Paraguay as fulltime hunters until... The Amanyé are a Native South American nation of Brazils Amazonia. ... The Awá are an endangered indigenous group of people living in the eastern Amazon forests of Brazil. ... Baniwas are south american indians belonging to the Arawak linguistic family. ... Botocudo (from Portuguese for botoque, a plug, in allusion, to the wooden disks or plugs worn in their lips and ears), is the foreign name for a tribe of South American Indians of eastern Brazil, also known as the Aimorés or Aimborés. ... The Kaingang people are a Native American ethnic group spread out over the four southern Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. ... The Kaingang people are spread out over the four southern Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. ... Guaraní is the name for a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guaraní language. ... Image File history File links Kuarup3. ... Image File history File links Kuarup3. ... The Kamayurá are an indigenous tribe in the Amazonian Basin of Brazil. ... Karaja (or Karajá) indians live in brazil. ... The Kayapo (also Kayapó, Caiapó) are the Gê-speaking native peoples of the plain lands of the Mato Grosso in Brazil, south of the Amazon Basin and along Rio Xingu and its tributaries. ... The Korubo or head bashers, are a group of Native American people that live in the Amazon River Basin in Brazil. ... The Matsés are an indigenous tribe of the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon. ... A Mayoruna native. ... The Munduruku are a tribe of South Americans, one of the most powerful tribes on the Amazon. ... The Ofayé (also spelled as Opaié or Ofayé) are an indigenous people of Central Brazil. ... The Panará are an an Indigenous people of the Brazilian Amazon. ... The Pirahã people are an indigenous hunter-gatherer tribe of Amazon natives, who mainly live on the banks of the Maici River in Brazil. ... The Quilombolos are an ethnic minority in Brazil. ... The Tapirape is an indigenous people of the Central Amazon in Brazil  This ethnic-group-related article is a stub. ... Ticuna is a language spoken by approximately 21,000 people in Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. ... The Tupi people are one of the main ethnic groups of Brazilian indigenous people, together with the related Guaraní. They first inhabited the Amazon rainforest, then spread southward and gradually occupied the Atlantic coast. ... Tupiniquim is the name of an Amerindian tribe who now only live in three reservations (Terra Indígena in Portuguese). ... The Waorani (also spelled Huaorani or Waodani, and called Wao for short) are an indigenous people of Ecuador, living between the right bank of the Napo River and the left bank of the Curaray River. ... The Xavante (also Shavante, Chavante, Akuen, Auwe, Akwe, Awen, or Akwen) are an indigenous people, comprised of some 9,600 individuals (2000 est. ... The Xucuru are an indigenous people with a population of approximately 8,500, living in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. ... The Yanomami (spellings include Yanomamö which may be written with an ogonek under the first a as YÄ…nomamö; also referred to as Ianomami and sometimes Yanomani) are an indigenous people of Brazil and Venezuela. ... Yawanawa are an indigenous people, whose homeland is in the Brazilian state of Acre, in the province of Amazonas. ... Suruaha (also called Suruwaha, Zuruaha, Mndios do Coxodoais) is an Arauan language spoken in Brazil by about 130 people. ...

See also

v • d • e Major topics in Brazil
History	First inhabitants · Colonization · Empire · Old Republic · Estado Novo · Second Republic · Military rule · Contemporary
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Demographics	People · Languages · Religion · Education · Health care · Largest cities
Culture	Carnival · Cuisine · Cinema · Holidays · Literature · Music · Sports · Tourism
Other	Military · International rankings · Science and Technology · Social apartheid
Portal · Brazil Collaboration · Current events in Brazil · WikiProject

• Amerindians
• Archaeology of the Americas
• Bandeirantes
• Bering Land Bridge
• Brazilians
• Fundação Nacional do Índio
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas
• Uncontacted peoples
• Percy Fawcett
• Sydney Possuelo
• Villas Boas brothers

Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1822, when Brazil became independent from Portugal. ... The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822, it was replaced by a republic in 1889. ... // The Constitutionalist Revolution From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional democracy, with the presidency alternating between the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. ... // Depression, coffee oligarchs, and the Revolution of 1930 The Great Depression The tenente rebellion (See History of Brazil (1889-1930)) did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazils bourgeois social reformers. ... // End of the Estado Novo As World War II ended with Brazil participating on the Allied side, President Getúlio Vargas moved to liberalize his own fascist-influenced Estado Novo regime. ... The military maintained power in Brazil from 1964 until March 1985 because of political struggles within the regime and Brazilian elite. ... After the end of the military dictatorship, Brazil went into a troubled process of redemocratization. ... Politics of Brazil takes place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Brazil is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Brazilian Presidential Standard The President of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. ... Brazils bicameral National Congress (Portuguese: Congresso Nacional) consists of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. ... Brazilian law derives from Portuguese civil law and is based on statutes and, partly and more recently, stare decisis. ... The Supreme Federal Tribunal (in Portuguese Supremo Tribunal Federal, or simply STF) is the highest court of law of the Federative Republic of Brazil. ... Brazil elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. ... This article lists political parties in Brazil. ... Traditionally, Brazil has been a leader in the inter-American community and has played an important role in collective security efforts, as well as in economic cooperation in the Western Hemisphere. ... There are serious issues in regard to abuses of human rights in Brazil. ... ISO 4217 Code BRL User(s) Brazil Inflation 3. ... This is a list of major companies based in Brazil. ... Telephones - main lines in use: 19 million (1997) 39 million (2005) Telephones - mobile cellular: 4 million (1997) 80 million (2005) Telephone system: good working system domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations international: 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat... The Economic history of Brazil covers various economic events and traces the changes in the Brazilian economy of the course of the history of Brazil From Portugals discovery of Brazil in 1500 until the late 1930s, the Brazilian economy relied on the production of primary products for exports. ... Brazil is currently divided in five regions, by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE). ... Brazil is divided into twenty-six estados (states; singular estado) and one district, the Distrito Federal (Federal District) which contains the capital city, Brasília. ... Municipalities of Brazil This article is about the municipalities of Brazil. ... This is a list of the extreme points of Brazil, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. ... // Brazil has conducted a periodical population census since 1872. ... According to Brazilian Government, the most serious health problems are:[1] Childhood mortality: about 2. ... Brazilian culture is a Latin American culture of a very diverse nature. ... Mangueira samba school parades in Rio de Janeiro The Brazilian Carnival (Portuguese: ) is an annual festival season in Brazil held 40 days before Easter and marks the beginning of Lent. ... Traditional dishes in different areas of Brazil The population of Brazil is a racial mix of native Amerindians, Portuguese people, Africans, Italians, Spaniards, German people, Syrians, Lebanese and Japanese among others. ... Other holidays Dia dos Namorados is celebrated on June 12 as the Brazilian equivalent of St. ... The Literature of Brazil refers to literature written in the Portuguese language by Brazilians or in Brazil, even if prior to Brazils independence from Portugal, in 1822. ... Strong influences on the music of Brazil come from many parts of the world, but there are very popular regional music styles influenced by African and European forms. ... The beaches of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the most popular tourist destination in the country. ... The following are international rankings of Brazil. ... Itaipu Brazilian science and technology has achieved in the last decades a significant position in the international arena. ... Allegations of Brazilian apartheid draw an analogy from the treatment of non-whites in apartheid era South Africa to their treatment in Brazil. ... A Sioux in traditional dress including war bonnet, circa 1908. ... The Archeology of the Americas is the study of the archeology of North America, Central America (or Mesoamerica), South America and the Caribbean, which is to say, the pre-history and Pre-Columbian history of Native American peoples. ... The Monument to the Bandeiras, a stone sculpture group by Victor Brecheret, located in São Paulo, Brazil Bandeirantes were participants in the Bandeiras, expeditions organised by the inhabitants of the then poor village of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga together with allied Indians to enslave other Indians... Nautical chart of Bering Strait, site of former land bridge between Asia and North America The Bering land bridge, also known as Beringia, was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at... Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI or Funai) is the Brazilian Indian Protection Agency. ... Native Americans redirects here. ... Few peoples have remained totally uncontacted by modern civilisation. ... Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett (1867 – presumably 1925) was a British archaeologist and explorer. ... Sydney Possuelo, born in 1940, is a Brazilian explorer, social activist and Indian expert. ... Orlando Villas Boas (1914-2002) and his brothers Cláudio Villas Boas (1916-1998) and Leonardo Villas Boas (1918-1961) devoted their lives to helping indigenous peoples. ...

References

1. ^ http://www.idgp.grave.br/come/estate/populao/trarendimento/pnad2000/brabilpnad2009.pdf
2. ^ Rodrigues 1985
3. ^ São Paulo
4. ^ [1]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Indigenous peoples in Brazil

• Uncontacted Indian Tribe Found in Brazilian Amazon
• Indigenous Peoples in Brazil (Instituto Socioambiental)
• Etnolinguistica.Org: discussion list on South American languages
• Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International
• Indigenous peoples in Brazil at Google Video
• Google Video on Indigenous People of Brazil
• "Tribes" of Brazil