Indira Gandhi इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी
3rd & 6th Prime Minister of India
In office 15 January 1980 – 31 October 1984
President	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Giani Zail Singh
Preceded by	Choudhary Charan Singh
Succeeded by	Rajiv Gandhi
In office 19 January 1966 – 24 March 1977
President	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Hussain, Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Muhammad Hidayatullah, Varahagiri Venkata Giri, and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
Preceded by	Gulzarilal Nanda
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
Minister for External Affairs of India
In office 9 March 1984 – 31 October 1984
Preceded by	Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha
Succeeded by	Rajiv Gandhi
In office 21 August 1967 – 14 March 1969
Preceded by	Mahommedali Currim Chagla
Succeeded by	Dinesh Singh
Finance Minister of India
In office 26 June 1970 – 29 April 1971
Preceded by	Morarji Desai
Succeeded by	Yashwantrao Chavan
Born	19 November 1917(1917-11-19) Mughalsarai, United Provinces, British India
Died	October 31, 1984 (aged 66) New Delhi, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse	Feroze Gandhi
Children	Rajiv Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi

A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latter's fasts

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in 1984. She was India's first and to date only female prime minister. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ... is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (May 18, 1913 - June 1, 1996 ) was the sixth President of the republic of India from 1977 to 1982. ... This article needs cleanup. ... This article is about the Indian Prime Minister. ... Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (IPA: ) (August 20, 1944 – May 21, 1991), the eldest son of Indira. ... is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ,Tamil:(சர்வேபள்ளி ராதாகிருஷ்ணன்), (September 5, 1888 – April 17, 1975), was a philosopher and statesman. ... Dr Zakir Husain (February 8, 1897 - May 3, 1969) was the third President of India from May 13, 1967 until his death. ... Varahagiri Venkata Giri (August 10, 1894 - June 23, 1980), commonly known as V. V. Giri, was the fourth president of the Republic of India (August 24, 1969 - August 23, 1974). ... Muhammad H. Ullah (b. ... Varahagiri Venkata Giri (August 10, 1894 - June 23, 1980), commonly known as V. V. Giri, was the fourth president of the Republic of India (August 24, 1969 - August 23, 1974). ... Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (May 13, 1905 - February 11, 1977) was President of India of 1974 to 1977. ... Gulzarilal Nanda (Hindi: ) (July 4, 1898 - January 15, 1998) was an Indian politician. ... Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (Hindi: ) (February 29, 1896 – April 10, 1995) was an Indian freedom fighter and the first Prime Minister that did not belong to the Indian Congress Party. ... The External Affairs Minister or the Indian Foreign Minister is a position of office at cabinet level within the Government of India. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The External Affairs Minister or the Indian Foreign Minister is a position of office at cabinet level within the Government of India. ... Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (IPA: ) (August 20, 1944 – May 21, 1991), the eldest son of Indira. ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Mahommedali Currim Chagla ( M.C.Chagla) was Chief Justice of Bombay High Court from 1948 to 1958. ... Dinesh Singh was an Indian politician. ... The Finance Minister of India is a cabinet position in the Government of India. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 ([[Rf 1970 == January 1 - The Unix epoch begins at 00:00:00 UTC January 2 - The last studio performance of The Beatles oman numerals|MCMLXX]]) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (Hindi: ) (February 29, 1896 – April 10, 1995) was an Indian freedom fighter and the first Prime Minister that did not belong to the Indian Congress Party. ... Yashwantrao Chavan (12 March 1913 - 25 November 1984) was the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Mughalsarai, located around 10 km from Varanasi, India, is a famous railway junction. ... United Provinces, 1903 The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, mainly referred to simply as the United Provinces, was a former province of British India, which existed from 1902 to 1947. ... Anthem God Save The King The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (until 1912), New Delhi (after 1912) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1858-1901 Victoria¹  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George VI Viceroy²  - 1858... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... Indian National Congress, (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ... Feroze Gandhi (born 12 August 1912; died 8 September 1960) was an Indian politician and journalist of Parsi-Zoroastrian descent [1] He was the husband of Indira Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India and daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Indian Prime Minister. ... Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (IPA: ) (August 20, 1944 – May 21, 1991), the eldest son of Indira. ... Sanjay Gandhi (December 14, 1946 –- June 23, 1980) was an Indian politician, the younger son of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and politician Feroze Gandhi. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 522 pixelsFull resolution (3042 × 1984 pixel, file size: 538 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Gandhi fasting in the 1920s, and the young Indira, daughter of Nehru, who will be Prime Minister of India. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 522 pixelsFull resolution (3042 × 1984 pixel, file size: 538 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Gandhi fasting in the 1920s, and the young Indira, daughter of Nehru, who will be Prime Minister of India. ... “Gandhi” redirects here. ... Hindi (हिन्दी) is a language spoken mainly in North and Central India. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ...

Born in the politically influential Nehru dynasty, she grew up in an intensely political atmosphere. Her grandfather Motilal Nehru was a prominent Indian nationalist leader. Returning to India from Oxford in 1941, she became involved in the Indian Independence movement. The family of Motilal Nehru, who is seated in the centre. ... The family of Motilal Nehru, who is seated in the centre. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The Indian Independence Movement was a series of revolutions empowered by the people of India put forth to battle the British Empire for complete political independence, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857. ...

In the 1950s, she served her father unofficially as a personal assistant during his tenure as India's first Prime Minister. After her father's death in 1964, she was appointed as a member of the Rajya Sabha by the President of India and became a member of Lal Bahadur Shastri's cabinet as Minister of Information and Broadcasting^[1]. A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Executive President Vice-President Prime Minister Dy. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... Lal Bahadur Shastri (Hindi लालबहादुर शास्त्री) (October 2, 1904 - January 11, 1966) was the third Prime Minister of independent India and a significant figure in the Indian independence movement. ...

Chosen to become Prime Minister by Congress Party insiders after Shastri's death, Gandhi soon showed an ability to win elections and outmanoeuvre opponents through populism. She introduced more left-wing economic policies and promoted agricultural productivity. A crushing victory in the 1971 war with Pakistan was followed by a period of instability that led her to impose a state of Emergency in 1975; she paid for the authoritarian excesses of the period with three years in opposition. The Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party) is the largest subscription-based organisation in the world. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Look up emergency in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Returned to office in 1980, she became increasingly involved in an escalating conflict with separatists in Punjab that eventually led to her assassination by her own bodyguards in 1984. Political separatism is a movement to obtain sovereignty and split a territory or group of people (usually a people with a distinctive national consciousness) from one another (or one nation from another; a colony from the metropolis). ... , This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. ...

Early life of Indira Gandhi

The Nehru family - Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira, and Ranjit Pandit; Seated: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927).

Indira Priyadarshini, was born on November 19, 1917 to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and his young wife Kamala Nehru. The Nehru family can trace their ancestry to the Brahmins of Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi. Indira's grandfather Motilal Nehru was a wealthy barrister of Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh. Nehru was one of the most prominent members of the Indian National Congress in pre-Gandhi times and would go on to author the Nehru Report, the people's choice for a future Indian system of government as opposed to the British system. Her father Jawaharlal Nehru was a well-educated lawyer and was a popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. At the time of Indira's birth, Nehru entered the independence movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 598 pixel Image in higher resolution (856 × 640 pixel, file size: 76 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The family of Motilal Nehru, who is seated in the centre. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 598 pixel Image in higher resolution (856 × 640 pixel, file size: 76 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The family of Motilal Nehru, who is seated in the centre. ... The family of Motilal Nehru, who is seated in the centre. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: , from Persian Javâher-e Laal, meaning Red Jewel) (November 14, 1889 – May 27, 1964) was a political leader of the Indian National Congress, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of Independent India. ... Vijaya Lakshmi Nehru Pandit (िवजयलक्ष्मी नेहरू पण्िडत) (1900 1990) was an Indian diplomat and politician. ... Krishna Hutheesing (1907-1967) was the sister of Jawaharlal Nehru and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. ... Kamala Kaul Nehru (1899–1936) was the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress and first Prime Minister of India. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Kamala Kaul Nehru (1899–1936) was the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress and first Prime Minister of India. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू) (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Teacher) Nehru, was the leader of the (moderately) socialist wing of the Indian National Congress during and after Indias struggle for independence from the British... The term Brahmin denotes both a member of the priestly class in the Hindu varna system, and a member of the highest caste in the caste system of Hindu society. ... This article is about the area administered by India. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... The family of Motilal Nehru, who is seated in the centre. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... Indian National Congress, (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी, Gujarati મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી), called... The Nehru Report (1928) was a memorandum outlining a proposed new Dominion (see dominion status) constitution for India. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: , from Persian Javâher-e Laal, meaning Red Jewel) (November 14, 1889 – May 27, 1964) was a political leader of the Indian National Congress, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of Independent India. ... The Indian Independence Movement was a series of revolutions empowered by the people of India put forth to battle the British Empire for complete political independence, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857. ... “Gandhi” redirects here. ...

Growing up in the sole care of her mother, who was sick and alienated from the Nehru household, Indira developed strong protective instincts and a loner personality. Her grandfather and father continually being enmeshed in national politics also made mixing with her peers difficult. She had conflicts with her father's sisters, including Vijayalakshmi Pandit, and these continued into the political world. Vijaya Lakshmi Nehru Pandit (िवजयलक्ष्मी नेहरू पण्िडत) (1900 1990) was an Indian diplomat and politician. ...

Indira created the Vanara Sena movement for young girls and boys which played a small but notable role in the Indian Independence Movement, conducting protests and flag marches, as well as helping Congress politicians circulate sensitive publications and banned materials. In an often-told story, she smuggled out from her father's police-watched house an important document in her schoolbag that outlined plans for a major revolutionary initiative in the early 1930s. VANARA SENA (Army of Monkeys) was an organization of young boys and girls created by the young Indira Gandhi in the late 1920s and early 1930s, as the childrens wing of the Indian National Congress. ... The Indian Independence Movement was a series of revolutions empowered by the people of India put forth to battle the British Empire for complete political independence, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857. ...

In 1936, her mother, Kamala Nehru, finally succumbed to tuberculosis after a long struggle. Indira was 18 at the time and thus never experienced a stable family life during her childhood. She attended prominent Indian, European and British schools like Santiniketan, Badminton School and Oxford, but she showed no incandescence for academics, and was detained from obtaining a degree.^{[citation needed]} Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... , Santiniketan (Bangla: শান্তিনিকেতন Shantiniketôn) is a small town near Bolpur in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India, approximately 180 kilometres north of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). ... Badminton School is an independent girls school situated in Bristol, United Kingdom. ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ...

While studying at Somerville College, University of Oxford, England, during the late 1930s, she became a member of the radical pro-independence London based India League^[2]. Somerville College, part of the University of Oxford, was one of the first womens colleges to be founded there. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...

In her years in continental Europe and the UK, she met Feroze Gandhi,a Congress activist. Nehru was not happy; Kamala was dead already or dying. Just before the beginning of the Quit India Movement - the final, all-out national revolt launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress Party. In September 1942 they were arrested by the British authorities and detained without charge. She was ultimately released on 13 May 1943 having spent over 243 days in jail ^[3]. In 1944, she gave birth to Rajiv Gandhi with Feroze Gandhi, and followed by Sanjay Gandhi. Feroze Gandhi (born 12 August 1912; died 8 September 1960) was an Indian politician and journalist of Parsi-Zoroastrian descent [1] He was the husband of Indira Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India and daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Indian Prime Minister. ... The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement in India launched in August 1942 in response to Mahatma Gandhis call for immediate independence of India. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी, Gujarati મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી), called... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (IPA: ) (August 20, 1944 – May 21, 1991), the eldest son of Indira. ... Sanjay Gandhi (December 14, 1946 –- June 23, 1980) was an Indian politician, the younger son of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and politician Feroze Gandhi. ...

During the chaotic Partition of India in 1947, she helped organize refugee camps and provide medical care for the millions of refugees from Pakistan. This was her first exercise in major public service, and a valuable experience for the tumult of the coming years. This article is under construction. ...

The couple later settled in Allahabad where Feroze worked for a Congress Party newspaper and an insurance company. Their marriage started out well, but deteriorated later as Gandhi moved to New Delhi to be at the side of her father, now the Prime Minister, who was living alone in a high-pressure environment at Teen Murti Bhavan. She became his confidante, secretary and nurse. Her sons lived with her, but she eventually became permanently separated from Feroze, though they remained married. This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ...

When India's first general election approached in 1951, Gandhi managed the campaigns of both Nehru and her husband, who was contesting the constituency of Rae Bareilly. Feroze had not consulted Nehru on his choice to run, and even though he was elected, he opted to live in a separate house in Delhi. Feroze quickly developed a reputation for being a fighter against corruption by exposing a major scandal in the nationalized insurance industry, resulting in the resignation of the Finance Minister, a Nehru aide. Raebareli is a city in Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. ...

At the height of the tension, Gandhi and her husband separated. However, in 1958, shortly after re-election, Feroze suffered a heart attack, which dramatically healed their broken marriage. At his side to help him recuperate in Kashmir, their family grew closer. But Feroze died on September 8, 1960, while Gandhi was abroad with Nehru on a foreign visit. Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

President of the Indian National Congress

Indira and Mahatma Gandhi circa the 1930s

During 1959 and 1960, Gandhi ran for and was elected the President of the Indian National Congress. Her term of office was uneventful. She also acted as her father's chief of staff. Nehru was known as a vocal opponent of nepotism, and she did not contest a seat in the 1962 elections. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 335 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (429 × 768 pixel, file size: 43 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mohandas K. Gandhi and Indira Gandhi, future Prime Minister of India. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 335 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (429 × 768 pixel, file size: 43 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mohandas K. Gandhi and Indira Gandhi, future Prime Minister of India. ... “Gandhi” redirects here. ... Indian National Congress, (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ... Look up nepotism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Nehru died on May 27, 1964, and Gandhi, at the urgings of the new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, contested elections and joined the Government, being immediately appointed Minister for Information and Broadcasting. She went to Madras when the riots over Hindi becoming the national language broke out in non-Hindi speaking states of the south. There she spoke to government officials, soothed the anger of community leaders and supervised reconstruction efforts for the affected areas. Shastri and senior Ministers were embarrassed, owing to their lack of such initiative. Minister Gandhi's actions were probably not directly aimed at Shastri or her own political elevation. She reportedly lacked interest in the day-to-day functioning of her Ministry, but was media-savvy and adept at the art of politics and image-making. is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Lal Bahadur Shastri (Hindi लालबहादुर शास्त्री) (October 2, 1904 - January 11, 1966) was the third Prime Minister of independent India and a significant figure in the Indian independence movement. ... Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ...

"During the succession struggles after 1965 between Mrs. Gandhi and her rivals, the central Congress [party] leadership in several states moved to displace upper caste leaders from state Congress [party] organizations and replace them with backward caste persons and to mobilize the votes of the latter castes to defeat its rivals in the state Congress [party] and in the oppositiion. The consequences of these interventions, some of which may justly be perceived as socially progressive, have nevertheless often had the consequences of intensifying inter-ethnic regional conflicts...^[4]

When the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 broke out, Gandhi was vacationing in the border region of Srinagar. Although warned by the Army that Pakistani insurgents had penetrated very close to the city, she refused to relocate to Jammu or Delhi. She rallied local government and welcomed media attention, in effect reassuring the nation. Shastri died in Tashkent, hours after signing the peace agreement with Pakistan's Ayub Khan, mediated by the Soviets. Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri Harbakhsh Singh Ayub Khan Musa Khan Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800 killed[2] (September 6 - 22) 4,000 - 8,000 killed/ captured[3][4][5] (July to September 6) The Indo-Pakistani War... For Srinagar in Uttarakhand, see Srinagar, Uttarakhand. ... Jammu   (Hindi: जम्मू, Urdu: جموں) is one of the three regions comprising the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... Tashkent (Uzbek: , Russian: ) is the capital of Uzbekistan and also of the Tashkent Province. ... This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ... Soviet redirects here. ...

Shastri had been a candidate of consensus, bridging the left-right gap and staving off the popular conservative Morarji Desai. Gandhi was the candidate of the 'Syndicate', regional power brokers of immense influence, who thought that she would be easily led. Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (Hindi: ) (February 29, 1896 – April 10, 1995) was an Indian freedom fighter and the first Prime Minister that did not belong to the Indian Congress Party. ...

Searching for explanations for this disastrous miscalculation many years later, the then Congress President K. Kamaraj made the strange claim that he had made a personal vow to Nehru to make Gandhi Prime Minister 'at any cost'. The President of the All India Congress Committee, and therefore of the Congress Party as a whole, is known as the Congress President. ... Kamaraj (July 15, 1903–1975) was an Indian politician widely known as a kingmaker in Indian politics. ...

With the backing of the Syndicate, in a vote of the Congress Parliamentary Party, Gandhi beat Morarji Desai by 355 votes to 169 to become the fifth Prime Minister of India and the first woman to hold that position. The Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party) is the largest subscription-based organisation in the world. ...

Prime Minister

Foreign and Domestic Policy and National Security

Dr. Radhakrishnan, the second President of India, administering the oath of office to Indira Gandhi on 24 January 1966.

When Mrs. Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966 there was no unity in the Congress. Her main party rival, Morarji Desai called her 'Gungi Gudiya' which means 'Dumb Doll'. The internal problems showed in the 1967 election where the Congress lost nearly 60 seats winning 297 seats in the 545 seat Lok Sabha. She had to accommodate Desai as Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister. In 1969 after a lot of disagreements with Desai, the Congress split. she ruled with support from Socialist Parties for the next two years. In the same year, she nationalised banks.During the 1971 War, the US had sent its Seventh Fleet to the Bay of Bengal as a warning to India keep away from East Pakistan as a pretext to launch a wider attack against West Pakistan, especially over the disputed territory of Kashmir. This move had further alienated India from the First World, and Prime Minister Gandhi now accelerated a previously cautious new direction in national security and foreign policy. India and the USSR had earlier signed the Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Cooperation, the resulting political and military support contributing substantially to India's victory in the 1971 war. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (Telugu:సర్వేపల్లి రాధాకృష్ణ,Tamil:சர்வேபள்ளி ராதாகிருஷ்ணன்), (September 5, 1888 – April 17, 1975), was a philosopher and statesman. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (Hindi: ) (February 29, 1896 – April 10, 1995) was an Indian freedom fighter and the first Prime Minister that did not belong to the Indian Congress Party. ... A Deputy Prime Minister is a member of a nations cabinet who can take the position of acting Prime Minister when the real Prime Minister is temporarily absent. ... The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ... The United States 7th Fleet is a naval military unit based in Yokosuka, Japan. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

Nuclear Program

But Gandhi now accelerated the national nuclear program, as it was felt that the nuclear threat from the People's Republic of China and the intrusive interest of the two major superpowers were not conducive to India's stability and security. She also invited the new Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to Shimla for a week-long summit. After the near-failure of the talks, the two heads of state eventually signed the Shimla Agreement, which bound the two countries to resolve the Kashmir dispute by negotiations and peaceful means. It was Gandhi's stubbornness which made even the visiting Pakistani Prime Minister sign the accord according to India's terms in which Zulfikar Bhutto had to write the last few terms in the agreement in his own handwriting.^{[citation needed]} Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu:ذوالفقار علی بھٹو) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ... , Shimla   (Hindi: िशमला, Urdu: شملہ), originally called Simla, is a city in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. ... The Shimla Agreement on bilateral relations between India and Pakistan was signed by Prime Minister of India, Mrs. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (January 5, 1928 - April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as President, from 1971 to 1973, and as Prime Minister, from 1973 to 1977, of Pakistan. ...

Indira Gandhi was criticized by some for not making the Line of Control a permanent border while a few critics even believed that Pakistan-administered Kashmir should have been extracted from Pakistan, whose 93,000 prisoners of war were under Indian control. But the agreement did remove immediate United Nations and third party interference, and greatly reduced the likelihood of Pakistan launching a major attack in the near future. By not demanding total capitulation on a sensitive issue from Bhutto, she had allowed Pakistan to stabilize and normalize. Trade relations were also normalized, though much contact remained frozen for years. Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

In 1974, India successfully conducted an underground nuclear test, unofficially code named as smiling Buddha, near the desert village of Pokhran in Rajasthan. Describing the test as for peaceful purposes, India nevertheless became the world's youngest nuclear power. The Smiling Buddha was the first nuclear test explosion by India on May 18, 1974 at Pokhran. ... Pokhran (also spelt Pokaran) is a city and a municipality in Jaisalmer district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. ... , Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ...

Green Revolution

Main article: Green Revolution

Richard Nixon and Indira Gandhi in 1971. They had a deep personal antipathy that coloured bilateral relations.

Special agricultural innovation programs and extra government support launched in the 1960s that had finally resulted in India's chronic food shortages were gradually being transformed into surplus production of wheat, rice, cotton and milk. Rather than relying on food aid from the United States - headed by a President whom Mrs. Gandhi disliked considerably (the feeling was mutual: to Nixon, Indira was "the old witch"^[5]), the country became a food exporter. That achievement, along with the diversification of its commercial crop production, has become known as the Green Revolution. At the same time, the White Revolution was an expansion in milk production which helped to combat malnutrition, especially amidst young children. 'Food security', as the programme was called, was another source of support for Mrs. Gandhi in the years leading up to 1975. [1] The Green Revolution is a term used to describe the worldwide transformation of agriculture that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. ... Arrival ceremony for Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , 11/04/1971; Public Domain; http://www. ... Arrival ceremony for Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , 11/04/1971; Public Domain; http://www. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... The Green Revolution is a term used to describe the worldwide transformation of agriculture that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. ...

Established in the early 1960s, the Green Revolution was the unofficial name given to the Intense Agricultural District Programme (IADP) which sought to insure abundant, inexpensive grain for urban dwellers upon whose support Gandhi -- as indeed all Indian politicians -- heavily depended. ^[6] The program was based on four premises: 1) New varieties of seed(s), 2) Acceptance of the necessity of the chemicalization of Indian agriculture, i.e. fertilizers, pesticides, weed killers, etc., 3) A commitment to national and international cooperative research to develop new and improved existing seed varieties, 4) The concept of developing a scientific, agricultural institutions in the form of land grant colleges. ^[7]. Lasting about ten years, the program was ultimately to bring about a tripling of wheat production, a lower but still impressive increase of rice; while there was little to no increase (depending on area, and adjusted for population growth) of such cereals as millet, gram and coarse grain, though these did, in fact, retain a relatively stable yield. The Green Revolution is a term used to describe the worldwide transformation of agriculture that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. ... For other uses, see Millet (disambiguation). ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ...

Indian Emergency of 1975 - 1977

Main article: Indian Emergency (1975 - 77)

Gandhi's government faced major problems after her tremendous mandate of 1971. The internal structure of the Congress Party had withered following its numerous splits, leaving it entirely dependent on her leadership for its election fortunes. Garibi Hatao (Abolish Poverty) was the theme for Gandhi's 1971 bid. The slogan and the proposed anti-poverty programs that came with it were designed to give Gandhi an independent national support, based on rural and urban poor. This would allow her to by-pass the dominate rural castes both in and of state and local government; likewise the urban commercial class. And, for their part, the previously voiceless poor would at last gain both political worth and political weight. The Indian Emergency of (1975 - 77) is a 18-month period between 1975 and 1977, when President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, upon advice by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, declared a state of emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution of India, effectively bestowing her the power to rule by decree, suspending... Garibi Hatao (Meaning Abolish Poverty in Hindi) was the theme and slogan of Indira Gandhis 1971 election bid. ...

The programs created through garibi hatao, though carried out locally, were funded, developed, supervised, and staffed by New Delhi and the Congress [party]. "These programs also provided the central political leadership with new and vast patronage resources to be disbursed...throughout the country."^[8] All and all, garibi hatao did little and accomplished a bit less: Only about 4% of all funds allocated for economic development went to the three main anti-poverty programs, and precious few of these ever reached the 'poorest of the poor'. But it did help secure Gandhi's election.

Changing Domestic Policy

Gandhi had already been accused of tendencies towards authoritarianism. Using her strong parliamentary majority, she had amended the Constitution and stripped power from the states granted under the federal system. The central government had twice imposed President's Rule under Article 356 of the Constitution by deeming states ruled by opposition parties as "lawless and chaotic", thus winning administrative control of those states. Elected officials and the administrative services resented the growing influence of Sanjay Gandhi, who had become Gandhi's close political advisor at the expense of men like P. N. Haksar, Gandhi's chosen strategist during her rise to power. Renowned public figures and former freedom-fighters like Jaya Prakash Narayan, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Acharya Jivatram Kripalani now toured the North, speaking actively against her Government. Presidents rule is enabled by article 356 of the constitution of India. ... Article 356 is a controversial constitutional section included in the India. ... Sanjay Gandhi (December 14, 1946 –- June 23, 1980) was an Indian politician, the younger son of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and politician Feroze Gandhi. ... Purshottam Narayan Haksar (1913-1998) was one of the earliest and most important political strategists in the political democracy of independent India. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Jayaprakash Narayan. ... Satyendra Narayan Sinha (also transliterated as Satyendra Narayan Singh) (born July 12, 1917 ) was an Indian politician, participant in the Indian independence movement, and the 23rd Chief Minister of Bihar. ... Acharya (scholar) Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani (1888-1982) was an Indian politician, noted particularly for holding the presidency of the Indian National Congress during the transfer of power in 1947. ...

Charges

On June 12, 1975 the High Court of Allahabad declared Gandhi's election invalid on the grounds of corrupt practices in an election petition filed by Raj Narain. Technically, this constituted election fraud, and the court thus ordered her to be removed from her seat in Parliament and banned from running in elections for six years. Since the Prime Minister must be a member of either the Lok Sabha (lower house in the Parliament of India) or theRajya Sabha (the upper house of the Parliament), this decision had the effect of removing her from office. is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Raj Narain was an Indian politician who as a candidate of Janata Party in 1977 defeated Indira Gandhi- then Prime Minister of India in Lok Sabha election from Rai Bareli constituency . ... The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ... Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... Executive President Vice-President Prime Minister Dy. ...

Gandhi appealed the decision; the opposition parties rallied en masse, calling for her resignation. Strikes by unions and protest rallies paralyzed life in many states. J. P. Narayan even called upon the police to disobey orders if asked to fire on an unarmed public. Public disenchantment combined with hard economic times and an unresponsive government. A huge rally surrounded the Parliament building and Gandhi's residence in Delhi, demanding her to behave responsibly and resign. Jayaprakash Narayan (Devanāgarī: जयप्रकाश नारायण; October 11, 1902 - October 8, 1979), widely known as JP, was an Indian freedom fighter and political leader, remembered especially for leading the opposition to Indira Gandhi in the 1970s. ...

A still from Anand Patwardhan's first documentary Waves of Revolution, about the unrest in Bihar, distributed clandestinely within India and smuggled out in sections to create awareness abroad.

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Anand Patwardhan (b. ...

State of Emergency

Gandhi advised President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to declare a state of emergency, claiming that the strikes and rallies were creating a state of 'internal disturbance'. Ahmed was a longtime political ally, and it is a strong convention in India that the president acts on the advice of the prime minister. Accordingly, Ahmed declared a State of Emergency caused by internal disorder, based on the provisions of Article 352 of the Constitution, on June 26, 1975. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (May 13, 1905 - February 11, 1977) was President of India of 1974 to 1977. ... For other uses, see State of emergency (disambiguation). ... A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Even before the Emergency Proclamation was ratified by Parliament, Gandhi on the night of June 26, 1975 moved to put an end to any and all opposition to order the arrest of all her principal opposition, including those within the Congress Parliamentary Party. Many of these were men who had first been jailed by the British in the 1930s and 1940s. is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party) is the largest subscription-based organisation in the world. ...

Rule by Decree

Within a few months, President's Rule was imposed on the two non-Congress (party)-ruled states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu thereby bringing the entire country under direct dictorial rule from Delhi. ^[9] Police were granted powers to impose curfews and infinitely detain citizens, while all publications were subjected to substantial censorship by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Finally, impending legislative assembly elections were indefinitely postponed, with all opposition-controlled state governments being removed by virtue of the constitutional provision allowing for a dismissal of a state government on recommendation of the state's governor. Presidents rule is enabled by article 356 of the constitution of India. ... This article is for the Indian state. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...

Gandhi used the emergency provisions to grant herself extraordinary powers.

"Unlike her father [Nehru], who preferred to deal with strong chief ministers in control of their legislative parties and state party organizations, Mrs. Gandhi set out to remove every Congress chief minister who had an independent base and to replace each of them with ministers personally loyal to her...Even so, stability could not be maintained in the states..."^[10]

She further utilized President Ahmed, to issue ordinances that did not need to be debated in Parliament, allowing her to effectively rule by decree. Inder Kumar Gujral, a future prime minister himself, resigned as Minister for Information and Broadcasting to protest Sanjay Gandhi's interference in his work of the ministry. Decree is an order that has the force of law. ... Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick, unchallenged creation of law by a single person or group, and is used primarily by dictators and absolute monarchs. ... Inder Kumar Gujral (Hindi: ) (born 4 December 1919) was the twelfth Prime Minister of the Republic of India. ...

The prime minister's emergency rule lasted nineteen months.

Simultaneously, a draconian campaign to stamp out dissent included the arrest and torture of thousands of political activists; the ruthless clearing of slums around Delhi's Jama Masjid ordered by Sanjay and carried out by Jagmohan, which left hundreds of thousands of people homeless and thousands killed, and led to the permanent ghettoization of the nation's capital; and the family planning program which forcibly imposed vasectomy on thousands of fathers and was often poorly administered, nurturing a public anger against family planning that persists into the 21st century. The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa مسجد جھان نمہ, commonly known as Jama Masjid of Delhi is the principal mosque of Old Delhi in India. ... Jag Mohan is a former governor of Jammu and Kashmir in India. ... Vasectomy is a permanent birth control method for men. ...

Elections

In 1977, Gandhi called elections. One factor was the economic gains, though there may have been political considerations at play. Gandhi may have grossly misjudged her popularity by reading what the heavily censored press wrote about her, or may have feared a military coup had she attempted to rule by decree any longer (There were reports that the Armed Forces would forcibly remove her from power and hold elections. See Tapishwar Narain Raina). In any case, she was roundly defeated by the Janata Party. Janata, led by her long-time rival, Desai and with Narayan as its spiritual guide, claimed the elections were the last chance for India to choose between "democracy and dictatorship." Indira and Sanjay Gandhi both lost their seats, and Congress was cut down to 153 seats (compared with 350 in the previous Lok Sabha), 92 of which were in the south. Tapishwar Narain Raina was the Chief of the Army Staff of the Indian Army during 1975-78. ... The Janata Party (Peoples Party in Hindi) was an Indian political party that contested the Indian Emergency (1975-77) and became the first political party to defeat the Indian National Congress in the 1977 elections, forming the national government from 1977 to 1980. ...

Removal, Arrest, and Return

Mrs. Gandhi with M.G. Ramachandran, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. In the post-emergency elections in 1977, only the Southern states returned Congress majorities.

Desai became Prime Minister and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, the establishment choice of 1969, became President of the Republic. Gandhi found herself without work, income or residence until winning a by-election in 1978. The Congress Party split during the election campaign of 1977 with veteran Gandhi supporters like Jagjivan Ram abandoning her for Janata. The Congress (Gandhi) Party was now a much smaller group in Parliament, although the official opposition. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2140x1565, 2759 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2140x1565, 2759 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... ... A Chief Minister is the elected Head of Government of a state of India, a territory of Australia or a British overseas territory that has attained self-government. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (May 18, 1913 - June 1, 1996 ) was the sixth President of the republic of India from 1977 to 1982. ... A by-election or bye-election is a special election held to fill a political office when the incumbent has died or resigned. ... Jagjivan Ram (5 April 1908 - 6 July 1986), known popularly as Babuji was a freedom fighter and a social reformer hailing from the backward classes of Bihar in India. ...

Unable to govern owing to fractious coalition warfare, the Janata government's Home Minister, Choudhary Charan Singh, ordered the arrest of Indira and Sanjay Gandhi on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. The arrest meant that Indira was automatically expelled from Parliament. However, this strategy backfired disastrously. Her arrest and long-running trial, however, gained her great sympathy from many people who had feared her as a tyrant just two years earlier. This article is about the Indian Prime Minister. ...

The Janata coalition was only united by its hatred of Mrs. Gandhi (or "that woman" as some called her); the government was so bogged down by infighting. She was able to use the situation to her advantage. She began giving speeches again, tacitly apologizing for "mistakes" made during the Emergency. Desai resigned in June 1979, and Charan Singh was appointed Prime Minister by Reddy after Mrs. Gandhi promised that Congress would support his government from outside.

After a short interval, she withdrew her initial support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in the winter of 1979. In elections held the following January, Congress was returned to power with a landslide majority.

Indira Gandhi was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (for 1983-84). The International Stalin Prize or the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (renamed Russian: , the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples as a result of destalinization) was the Soviet Unions equivalent to the Nobel Peace Prize. ...

1984 USSR commemorative stamp

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 433 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1177 × 1630 pixels, file size: 399 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 433 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1177 × 1630 pixels, file size: 399 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

Operation Blue Star and assassination

Main article: Operation Blue Star

Main article: 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots

Gandhi's later years were bedevilled with problems in Punjab. In September 1981, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, the leader of a extremist separatist Sikh religious group and his well-armed followers took up positions within the precincts of the Golden Temple, Sikhism's holiest shrine and conducted numerous violent operations from the safety of the shrine.^[11] Gandhi ordered the Army, whose task force notably consisted of a large number of Sikh officers and soldiers and was led by Kuldeep Singh Brar, a Sikh himself, to engage Operation Blue Star to remove Bhindranwale and his followers on June 3, 1984. In the operation, hundreds of innocent Sikhs taken hostage were killed in the resultant gunfire. Operation Blue Star (June 3 to June 6, 1984) was an Indian military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi at the Harimandir Sahib in Amritsar, Punjab, the holiest temple of the Sikhs. ... 1984 Anti-Sikh riots took place in India after the assassination of Indira Gandhi on October 31, 1984. ... , This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. ... Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale or Jarnail Singh (Punjabi: ; February 12, 1947–June 6, 1984) was the leader of the Damdami Taksal, a Sikh religious group based in India. ... This is about the proposed nation-state, see Khalistan movement for a detailed article on the attempted creation of this state A proposed flag for Khalistan Khālistān (East Punjabi: , West Punjabi: ), meaning The Land of the Pure, from the Arabic word khaalis and the Persian word stan, was... For the Golden Pavilion Temple in Kyoto, Japan, see Kinkaku-ji. ... Operation Blue Star (June 3 to June 6, 1984) was an Indian military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi at the Harimandir Sahib in Amritsar, Punjab, the holiest temple of the Sikhs. ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

Indira Gandhi had numerous bodyguards, two of whom were Satwant Singh and Beant Singh both Sikhs. On October 31, 1984 they assasinated Indira Gandhi with machine guns in the garden of the Prime Minister's Residence at No. 1, Safdarjung Road in New Delhi. As she was walking to be interviewed by the British actor Peter Ustinov filming a documentary for Irish television, she passed a wicket gate, guarded by Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, where they opened fire with machine pistols before being shot themselves by other bodyguards. One bodyguard was killed and the other wounded. is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov, CBE (IPA: ; April 16, 1921 – March 28, 2004), born Peter Alexander Baron von Ustinov, was an Academy Award-winning English actor, writer, dramatist and raconteur of French, Italian, Swiss, Russian, German and Ethiopian ancestry. ...

Gandhi died on her way to the hospital, in her official car, but she was not declared dead until many hours later. She was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where doctors operated on her and reportedly removed 31 bullets from her body. She was cremated on November 3, near Raj Ghat and the place was called Shakti Sthal. AIIMS redirects here. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Raj Ghat, Delhi Raj Ghat, a memorial to Mahatma Gandhi is a simple black marble platform that marks the spot of his cremation on 31 January 1948. ... Raj Ghat, Delhi Raj Ghat, a memorial to Mahatma Gandhi is a simple black marble platform that marks the spot of his cremation on 31 January 1948. ...

After her death, sectarian unrest engulfed New Delhi and several other cities in India, including Kanpur, Asansol and Indore, leading to the death of thousands of Sikhs and leaving many homeless. At that time many Gurudwaras were burnt. Some members of the Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee, long accused by human rights activists of a hand in the violence, were tried for incitement to murder and arson many years later. Numerous enquiries revealed that little or no action was taken to protect the people by either the Indian police or the Army. In many instances, eye witnesses reported collusion with the mob by the police. Indira's son, Rajiv, when asked to comment on what became known as the Delhi Pogrom, simply stated "when a large tree falls, the earth is bound to shake". This was taken as tacit approval of the anti-Sikh mob violence. , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... A Gurdwara is the Sikh place of worship. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... The elected committee that directs the Congress Party in an Indian state is known as a PCC, or Pradesh Congress Committee. ...

Gandhi's friend and biographer Pupul Jayakar would later reveal Indira's tension, and her premonition about what might happen in the wake of Operation Blue Star. Pupul Jayakar was an Indian cultural activist and writer (1916-1997), who was a close friend and biographer to both the Nehru-Gandhi family and philosopher J Krishnamurti. ...

Personal life

Nehru-Gandhi family

Feroz shah,her husband was not origianlly liked and accepted by the nehru family as he belonged to a completly different community of parsis,after repeated attempts when indira still insisted on marrying him,he was adopted by mahatma gandhi so that he could be approved by indira's family as his son.He became his son and got the name feroz shah gandhi.It is this way indira gandhi has got the surname gandhi and is indirectly said to be the daughter in law of mahatma gandhi

Main article: Nehru-Gandhi Family

Initially Sanjay had been her chosen heir; but after his death in a flying accident, his mother persuaded a reluctant Rajiv Gandhi to quit his job as a pilot and enter politics in February 1981. The family of Motilal Nehru, who is seated in the centre. ... Sanjay Gandhi (December 14, 1946 –- June 23, 1980) was an Indian politician, the younger son of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and politician Feroze Gandhi. ... Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (IPA: ) (August 20, 1944 – May 21, 1991), the eldest son of Indira. ...

It is during this period that Rajiv Gandhi started influencing decisions in the government. In particular, a large number of contracts after 1980 were awarded to Snamprogetti, often violating tender rules and over the objection of senior administrators^[12]. This is widely perceived to have been at the instance of Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian businessman whose family was close to Rajiv's Italian born wife Sonia Gandhi^[13]. Quattrocchi would later be involved in the Bofors Scandal which was politically devastating for Rajiv Gandhi. Ente nazionale idrocarburi http://fr. ... Ottavio Quattrocchi is an Italian businessman accused of involvement in the Bofors Scandal, the 1980s bribery scandal involving the Swedish arms manufacturer Bofors and prominent Indian politicians, which led to the defeat of the Congress Party in the elections 1989. ... Sonia Gandhi (Hindi: , IPA: ), born Sonia Antonia Maino on December 9, 1946, is an Italian-born Indian politician, the President of the Indian National Congress and the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. ... The Bofors Scandal was a major corruption scandal in India in the 1980s; the then Prime Minister Indhira Gandhi and several others were accused of receiving kickbacks from Bofors AB for winning a bid to supply Indias 155 mm field howitzer. ...

After Indira Gandhi's death, Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister. In May 1991, he too was assassinated, this time at the hands of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam militants. Rajiv's widow, Sonia Gandhi, led the United Progressive Alliance to a surprise electoral victory in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, is a militant Tamil nationalist organization that has waged a violent secessionist campaign against the Sri Lankan government since the 1970s in order to create a separate Tamil state in the north and east of Sri Lanka... Sonia Gandhi (Hindi: , IPA: ), born Sonia Antonia Maino on December 9, 1946, is an Italian-born Indian politician, the President of the Indian National Congress and the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. ... United Progressive Alliance (UPA) is the present ruling coalition of political parties in India. ... The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ...

Sonia Gandhi declined the opportunity to assume the office of Prime Minister but remains in control of the Congress' political apparatus; Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, formerly finance minister, now heads the nation. Rajiv's children, Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi, have also entered politics. Sanjay Gandhi's widow, Maneka Gandhi - who fell out with Indira after Sanjay's death and was famously thrown out of the Prime Minister's house^[14] - as well as Sanjay's son, Varun Gandhi, are active in politics as members of the main opposition BJP party. At the same time, scandals from Indira Gandhi's final years, including the Ottavio Quattrocchi affair, continue to cast its shadow on Sonia Gandhi^[15]. Sonia Gandhi (Hindi: , IPA: ), born Sonia Antonia Maino on December 9, 1946, is an Italian-born Indian politician, the President of the Indian National Congress and the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. ... This article is about the Prime Minister of India. ... Rahul Gandhi (born June 19, 1970) is an Indian politician and member of the Parliament of India, representing the Amethi constituency. ... Priyanka Gandhi-Vadra (born January 12, 1972), a member of the Nehru-Gandhi political family, is the daughter, granddaughter, and great-granddaughter of Indian Prime Ministers. ... Maneka Gandhi (born 26 August 1956) is an Indian politician, an ardent animal rights activist, and a former journalist. ... Varun Gandhi (born March 13, 1980) is the only son of the late Sanjay Gandhi and Indian Politician Maneka Gandhi. ... The Bharatiya Janata Party [BJP] (Hindi: , translation: Indian Peoples Party), created in 1980, is a major Indian political party. ... Ottavio Quattrocchi is an Italian businessman accused of involvement in the Bofors Scandal, the 1980s bribery scandal involving the Swedish arms manufacturer Bofors and prominent Indian politicians, which led to the defeat of the Congress Party in the elections 1989. ... Sonia Gandhi (Hindi: , IPA: ), born Sonia Antonia Maino on December 9, 1946, is an Italian-born Indian politician, the President of the Indian National Congress and the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. ...

Indira Gandhi in popular culture

• Although never mentioned by name, Indira Gandhi is clearly the prime minister in A Fine Balance by Rohinton Mistry.
• In Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children, Indira is responsible for the eponymous characters' downfall, referred to throughout the novel as "The Widow." This portrayal of Indira Gandhi raised controversy in some circles for its harsh depiction both of her and of her policies.
• In Shashi Tharoor's The Great Indian Novel, the character of Priya Duryodhani clearly refers to Indira Gandhi.
• "Aandhi," a Hindi movie directed by Gulzar, is a partly fictionalized adaptation of some events in Indira's life, particularly her (played by Suchitra Sen) difficult relationship with her husband (played by Sanjeev Kumar).

A Fine Balance is the second book by Rohinton Mistry. ... Rohinton Mistry (born July 3, 1952) is considered to be one of the foremost authors of South Asian origin writing in English. ... Ahmed Salman Rushdie KBE (Hindi: Urdu: سلمان رشدی; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. ... Midnights Children is a 1981 novel by Salman Rushdie. ... Young Shashi Tharoor Shashi Tharoor (Born 9 March 1956 in London) was the official candidate of India for the succession to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2006, and came second out of seven official candidates in the race. ... The Great Indian Novel is a satirical novel by Shashi Tharoor. ... In the Hindu epic the Mahabharata, Duryodhana is the eldest son of the blind king Dhritarashtra by Queen Gandhari, the eldest of the one hundred Kaurava brothers, and the chief antagonist of the Pandavas. ... Aandhi is a 1971 Indina Movie based on hten prime minister Indira Gandhis life. ... Sampooran Singh Gulzar (born as on August 18, 1936), famously known as Gulzar, is an Indian poet, lyricist, film-maker, director, and playwright from India. ... Suchitra Sen (April 6, 1929) or April 6, 1931[1] (Bangla: সুচিত্রা সেন) is a Bengali actress who has attained legendary status because of her performances in Bengali cinema. ... Sanjeev Kumar (Hindi: संजीव कुमार) (July 9, 1938 – November 6, 1985) was an Indian actor in Bollywood movies. ...

External links

• Obituary, NY Times, November 1, 1984 Assassination in India: A Leader of Will and Force; Indira Gandhi, Born to Politics, Left Her Own Imprint on India
• Website
• [[2]]

References

Pioneer may refer to: Woodsman, one who makes his living in the wilderness through trapping, hunting, logging, and/or prospecting. ... For followers of Hinduism, see Hindu. ... Pioneer may refer to: Woodsman, one who makes his living in the wilderness through trapping, hunting, logging, and/or prospecting. ...

Further reading

• Ved Mehta, A Family Affair: India Under Three Prime Ministers (1982) ISBN 0-19-503118-0
• Pupul Jayakar, Indira Gandhi: An Intimate Biography (1992) ISBN 9780679424796
• Katherine Frank, Indira: the life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (2002) ISBN 0-395-73097-X

The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ...