NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia (IPA: /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziːə/, /ˌɪndəˈniːziːə/, /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/) (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia), is a nation in Southeast Asia. Comprising 17,508 islands, it is the world's largest archipelagic state. With a population of 222 million people in 2006^[4], it is the world's fourth most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority nation, although officially it is not an Islamic state. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected parliament and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Image File history File links Flag_of_Indonesia. ... Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of Indonesia, which is known as Sang Merah Putih in Indonesian, is based on the flag of the Majapahit empire, back in the 13th century. ... The Coat of Arms of Indonesia is called Garuda Pancasila. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... The motto of Indonesia is Bhinneka Tunggal Ika which is Old Javanese and is often loosely translated as Unity in Diversity but literally it means (Although) in pieces, yet One. This is a quotation from an Old Javanese poem written in Indian metres, the so called kakawin or kawya. ... Old Javanese is the oldest phase of the Javanese language that was spoken in areas in what is now the eastern part of Central Java and the whole of East Java. ... Symbol of Indonesias Pancasila Pancasila, (pronounced ), is the philosophical basis of the Indonesian state. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Indonesia Raya (composed in 1924, Indonesia Raja in old Indonesian spelling) is the national anthem of the Republic of Indonesia. ... Image File history File links LocationIndonesia. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... Indonesias 245 million people make it the worlds fourth-most populous nation. ... Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. ... General (ret. ... Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: | | ... Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 10,000 kmÂ² and 100,000 kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... Map of countries by population for the year 2007 This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Look up Per capita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... World map of GDP (Nominal and PPP). ... Look up Per capita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Map of countries by 2006 GDP (nominal) per capita (IMF, October 2007). ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... ISO 4217 Code IDR User(s) Indonesia Inflation 6. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .id is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD) for Indonesia. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... The Indonesia Telephone Code Plan is the way to group telephone numbers in Indonesia. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The Mergui Archipelago The Archipelago Sea, situated between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, the largest archipelago in the world by the number of islands. ... Map of countries by population for the year 2007 This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... An Islamic republic, in its modern context, has come to mean several different things, some contradictory to others. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: Indonesia | Lists of office-holders ... Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Andaman Islands. ...

The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the seventh century, when the Srivijaya Kingdom formed trade links with China. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Under Indian influence, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished from the early centuries CE. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change. The extent of Srivijayan Empire around 10th to 11th century. ... Hinduism in Southeast Asia influenced the Champa kingdom in Vietnam, the Srivijayan kingdom on Sumatra, the Singhasari kingdom and the Majapahit Empire based in Java, Bali, and a number of the islands of the Philippine archipelago. ... Buddhism is a variety of teachings, sometimes described as a religion[1] or way of life that attempts to identify the causes of human suffering and offer various ways that are claimed to end, or ease suffering. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Spice Islands most commonly refers to the Maluku Islands (formerly the Moluccas), which lie on the equator, between Sulawesi (Celebes) and New Guinea in what is now Indonesia. ... Maluku redirects here. ... See also: Age of Sail and Afro-Asiatic age of discovery For the computer wargame, Age of Discovery, see Global Diplomacy. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The independece declaration announced by Sukarno The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10. ... The Reformation (in bahasa Indonesia Reformasi) is the name commonly used for the present era in the history of Indonesia. ...

Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest and most politically dominant ethnic group. As a unitary state and a nation, Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Unity in Diversity" lit. "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. However, sectarian tensions and separatism have led to violent confrontations that have undermined political and economic stability. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty is a defining feature of contemporary Indonesia. Javanese redirects here. ... A map showing the unitary states. ... For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation). ... Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Indonesias independence in 1945, following the 1928 unifying language declaration in the Indonesian Youth Pledge. ... Banda Acehs Grand Mosque. ... The motto of Indonesia is Bhinneka Tunggal Ika which is Old Javanese and is often loosely translated as Unity in Diversity but literally it means (Although) in pieces, yet One. This is a quotation from an Old Javanese poem written in Indian metres, the so called kakawin or kawya. ... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. ...

Etymology

The name Indonesia derives from the Latin Indus, meaning "India", and the Greek nesos, meaning "island".^[5] The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.^[6] In 1850, George Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians — and, his preference, Malayunesians — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".^[7] In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago.^[8] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and even Insulinde.^[9] Ethnology (from the Greek ethnos, meaning people) is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the racial or national divisions of humanity. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

From 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.^[10] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayichen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name Indonesisch Pers-bureau in 1913.^[6] Adolf Bastian (Bremen, Germany 26 June, 1826 - Port of Spain, Tribindad, 2 February 1905) was a nineteenth century polymath best remembered for his contributions the the development of ethnography and the development of anthropology as a discipline. ... Ki Hajar Dewantara (2 May 1889 - 28 April 1959), born Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat in Yogyakarta, was a pioneer in the field of education in Indonesia. ...

History

Fossilized remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago.^[11] Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions as they expanded.^[12] Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the eighth century BCE,^[13] allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade. For example, trade links with both Indian kingdoms and China were established several centuries BCE.^[14] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.^[15] Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the equator in South East Asia. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 552 pixelsFull resolution (1183 Ã— 816 pixel, file size: 371 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Indonesia Metadata This file contains additional... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 552 pixelsFull resolution (1183 Ã— 816 pixel, file size: 371 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Indonesia Metadata This file contains additional... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Borobudur is a ninth century Buddhist Mahayana monument in Central Java, Indonesia. ... Binomial name (Dubois, 1892) Synonyms â€ Pithecanthropus erectus â€ Sinanthropus pekinensis â€ Javanthropus soloensis â€ Meganthropus paleojavanicus Homo erectus (Latin: upright man) is an extinct species of the genus Homo. ... Pithecanthropus erectus redirects here. ... The Austronesian people are a population group in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke one of the Austronesian languages. ... map of Melanesia Melanesia (from Greek: Î¼ÎÎ»Î±Ï‚ black, Î½á¿†ÏƒÎ¿Ï‚ island) is a subregion of Oceania extending from the western side of the West Pacific to the Arafura Sea, north and northeast of Australia. ... Terrace of paddy fields in Yunnan Province, southern Peoples Republic of China. ...

From the seventh century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it.^[16] Between the eighth and 10th centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; this period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.^[17] Image File history File links Koeh-097. ... Image File history File links Koeh-097. ... For other uses, see Nutmeg (disambiguation). ... The Banda Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Banda) are a group of ten small volcanic islands in the Banda Sea, about 140km south of Seram island and about 2000km east of Java, and are part of the Indonesian province of Maluku. ... The extent of Srivijayan Empire around 10th to 11th century. ... Sailendra ( meaning Lord of the Mountain in Sanskrit ) was the name of an Indonesian dynasty, emerging in Central Java at the end of the 8 th century. ... This acticle concerns the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram. ... Borobudur is a ninth century Buddhist Mahayana monument in Central Java, Indonesia. ... Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Indonesia, located in central Java, approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta ( ). It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya dynasty. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ... Gajah Mada (d. ...

Although Muslim traders first traveled through South East Asia early in the Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra.^[18] Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam which became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.^[19] The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku.^[20] Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony.^[20] Islam is thought to have first been adopted by Indonesians sometime during the eleventh century, although Muslims had visited Indonesia early in the Muslim era. ... For other uses, see Sumatra (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Java island. ... Francisco SerrÃ£o (Spanish: Francisco Serrano) (died 1521) was a Portuguese explorer, and a cousin or personal friend of Ferdinand Magellan. ... For other uses, see Nutmeg (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (L.) Merrill & Perry A single dried clove flower bud Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. ... Binomial name Piper cubeba L. Cubeb (Piper cubeba), or tailed pepper, is a plant in genus Piper, cultivated for its fruit and essential oil. ... Maluku redirects here. ... This article is about the trading company. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over these territories was tenuous; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.^[21] The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule,^[22] and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president.^[23] The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and an armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence^[24] (with the exception of The Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which was incorporated following the 1962 New York Agreement, and UN—mandated Act of Free Choice). Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the equator in South East Asia. ... The Netherlands East Indies campaign was the shortlived defence of the Netherlands East Indies by Allied forces, against invasion by the Empire of Japan in 1941-42. ... The Japanese occupation of Indonesia refers to the period between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, when the Empire of Japan ruled Indonesia. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 â€“ June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... This article or section should be merged with Papua (Indonesian province) Map showing West New Guinea region The region of West New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea or Papua, and has also been known as Irian Jaya or West Papua. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikisource. ... UN redirects here. ... A map showing Indonesia and Western New Guinea. ...

Sukarno moved from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of the Military, Islam, and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).^[25] An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who led a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.^[26] Between 500,000 and one million people were killed.^[27] The head of the military, General Suharto, out-maneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration^[28] was supported by the US government,^[29] and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.^[30] However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accused of corruption and suppression of political opposition. Image File history File links Soekarno. ... Image File history File links Soekarno. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 â€“ June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... The Communist Party of Indonesia (in Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was a communist party in Indonesia. ... Indonesias Transition to the New Order occurred over 1965-67. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Suharto GCB (born June 8, 1921) is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ... The New Order (Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966. ... This article is about economics. ...

In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the Asian Financial Crisis.^[31] This increased popular discontent with the New Order^[32] and led to popular protests. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998.^[33] In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation that was marked by international condemnation of often brutal repression of the East Timorese.^[34] The Reformasi era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas.^[35] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.^[36] The East Asian Financial Crisis was a period of economic unrest (or financial contagion) that started in July 1997 in Thailand with the financial collapse of the Thai Baht, and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in a number of Asian countries. ... The Indonesian 1998 Revolution is the term given to a series of protests and political manoeuverings that brought about the end of the rule of the three-decade long New Order government of the autocratic President Suharto of Indonesia. ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... The Reformation (in bahasa Indonesia Reformasi) is the name commonly used for the present era in the history of Indonesia. ... A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ... Aceh (pronounced , generally Anglicized as IPA: ) is a special territory (daerah istimewa) of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. ...

Government and politics

Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the national government. Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia^[37] have revamped the executive, judicial, and legislative branches.^[38] The president of Indonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president.^[39] The president serves a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.^[40] The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... A map showing the unitary states. ... The Indonesian 1998 Revolution is the term given to a series of protests and political manoeuverings that brought about the end of the rule of the three-decade long New Order government of the autocratic President Suharto of Indonesia. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Constitution of Indonesia The Constitution of Indonesia (Indonesian: Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945, UUD 45) is the basis for the government of the Indonesia. ... In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... A Legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to create, amend and ratify laws. ... For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ...

The highest representative body at national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president.^[41] The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (DPR), with 550 members, and the Regional Representatives Council (DPD), with 168 members. The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by proportional representation.^[38] Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance.^[42] The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.^[43] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... Indonesia has moved towards bicameralism by establishing the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, most commonly called the DPD in the Indonesian media. ... Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ...

Most civil disputes appear before a State Court; appeals are heard before the High Court. The Supreme Court is the country's highest court, and hears final cassation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a State Administrative Court to hear administrative law cases against the government; a Constitutional Court to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court to deal with specific religious cases.^[44]

Foreign relations and military

In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations approach since the Suharto "New Order" has been one of economic and political cooperation with Western nations.^[45] Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in Asia, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit.^[46] The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.^[44] Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950,^[47] and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC).^[46] Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, and a member of OPEC, the Cairns Group and the WTO. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.^[46] The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation was an intermittent war over the future of the island of Borneo, between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia in 1962â€“1966. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... Hymn The ASEAN Hymn Jakarta, Indonesia Membership 10 Southeast Asian states Leaders - Secretary General Ong Keng Yong Area - Total 4,497,4931 kmÂ² Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character , sq mi Population - estimate 566. ... The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. ... UN redirects here. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... OIC redirects here. ... Template:ASIAN table ASIAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is an agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, of local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. ... The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a large group of countries[1][2] made up of Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Ecuador (which rejoined OPEC in November 2007). ... The Cairns Group is an interest group of 18 agricultural exporting countries, composed of Argentina, Australia , Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Paraguay, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Uruguay. ... WTO redirects here. ... Humanitarian aid arriving by plane at Rinas Airport in Albania in the summer of 1999. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Aid. ...

The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism and Al-Qaeda.^[48] The deadliest killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.^[49] The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, have severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.^[50] National flags at explosion site in Kuta, Bali, Indonesia, October 17, 2002. ... National flags at explosion site in Kuta, Bali, Indonesia, October 17, 2002. ... The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. ... This article is about political Islam For the religion of Islam, see Islam. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. ... This article is about the Indonesian island. ... Kuta Beach Kuta Beach Kuta Beach Street Kuta is a town in southern Bali, Indonesia. ... Jimbaran Beach, Bali. ...

Indonesia's 300,000-member armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI-AU).^[51] The army has about 233,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.^[52] In the post-Suharto period since 1998, formal TNI representation in parliament has been removed; though curtailed, its political influence remains extensive.^[53] Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.^[54] Following a sporadic thirty year guerrilla war between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.^[55] In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.^[56] ASNLF Flag The Free Aceh Movement (Indonesian: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM), also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front (ASNLF), is an armed separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region on Sumatra from Indonesia. ... This is a partial listing of alleged human rights violations in western New Guinea under Indonesian rule (currently comprised of the provinces of West Irian Jaya and Papua). ...

Administrative divisions

Administratively, Indonesia consists of 33 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own political legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further subdivided into subdistricts (kecamatan), and again into village groupings (either desa or kelurahan). Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life, and handles matters of a village or neighborhood through an elected lurah or kepala desa (village chief). The province (Indonesian: provinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. ... Indonesia is divided into provinces (Indonesian: Provinsi). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1500x590, 76 KB) Summary Map of the provinces of Indonesia in English. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1500x590, 76 KB) Summary Map of the provinces of Indonesia in English. ... The province (Indonesian: provinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. ... A regency (Indonesian: kabupaten) is a political subdivision of a province in Indonesia. ... Along with regencies / kabupaten, cities / kota are subdivisions of Indonesian Provinces. ... A subdistrict (kecamatan) is a subdivision of a regency (kabupaten) or city (kota) in Indonesia. ... Desa can refer to: Desa (band), an American rock band. ... The village (desa) is the smallest level of government administration in Indonesia. ...

Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua provinces have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of Sharia (Islamic law).^[57] Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution.^[58] Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001.^[59] Jakarta is the country's special capital region. Aceh (pronounced , generally Anglicized as IPA: ) is a special territory (daerah istimewa) of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. ... Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... The Special Region of Yogyakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY), is a province of Indonesia on the island of Java. ... Papua is a province of Indonesia comprising a majority part of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands (see also Western New Guinea). ... Map showing West New Guinea region The region of West New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea or Papua, and has also been known as Irian Jaya or West Papua. ... Sharia (Arabic: transliteration: ) is the body of Islamic religious law. ... Papua is a province of Indonesia comprising a majority part of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands (see also Western New Guinea). ...

(Indonesian name in brackets where different from English)
† indicates provinces with Special Status

Map showing West Papua province in Indonesia Map of West Papua West Papua (Indonesian: Papua Barat; formerly West Irian Jaya or Irian Jaya Barat) is a province of Indonesia on the western end of the island of New Guinea. ... Manokwari is a city and regency (district) in West Irian Jaya in Indonesia, at the western end of New Guinea. ... Papua is a province of Indonesia comprising a majority part of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands (see also Western New Guinea). ... A workers mural in Jayapura, Indonesia Jayapura City (Indonesian: Kota Jayapura) is the capital of Papua province, Indonesia, on the island of New Guinea. ...

Geography

Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited.^[60] These are scattered over both sides of the equator. The five largest islands are Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan (the Indonesian part of Borneo), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on the islands of Borneo and Sebatik, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor. Indonesia also shares borders with Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines to the north and Australia to the south across narrow straits of water. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.^[61] Indonesia is situated in Southeast Asia, in the Malay Archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Oceans. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 540 pixels Full resolution (2692 Ã— 1816 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 540 pixels Full resolution (2692 Ã— 1816 pixel, file size: 2. ... World map showing the equator in red For other uses, see Equator (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Java island. ... For other uses, see Sumatra (disambiguation). ... Map of Kalimantan (white color) and its subdivisions. ... Î¦ Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. ... Sulawesi (formerly more commonly known as Celebes, IPA: a Portuguese-originated form of the name) is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands. ... Î¦ Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. ... Sebatik Island is divided into two parts. ... Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, part of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara with the surface of 11,883 sq mi (30,777 kmÂ²). The name is a variant of timur... Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... Location of Surabaya in Indonesia Coordinates: , Country Province Area - Total 459. ... For other uses, see Bandung (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Medan (disambiguation). ... Semarang is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia. ...

At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest country in terms of land area.^[62] Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world,^[63] although Java, the world's most populous island,^[64] has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 meters (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the Mahakam and Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.^[65] Puncak Jaya (IPA: /pÊŠn. ... Lake Toba (Indonesian: Danau Toba) is a lake, 100 km long and 30 km wide, and 505 m. ... The Mahakam River flows 980 km from the highlands of Borneo, district Long Apari to its mouth in Makassar Strait. ... Barito may refer to: Barito River Barito languages Barito Kuala Category: ...

Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes,^[66] including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the Toba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra,^[67] and the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.^[68] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x750, 58 KB) The Mahameru volcano on the island Java of Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x750, 58 KB) The Mahameru volcano on the island Java of Indonesia. ... Semeru volcano Semeru is the tallest volcano on the island of Java and one of the most active. ... Mount Bromo also Gunung Bromo, located in the Tengger Caldera, is one of the most popular tourist attractions in East Java, Indonesia. ... East Java (Indonesian: Jawa Timur) is a province of Indonesia. ... The Pacific plate, shown in pale yellow The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean. ... The Eurasian plate, shown in green The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate covering Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia) except that it does not cover the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Verkhoyansk Range in East Siberia. ... Categories: Plate tectonics | Geology stubs ... The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. ... Major volcanoes in Indonesia This is a list of volcanoes in Indonesia. ... Major volcanoes in Indonesia This is a list of volcanoes in Indonesia. ... This article is about the volcano. ... Mount Tambora (or Tomboro) is an active stratovolcano on Sumbawa island, Indonesia. ... Lake Toba (Indonesian: Danau Toba) is a lake, 100 km long and 30 km wide, and 505 m. ... A supervolcano is a volcano that produces the largest and most voluminous kinds of eruption on Earth. ... Eruption column rising, Mount Redoubt, Alaska According to the Toba catastrophe theory, modern human evolution was affected by a recent, large volcanic event. ... -1... The May 2006 Java earthquake occurred at 05:54 local time on 27 May 2006 (22:54 GMT 26 May), in the Indian Ocean around 25 km (15 miles) south-southwest of the Indonesian city of Yogyakarta, near Galur, on the southern side of the island of Java (), 17. ... Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano Diamond Head, a well-known backdrop to Waikiki in Hawaii, is an ash cone that solidified into tuff Volcanic ash consists of very fine rock and mineral particles less than 2 mm in diameter that are ejected from a volcanic vent. ...

Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,780–3,175 millimeters (70–125 in), and up to 6,100 millimeters (240 in) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas—particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua—receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is 26–30 °C (79–86 °F).^[69] Naples beach in Florida lined with coconut trees is an example of a tropical climate. ... For other uses, see Monsoon (disambiguation). ... A wet season or rainy season is a season in which the average rainfall in a region is significantly increased. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Average maximum, minimum and range of monthly air temperatures recorded in Campinas, Brazil, between January 2001 and July 2006 Average maximum, minimum and range of monthly air temperatures recorded in Aracaju, state of Sergipe, Brazil, between January 2001 and July 2006 Temperature range is the numerical difference between the minimum...

Ecology

Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil),^[70] and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.^[71] Once linked to the Asian mainland, the islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. The Sumatran Tiger, the smallest tiger subspecies only found in Indonesia The Fauna of Indonesia is consists a high level of biodiversity due to its vast-size and tropical archipelago make-up. ... A melting pot of Indonesian flora in Cibodas botanical garden, Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1296x1284, 1561 KB) Summary dave 59 took it myself at the Orang rehabilitation centre, Buket Lawang ,Sumatra. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1296x1284, 1561 KB) Summary dave 59 took it myself at the Orang rehabilitation centre, Buket Lawang ,Sumatra. ... The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ... Binomial name Lesson, 1827 The Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) is the rarer of the two species of orangutans. ... Endemic, in a broad sense, can mean belonging or native to, characteristic of, or prevalent in a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; Native to an area or scope. ... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. ... Australasia Australasia is a term variably used to describe a region of Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. ... The Sahul Shelf and the Sunda Shelf during the last glacial maximum about 18,000 years ago. ... Trinomial name Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock, 1929 Distribution map The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... Binomial name Desmarest, 1822[2] Javan Rhinoceros Range[3] Subspecies Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis (extinct) Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus The Javan Rhinoceros or Lesser One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is a member of the family Rhinocerotidae and one of five extant rhinoceroses. ... This article is about the primate. ... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus â€ Elephas beyeri â€ Elephas celebensis â€ Elephas cypriotes â€ Elephas ekorensis â€ Elephas falconeri â€ Elephas iolensis â€ Elephas planifrons â€ Elephas platycephalus â€ Elephas recki â€ Stegodon â€ Mammuthus â€ Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea... This article is about the big cat. ...

Forests cover approximately 60% of the country.^[72] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna.^[73] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.^[74] Lesser Bird of Paradise (Paradisaea minor) The fauna of New Guinea comprises a large number of species of mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, invertebrates and amphibians. ...

Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.^[5] Species See text Cymbidium Swartz 1799, is a genus of 52 evergreen species in the orchid family Orchidaceae, subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae, subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. ... A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ... This article is about the sand formations, for other meanings see Dune (disambiguation) Mesquite Flat Dunes in Death Valley National Park In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by eolian (wind-related) processes. ... For other meanings, see Estuary (disambiguation) RÃo de la Plata estuary An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. ... Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal Mangroves are woody trees or shrubs that grow in mangrove habitats or mangal (Hogarth, 1999). ... Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef, in this case the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. ... Johnsons seagrass in Florida coast Seagrass (or sea-grass in British English) is a term that refers to flowering plants from two plant families (Potamogetonaceae and Hydrocharitacea) that grow in the marine environment. ... Mudflats in Brewster, Massachusetts extending hundreds of yards offshore at the low tide. ...

The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.^[75] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the surrounding area,^[76] which is now termed Wallacea.^[75] Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (January 8, 1823 — November 7, 1913) was a British naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. ... Wallaces line between Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. ... The Lombok Strait is a strait connecting the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean, located between the islands of Bali and Lombok. ... Gunung Rinjani from Gili Trawangan Lombok (1990 pop. ... Map from The Malay Archipelago showing Alfred Russel Wallaces travels Illustration of a flying frog from The Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a book by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace that chronicles his scientific exploration, during the eight year period 1854 to 1862, of the southern portion... Map of Wallacea; upper right corner facing North. ...

Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialization present serious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.^[77] Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.^[77] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including the Sumatran Orangutan.^[78] Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state . ... This article is about the process of deforestation in the environment. ... Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of national laws. ... Haze is an atmospheric phenomenon where dust, smoke and other pollutant particles obscure the normal clarity of the sky. ... Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. ... Air pollution is the modification of the natural characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. ... Habitat destruction is a process of land use change in which one habitat-type is removed and replaced with another habitat-type. ... Endemic, in a broad sense, can mean belonging or native to, characteristic of, or prevalent in a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; Native to an area or scope. ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... The threatened categories (IUCN Red List) Threatened species are any species (including animals, plants, fungi, insects, bugs, etc. ... The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ... Binomial name Lesson, 1827 The Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) is the rarer of the two species of orangutans. ...

Economy

Indonesia's estimated Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for 2007 is US$408 billion (US$1,038 bn PPP).^[2] In 2007, estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,812, and per capita GDP PPP was US$4,616 (International Dollars).^[79] The services sector is the economy's largest and accounts for 45.3% of GDP (2005). This is followed by industry (40.7%) and agriculture (14.0%).^[80] However, agriculture employs more people than other sectors, accounting for 44.3% of the 95 million-strong workforce. This is followed by the services sector (36.9%) and industry (18.8%).^[81] Major industries include petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, and mining. Major agricultural products include palm oil, rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber. Indonesia has a market-based economy in which the government plays a significant role. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 529 pixelsFull resolution (1500 Ã— 991 pixel, file size: 720 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Indonesia Water buffalo ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 529 pixelsFull resolution (1500 Ã— 991 pixel, file size: 720 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Indonesia Water buffalo ... For the controversy at the University of Pennsylvania, see Water buffalo incident. ... Terrace of rice paddies in Yunnan Province, southern China. ... This article is about the Java island. ... GDP redirects here. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... The international dollar is a hypothetical unit of currency that has the same purchasing power that the U.S. dollar has in the United States at a given point in time, i. ... The tertiary sector of industry, also called the service sector or the service industry, is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing and primary goods production such as agriculture), and primary industry (extraction such as mining and fishing). ...

Indonesia's main export markets (2005) are Japan (22.3%), the United States (13.9%), China (9.1%), and Singapore (8.9%). The major suppliers of imports to Indonesia are Japan (18.0%), China (16.1%), and Singapore (12.8%). In 2005, Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of US$83.64 billion and import expenditure of US$62.02 billion. The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs.^[82] Balance of trade figures are the sum of the money gained by a given economy by selling exports, minus the cost of buying imports. ...

In the 1960s, the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of political instability, a young and inexperienced government, and ill-disciplined economic nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger.^[83] Following President Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the New Order administration brought a degree of discipline to economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, stabilized the currency, rescheduled foreign debt, and attracted foreign aid and investment.^[84] Indonesia is Southeast Asia's only member of OPEC, and the 1970s oil price raises provided an export revenue windfall that contributed to sustained high economic growth rates.^[85] Following further reforms in the late 1980s,^[86] foreign investment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly developing export-oriented manufacturing sector, and from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of over 7%.^[87] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1000 Ã— 750 pixel, file size: 184 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Jakarta skyscrapers Author: Kevin Aurell from Indonesian Wikipedia File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1000 Ã— 750 pixel, file size: 184 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Jakarta skyscrapers Author: Kevin Aurell from Indonesian Wikipedia File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are... Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... The Berkeley Mafia was a U.S.-educated group of Indonesian economists who pulled their nation out of crisis in the mid-1960s. ... ). External debt is the part of a countrys debt owed to creditors outside the country. ... The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a large group of countries[1][2] made up of Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Ecuador (which rejoined OPEC in November 2007). ... The secondary sector of industry includes those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. ...

Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian financial crisis of 1997–98. Against the US dollar, the currency dropped from about Rp. 2,000 to Rp. 18,000, and the economy shrunk by 13.7%.^[88] The rupiah has since stabilized at around Rp. 10,000, and there has been a slow but significant economic recovery. Political instability since 1998, slow economic reform, and corruption at all levels of government and business, have contributed to the patchy nature of the recovery.^[89] (Transparency International, for example, ranked Indonesia 143rd out of 180 countries in its 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index).^[90] GDP growth, however, exceeded 5% in both 2004 and 2005, and is forecast to increase further.^[91] This growth rate, however, is not enough to make a significant impact on unemployment,^[92] and stagnant wages growth, and increases in fuel and rice prices have worsened poverty levels.^[93] As of 2006, an estimated 17.8% of the population live below the poverty line, 49.0% of the population live on less than US$2 per day^[94], and unemployment rate at 9.75%.^[95] The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ... The 1998-2001 series of rupiah banknotes Rupiah (Rp) is the monetary unit of Indonesia (currency code IDR). ... Transparency International (TI) is an international organisation addressing corruption, including, but not limited to, political corruption. ... Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2006 Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)[1] ordering the countries of the world according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians.[2] The organization defines corruption as... The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living. ...

Demographics

The national population from the 2000 national census is 206 million,^[96] and the Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau and Statistics Indonesia estimate a population of 222 million for 2006.^[97] 130 million people live on the island of Java, the world's most populous island.^[98] Despite a fairly effective family planning program, which has been in place since the 1960s, the population is expected to grow to around 315 million in 2035, based on the current estimated annual growth rate of 1.25%.^[99] Indonesias 245 million people make it the worlds fourth-most populous nation. ... The number of languages of Indonesia is 742. ... Indonesia religions map Religion plays a major role in life in Indonesia. ... This article is about the Java island. ... Oral contraceptives. ...

Most Indonesians are descendant from Austronesian-speaking peoples, who originated from Taiwan. The other major grouping are Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia.^[100] There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in Indonesia, and 742 different languages and dialects.^[101] The largest is the Javanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and culturally dominant.^[102] The Sundanese, ethnic Malays, and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups.^[103] A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strongly maintained regional identities.^[104] Society is largely harmonious, although social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered horrendous violence.^[105] Chinese Indonesians are an influential ethnic minority comprising less than 2% of the population. Much of the country's privately-owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-controlled,^[106] which has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.^[107] Image File history File links Joyce. ... Image File history File links Joyce. ... Languages Minangkabau, Indonesian and Malay. ... The Austronesian languages are a family of languages widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... map of Melanesia Melanesia (from Greek: Î¼ÎÎ»Î±Ï‚ black, Î½á¿†ÏƒÎ¿Ï‚ island) is a subregion of Oceania extending from the western side of the West Pacific to the Arafura Sea, north and northeast of Australia. ... Javanese is a term used to describe a native of the Indonesian island of Java. ... Map showing the location of the Sundanese in Java The Sundanese are an ethnic group in the western part of the island of Java in Indonesia, numbering approximately 31 million. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Madurese are an ethnic group originally from the island of Madura but now found in many parts of Indonesia, where they are the third-largest ethnic group by population. ... Chinese Indonesians (Mandarin: YÃ¬ndÃ¹nÃxÄ«yÃ HuÃ¡rÃ©n (Traditional: å°åº¦å°¼è¥¿äºžè¯äºº, Simplified: å°åº¦å°¼è¥¿äºšåŽäººï¼‰ Hakka: Thong ngin, Min: Teng lang, Indonesian: Tionghoa Indonesia, or (derisively) Cina totok) are ethnically Chinese people living in Indonesia, as a result of centuries of overseas Chinese migration. ...

The official national language, Indonesian, is universally taught in schools, and is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the language of business, politics, national media, education, and academia. It was originally a lingua franca for most of the region, including present-day Malaysia, and is thus closely related to Malay. Indonesian was first promoted by nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the official language on independence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of the several hundred local languages (bahasa daerah), often as their first language. Of these, Javanese is the most widely-spoken, the language of the largest ethnic group.^[82] On the other hand, Papua has 500 or more indigenous Papuan and Austronesian languages, in a region of just 2.7 million people. Much of the older population can still speak a level of Dutch. ^[108] Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ... Not to be confused with the Malayalam language, spoken in India. ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... The number of languages of Indonesia is 742. ... â€œNative Languageâ€ redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ...

Although religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution,^[109] the government officially recognizes only six religions: Islam; Protestantism; Roman Catholicism; Hinduism; Buddhism; and Confucianism.^[110] Although it is not an Islamic state, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, with almost 86% of Indonesians declared Muslim according to the 2000 census.^[82] 11% of the population is Christian,^[111] 2% are Hindu, and 1% Buddhist. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese,^[112] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnic Chinese.^[113] Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in Indonesian culture. Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in northern Sumatra in the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became the country's dominant religion by the 16th century.^[114] Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries,^[115] and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of Dutch Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.^[116] A large proportion of Indonesians—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practice a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.^[117] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 522 pixelsFull resolution (1000 Ã— 652 pixel, file size: 287 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Grand Mosque of Medan. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 522 pixelsFull resolution (1000 Ã— 652 pixel, file size: 287 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Grand Mosque of Medan. ... For other uses, see Medan (disambiguation). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Banda Acehs Grand Mosque. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Relation to other religions Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Hinduism in Indonesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Buddhism is a variety of teachings, sometimes described as a religion[1] or way of life that attempts to identify the causes of human suffering and offer various ways that are claimed to end, or ease suffering. ... A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ... Image:1870 census Lindauer Weber 01. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Relation to other religions Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... The Balinese population of 3. ... Statue of Dewi Sri in Ubud, Bali. ... In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... The Abangan form a large majorty of the Javanese Muslims. ... The Dayak IPA: (or Dyak) are the peoples indigenous to Borneo. ... in Christianity: Eastern Christianity Oriental Orthodoxy Orthodox Christianity Orthodoxy by country in Judaism: Orthodox Judaism Modern Orthodox Judaism Jewish organisations: Orthodox Union Categories: ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Culture

Indonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural differences developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, Malay, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant. The most popular sports in Indonesia are badminton and football; Liga Indonesia is the country's premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as, caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art. Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling.^[118] Statue of Dewi Sri in Ubud, Bali. ... ImageMetadata File history File links WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom. ... ImageMetadata File history File links WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom. ... Wayang is an Indonesian/Malay word for theater. ... Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as he is influenced by his belonging to a group or culture. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Wayang is an Indonesian/Malay word for theater. ... This article is about the textile dyeing technique. ... Ikat weaving from the Island of Sumba, Indonesia Ikat is a style of weaving that uses a tie-dye process on either the warp or weft before the threads are woven to create a pattern or design. ... Songket is fabric which belongs to the brocade family of textiles. ... Indonesian Architecture reflects the same diversity of cultural, historical, and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. ... This article is about the sport. ... Soccer redirects here. ... The Liga Indonesia is a league competition for Indonesian football clubs located at the top of the Indonesian football league system. ... A child demonstrating sepak takraw. ... Map of Flores Island Flores (Portuguese for flowers) is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14,300 kmÂ² extending east from the Java island of Indonesia. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Lesser Sunda Islands; Sumba is in the center Sumba is an island in Indonesia, and is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands. ... This article is about martial art forms practiced in Indonesia. ...

Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.^[119] Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.^[120] Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. Dangdut is a popular contemporary genre of pop music that draws influence from Arabic, Indian, and Malay folk music. The Indonesian film industry's popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia,^[121] although it declined significantly in the early 1990s.^[122] Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased.^[121] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x750, 343 KB) Indonesian Food. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x750, 343 KB) Indonesian Food. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Grilled beef satay. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A staple food is a food that forms the basis of a traditional diet. ... A side dish of salad accompanying a small pie A side dish, sometimes referred to as a side order or simply a side, is a food item that accompanies the entrÃ©e or main course at a meal. ... Coconut milk in a bowl. ... Javanese gamelan ensamble with two female sinden (choral singer) during traditional Javanese wedding at Sasono Utomo, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta, Indonesia A gamelan is a kind of musical ensemble of Indonesia typically featuring a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, drums, and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked... Dangdut is a genre of Indonesian popular music which is partly derived from Arab, Indian, and Malay folk music. ... The cinema of Indonesia has a long history but at present is a small, struggling industry. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century CE. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;^[123] and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist.^[124] Many of Indonesia's peoples have strongly-rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.^[125] Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto's rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media.^[126] The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 20 million users in 2007,^[127] Internet usage is limited to a minority of the population, approximately 8.5%. Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as Multatuli Eduard Douwes Dekker (Amsterdam, 2 March 1820 - 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli, was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860) in which he denounced the abuses of colonialism in the colony of the Dutch... Muhammad Yamin (1903-1962) was born in Talawi, Sawahlunto, in the heartland of the Minangkabau on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. ... Hamka (born in Maninjau, West Sumatra February 17, 1908 - July 24, 1981) is a prominent Indonesian author, ulema and politician. ... Pramoedya Ananta Toer (February 6 1925 - April 30 2006) was an Indonesian author of novels, short stories, essays, polemics, and histories of his homeland and its people. ... Oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next in a civilization without a writing system. ... Suharto GCB (born June 8, 1921) is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ... TV redirects here. ... Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI) is the oldest television station in Indonesia, and was the only television station until 1989. ... A radio station is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. ...

See also

Image File history File links Flag_of_Indonesia. ... This is a list of topics related to Indonesia. ... Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the equator in South East Asia. ... Main article: History of Indonesia This is a timeline of Indonesian history. ... The nation-state known in modern times as Indonesia encompasses an archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the Equator. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Indonesia is a country encompassing an archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the Equator. ... The New Order (Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966. ... The Reformation (in bahasa Indonesia Reformasi) is the name commonly used for the present era in the history of Indonesia. ... Indonesia is an archipelago made of 18,108 islands, according to satellite images. ... // Bali Lake Tamblingan Lake Buyan Lake Bratan Lake Batur Palasari Reservoir Flores Lake Tigawarna Irian Jaya Lake Sentani Java Saguling Reservoir Cirata Reservoir Jatiluhur Reservoir Darma Reservoir Sempor Reservoir Mrica Reservoir Lake Rawa Pening Gajah Munkur Reservoir Kedung Ombo Reservoir Sengguruh Reservoir Lahor Reservoir Sutami Reservoir Wlingi Reservoir Selorejo Reservoir... Major volcanoes in Indonesia This is a list of volcanoes in Indonesia. ... // Bali Barat National Park Gunung Rinjani National Park Kelimutu National Park Komodo National Park Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park Alas Purwo National Park Baluran National Park Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Gunung Ciremai National Park Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Gunung Halimun National Park Gunung Merapi... The Sumatran Tiger, the smallest tiger subspecies only found in Indonesia The Fauna of Indonesia is consists a high level of biodiversity due to its vast-size and tropical archipelago make-up. ... A melting pot of Indonesian flora in Cibodas botanical garden, Indonesia. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Symbol of Indonesias Pancasila Pancasila, (pronounced ), is the philosophical basis of the Indonesian state. ... List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: Indonesia | Lists of office-holders ... This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. ... United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) is a presidential cabinet of Indonesia led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... Politics of Indonesia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Indonesia ... The United States Department of Stateâ€™s Human Rights Report for 2003 (issued in February 2004) rates the Indonesian governmentâ€™s human rights record as â€œpoorâ€ and notes that Indonesia has â€œcontinued to commit serious abuses. ... Telephones - main lines in use: 3. ... Jimbaran Beach, Bali. ... Indonesias 245 million people make it the worlds fourth-most populous nation. ... The province (Indonesian: provinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. ... This is a list of cities in Indonesia, by major island or region: // Balikpapan Banjarmasin Palangkaraya Pontianak Martapura Samarinda Tarakan Ambon Sofifi Ternate Mataram Kupang Dompu Sumbawa Besar Jayapura Timika Manokwari Biak Enarotali Fak Fak Merauke Sorong Wamena Bau-Bau Bulukumba Gorontalo Kawangkoan Makassar (Ujung Pandang) Mamuju Manado (Menado) Palu... Statue of Dewi Sri in Ubud, Bali. ... Indonesian Architecture reflects the same diversity of cultural, historical, and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... When defining what is understood by Indonesian literature, one has to choose between various possibilities, each of them to a certain degree mutually exclusive. ... Indonesia is culturally diverse, and every one of the 18,000 islands has its own cultural and artistic history and character[1]. This results hundreds of different forms of music, which often accompanies dance and theater. ... Public holidays in Indonesia Categories: | | ...

References

General

Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-X.
Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.

Notes

^ US Library of Congress; Vickers (2005), page 117.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (GDP). World Economic Outlook Databaase, April 2007. International Monetary Fund (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
^ International Monetary Fund (April 2006). "Estimate World Economic Outlook Database". Press release. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.
^ Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau (1 September 2006). "Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Tahun 2005–2006" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Press release. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
^ ^a ^b Tomascik, T; Mah, J.A., Nontji, A., Moosa, M.K. (1996). The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas - Part One. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.. ISBN 962-593-078-7.
^ ^a ^b (Indonesian) Anshory, Irfan. "Asal Usul Nama Indonesia", Pikiran Rakyat, 2004-08-16. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.
^ Earl, George S. W. (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): p.119.
^ Logan, James Richardson (1850). "The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): pp. 4:252–347. ; Earl, George S. W. (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): pp. 254, 277–278.
^ (This term was introduced in 1860 in the influential novel Max Havelaar (1859), written by Multatuli, critical of Dutch colonialism). Justus M. van der Kroef (1951). "The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage". Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 (3): 166–171.
^ Jusuf M. van der Kroef (1951). "The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage". Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 (3): 166–171.
^ Pope (1988). "Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology". Annual Review of Anthropology 17: 43–77. Annual Review. cited in Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd, 309–312. ; Pope, G (August 15, 1983). "Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80 (16): 4,988–4992. National Academy of Sciences. cited in Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd, 309. ; de Vos, J.P.; P.Y. Sondaar, (9 December 1994). "Dating hominid sites in Indonesia" (PDF). Science Magazine 266 (16): 4,988–4992. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). doi:10.1126/science.7992059. cited in Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd, 309.
^ Taylor (2003), pages 5–7
^ Taylor, Jean Gelman. Indonesia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp.8–9. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
^ Taylor, Jean Gelman. Indonesia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp.15–18. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
^ Taylor (2003), pages 3, 9, 10–11, 13, 14–15, 18–20, 22–23; Vickers (2005), pages 18–20, 60, 133–134
^ Taylor (2003), pages 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), page 3
^ Peter Lewis (1982). "The next great empire". Futures 14 (1): 47–61.
^ Ricklefs (1991), pages 3 to 14
^ Ricklefs (1991), pages 12–14
^ ^a ^b Ricklefs, M.C (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition. London: MacMillan, p.22–24. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
^ Dutch troops were constantly engaged in quelling rebellions both on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as Prince Diponegoro in central Java, Imam Bonjol in central Sumatra and Pattimura in Maluku, and a bloody thirty-year war in Aceh weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces.(Schwartz 1999, pages 3–4) Despite major internal political, social and sectarian divisions during the National Revolution, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence.
^ Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998). "Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves". Eighteenth-Century Studies 31 (3): 349–355. ; Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition. London: MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
^ H. J. Van Mook (1949). "Indonesia". Royal Institute of International Affairs 25 (3): 274–285. ; Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". Far Eastern Survey 14 (24): 345–348. ; Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and History. Yale University Press, 325. ISBN 0-300-10518-5. ; Reid (1973), page 30
^ Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". Far Eastern Survey 14 (24): 345–348. ; Indonesian War of Independence". Military. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-11.
^ Ricklefs (1991), pages 237 - 280
^ Friend (2003), pages 107–109; Chris Hilton (writer and director). Shadowplay [Television documentary]. Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions.; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290
^ John Roosa and Joseph Nevins (5 November 2005). "40 Years Later: The Mass Killings in Indonesia". Counterpunch. Retrieved on 2006-11-12. ; Robert Cribb (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966". Asian Survey 42 (4): 550–563.
^ John D. Legge (1968). "General Suharto's New Order". Royal Institute of International Affairs 44 (1): 40–47.
^ US National Archives, RG 59 Records of Department of State; cable no. 868, ref: Embtel 852, Oct 5 1965. [1]; Adrian Vickers, A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press, p. 163; 2005; David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations, London: Blackwell, p. 70
^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. ; Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2. ; Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-X.
^ Delhaise, Philippe F. (1998). Asia in Crisis: The Implosion of the Banking and Finance Systems. Willey, p.123. ISBN 0-471-83450-5.
^ Jonathan Pincus and Rizal Ramli (1998). "Indonesia: from showcase to basket case". Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (6): 723–734. doi:10.1093/cje/22.6.723.
^ "President Suharto resigns", BBC, 21 May 1998. Retrieved on 2006-11-12.
^ Burr, W.; Evans, M.L. (6 December 2001). Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62. National Security Archive, The George Washington University, Washington, DC. Retrieved on 2006-09-17.; International Religious Freedom Report. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. Department of State (2002-10-17). Retrieved on 2006-09-29.
^ Robert W. Hefner (2000). "Religious Ironies in East Timor". Religion in the News 3 (1). Retrieved on 2006-12-12.
^ "Aceh rebels sign peace agreement", BBC, 15 August 2005. Retrieved on 2006-12-12.
^ In 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002
^ ^a ^b Susi Dwi Harijanti and Tim Lindsey (2006). "Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court". International Journal of Constitutional Law 4 (1): 138–150. doi:10.1093/icon/moi055.
^ The Carter Center (2004). "The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report" (PDF). Press release. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
^ _ (2002), The fourth Amendment of 1945 Indonesia Constitution, Chapter III – The Executive Power, Art. 7.
^ (Indonesian) People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI). Ketetapan MPR-RI Nomor II/MPR/2000 tentang Perubahan Kedua Peraturan Tata Tertib Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-11-07.
^ Reforms include total control of statutes production without executive branch interventions; all members are now elected (reserved seats for military representatives have now been removed); and the introduction of fundamental rights exclusive to the DPR. (see Harijanti and Lindsey 2006)
^ Based on the 2001 constitution amendment, the DPD comprises four popularly elected non-partisan members from each of the thirty-three provinces for national political representation. People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI). Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
^ ^a ^b Country Profile: Indonesia (PDF). U.S Library of Congress (December 2004). Retrieved on 2006-12-09.
^ Indonesia - Foreign Policy. U.S. Library of Congress. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c Background Note: Indonesia. U.S. Library of Congress. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ Indonesia temporarily withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 in response to the fact that Malaysia was elected as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. It announced its intention to "resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities" on 19 September 1966, and was invited to re-join the UN on 28 September 1966.
^ Chris Wilson (11 October 2001). Indonesia and Transnational Terrorism. Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Group. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved on 2006-10-15.; Reyko Huang (23 May 2002). Priority Dilemmas: U.S. - Indonesia Military Relations in the Anti Terror War. Terrorism Project. Center for Defense Information.
^ "Commemoration of 3rd anniversary of bombings", AAP, The Age Newspaper, 10 December 2006.
^ US Embassy, Jakarta (10 May 2005). "Travel Warning: Indonesia". Press release. Retrieved on 2006-12-26.
^ Chew, Amy. "Indonesia military regains ground", CNN Asia, 2002-07-07. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
^ Witular, Rendi A.. "Susilo Approves Additional Military Funding", The Jakarta Post, 2005-05-19. Retrieved on 2007-04-24. (English)
^ Friend (2003), pages 473–475, 484
^ Friend (2003), pages 270–273, 477–480; "Indonesia flashpoints: Aceh", BBC News, BBC, 29 December 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ Indonesia agrees Aceh peace deal. BBC News. BBC (17 July 2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-20.; Indonesia starts Aceh withdrawal. BBC News. BBC (18 September 2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ Lateline TV Current Affairs. "Sidney Jones on South East Asian conflicts", TV Program transcript, Interview with South East Asia director of the International Crisis Group, Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), 20 April 2006. ; International Crisis Group (5 September 2006). "Papua: Answer to Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Update Briefing (No. 53): 1. International Crisis Group. Retrieved on 2006-09-17.
^ Michelle Ann Miller (2004). "The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism?". Asian Ethnicity 5 (3): 333–351. doi:10.1080/1463136042000259789.
^ The positions of governor and its vice governor are prioritized for descendants of the Sultan of Yogyakarta and Paku Alam, respectively, much like a sultanate. (Elucidation on the Indonesia Law No. 22/1999 Regarding Regional Governance. People's Representative Council (1999). Chapter XIV Other Provisions, Art. 122; Indonesia Law No. 5/1974 Concerning Basic Principles on Administration in the RegionPDF (146 KiB) (translated version). The President of Republic of Indonesia (1974). Chapter VII Transitional Provisions, Art. 91
^ As part of the autonomy package was the introduction of the Papuan People's Council tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs, however, the implementation of the autonomy measures has been criticized as half-hearted and incomplete. Dursin, Richel; Kafil Yamin. "Another Fine Mess in Papua", Editorial, The Jakarta Post, 2004-11-18. Retrieved on 2006-10-05. ; "Papua Chronology Confusing Signals from Jakarta", The Jakarta Post, 2004-11-18. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.
^ International Monetary Fund (April 2006). "Estimate World Economic Outlook Database". Press release. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.; Indonesia Regions. Indonesia Business Directory. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
^ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, pp.139, 181, 251, 435. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-10-17). Rank Order Area. The World Factbook. US CIA, Washington, DC. Retrieved on 2006-11-03.
^ Population density - Persons per km² 2006. CIA world factbook. Photius Coutsoukis (2006). Retrieved on 2006-10-04.
^ Calder, Joshua (3 May 2006). Most Populous Islands. World Island Information. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
^ Republic of Indonesia. Encarta. Microsoft (2006).
^ Volcanoes of Indonesia. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ The Human Toll. UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. United Nations. Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd, 95–97.
^ About Jakarta And Depok. University of Indonesia. University of Indonesia. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
^ Lester, Brown, R (1997). State of the World 1997: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society (14th edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, page 7. ISBN 0393040089.
^ Indonesia's Natural Wealth: The Right of a Nation and Her People. Islam Online (2003-05-22). Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
^ Globalis-Indonesia. Globalis, an interactive world map. Global Virtual University. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
^ Whitten, T.; Henderson, G., Mustafa, M. (1996). The Ecology of Sulawesi. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.. ISBN 962-593-075-2. ; Monk,, K.A.; Fretes, Y., Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.. ISBN 962-593-076-0.
^ Indonesia. InterKnowledge Corp.. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
^ ^a ^b Severin, Tim (1997). The Spice Island Voyage: In Search of Wallace. Great Britain: Abacus Travel. ISBN 0-349-11040-9.
^ Wallace, A.R. (2000 (originally 1869)). The Malay Archipelago. Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-645-9. ,
^ ^a ^b Jason R. Miller (1997-01-30). "Deforestation in Indonesia and the Orangutan Population". TED Case Studies. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
^ Massicot, Paul. Animal Info - Indonesia. Animal Info - Information on Endangered Mammals. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (GDP per capita). World Economic Outlook Database, April 2007. International Monetary Fund (April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
^ Official Statistics and its Development in Indonesia (PDF). Sub Committee on Statistics: First Session 18–20 February, 2004. Economic and Social Commission for Asia & the Pacific.
^ Indonesia at a Glance (PDF). Indonsia Development Indicators and Data. World Bank (13 August 2006).
^ ^a ^b ^c [Indonesia] - The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
^ By the time of Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the economy was in chaos with 1,000% annual inflation, shrinking export revenues, crumbling infrastructure, factories operating at minimal capacity, and negligible investment. Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57
^ Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57
^ averaging over 7% from 1968 to 1981. Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57
^ Following a slowing of growth in the 1980s, due to over regulation and dependence on declining oil prices, growth slowed to an average of 4.3% per annum between 1981 and 1988. A range of economic reforms were introduced in the late 1980s. Reforms included a managed devaluation of the rupiah to improve export competitiveness, and de-regulation of the financial sector (Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57).
^ Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57; Indonesia: Country Brief. Indonesia:Key Development Data & Statistics. The World Bank (September 2006).
^ Indonesia: Country Brief. Indonesia:Key Development Data & Statistics. The World Bank (September 2006).
^ Guerin, G. (23 May 2006). "Don't count on a Suharto accounting". Asia Tims Online. Asia Times Online Ltd, Hong Kong. ; "Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them" (14 September 2006). The Economist. Retrieved on 2006-12-26. ; (subsequent correction)
^ Corruption Perceptions Index. Transparency International (2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
^ Indonesia: Forecast. Country Briefings. The Economist (3 October 2006).
^ "Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them" (14 September 2006). The Economist. Retrieved on 2006-12-26. (subsequent correction); Ridwan Max Sijabat. "Unemployment still blighting the Indonesian landscape", The Jakarta Post, 23 March 2007.
^ In 2005, the Government was forced to reduce its large subsidies on fuel prices drastically as international oil prices climbed, which was a major contributor to inflation and hardship. "Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them" (14 September 2006). The Economist. Retrieved on 2006-12-26.
^ World Bank (2006). "Making the New Indonesia Work for the Poor - Overview" (PDF). Press release. Retrieved on 2006-12-26.
^ Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau (2 December 2008). "Beberapa Indikator Penting Mengenai Indonesia" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Press release. Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
^ Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau (30 June 2000). "2000 Population Statistics". Press release. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.
^ Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau (1 September 2006). "Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Tahun 2005–2006" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Press release. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
^ Calder, Joshua (3 May 2006). Most Populous Islands. World Island Information. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
^ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, p. 47. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
^ Taylor (2003), pages 5–7, Dawson, B.; Gillow, J. (1994). The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, page 7. ISBN 0-500-34132-X. ; Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, pp.139, 181, 251, 435. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
^ An Overview of Indonesia. Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates. Expat Web Site Association. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.; Merdekawaty, E. (2006-07-06). "Bahasa Indonesia" and languages of Indonesia (PDF). UNIBZ - Introduction to Linguistics. Free University of Bozen. Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
^ Kingsbury, Damien. Autonomy and Disintegration in Indonesia. Routledge, 131. ISBN 0-415-29737-0.
^ Small but significant populations of ethnic Chinese, Indians, Europeans and Arabs are concentrated mostly in urban areas.
^ Ricklefs (1991), page 256
^ Domestic migration (including the official Transmigrasi program) are a cause of violence such as the massacre of hundreds of Madurese by a local Dayak community in West Kalimantan, and conflicts in Maluku, Central Sulawesi, and parts of Papua and West Papua T.N. Pudjiastuti (2002). "Migration & Conflict in Indonesia" (PDF). International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Paris. Retrieved on 2006-09-17.; Kalimantan The Conflict. Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. Conflict Prevention Initiative, Harvard University. Retrieved on 2007-01-07.; J.W. Ajawaila; M.J. Papilaya; Tonny D. Pariela; F. Nahusona; G. Leasa; T. Soumokil; James Lalaun and W. R. Sihasale (1999). "Proposal Pemecahan Masalah Kerusuhan di Ambon". Report on Church and Human Rights Persecution in Indonesia, Ambon, Indonesia: Fica-Net. Retrieved on 2006-09-29. ; Kyoto University: Sulawesi Kaken Team & Center for Southeast Asian Studies Bugis SailorsPDF (124 KiB)
^ Schwarz (1994), pages 53, 80–81; Friend (2003), pages 85–87, 164–165, 233–237
^ M. F. Swasono (1997). Indigenous Cultures in the Development of Indonesia. Integration of endogenous cultural dimension into development. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi. Retrieved on 2006-09-17.; The Overseas Chinese. Prospect Magazine (9 April 1998). Retrieved on 2006-09-17. The riots in Jakarta in 1998—much of which were aimed at the Chinese—were, in part, expressions of this resentment.M. Ocorandi (28 May 1998). An Analysis of the Implication of Suharto's resignation for Chinese Indonesians. Worldwide HuaRen Peace Mission. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.; F.H. Winarta (August 2004). Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Belum Menjadi Kenyataan Menjelang HUT Kemerdekaan RI Ke-59 (Indonesian). Komisi Hukum Nasional Republik Indonesia (National Law Commission, Republic of Indonesia), Jakarta.
^ taalunieversum
^ The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. US-ASEAN. Retrieved on 2006-10-02.
^ Yang, Heriyanto (August 2005). "The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia" (PDF). Religion 10 (1): 8. Retrieved on 2006-10-02.
^ of which roughly two-thirds are Protestant
^ Oey, Eric (1997), Bali (3rd ed.), Singapore: Periplus Editions, ISBN 962-593-028-0
^ Indonesia - Buddhism. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2006-10-15.
^ Indonesia - Islam. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2006-10-15.
^ Ricklefs (1991), pp. 25, 26, 28 ; 1500 to 1670: Great Kings and Trade Empires. Sejarah Indonesia. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
^ Ricklefs (1991), pp.28, 62; Vickers (2005), p.22; Goh, Robbie B.H.. Christianity in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 80. 9812302972.
^ Magnis-Suseno, F. 1981, Javanese Ethics and World-View: The Javanese Idea of the Good Life, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1997, pp.15-18, ISBN 979-605-406-X; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Embassy of the United States (2003-12-18). "Indonesia Annual International Religious Freedom Report 2003". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
^ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, p.103. ISBN1-74059-154-2.
^ Witton, Patrick (2002). World Food: Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-009-0.
^ Compared to the infused flavors of Vietnamese and Thai food, flavors in Indonesia are kept relatively separate, simple and substantial.Brissendon, Rosemary (2003). South East Asian Food. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. ISBN 1-74066-013-7.
^ ^a ^b Kristianto, JB. "Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia", Kompas, 2005-07-02. Retrieved on 2006-10-05. (Indonesian)
^ (Indonesian) Kondisi Perfilman di Indonesia (The State of The Film Industry in Indonesia). Panton. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.
^ Taylor (2003), pages 299–301
^ Vickers (2005) pages 3 to 7; Friend (2003), pages 74, 180
^ Czermak, Karen; Philippe DeLanghe, Wei Weng. "Preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage in Indonesia" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved on 2007-07-04.
^ Shannon L., Smith; Lloyd Grayson J. (2001). Indonesia Today: Challenges of History. Melbourne, Australia: Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 0-7425-1761-6.
^ Internet World Stats. Asia Internet Usage, Population Statistics and Information. Miniwatts Marketing Group (2006). Retrieved on 2007-08-13.

id="External_links"> IMF redirects here. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... IMF redirects here. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Max Havelaar is the protagonist in a Dutch novel of the same name written by Multatuli (the pen name of Eduard Douwes Dekker), first published in 1860. ... Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as Multatuli Eduard Douwes Dekker (Amsterdam, 2 March 1820 - 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli, was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860) in which he denounced the abuses of colonialism in the colony of the Dutch... This article is about the day of the year. ... For the Jimi Hendrix song, see 1983. ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Pangeran Diponegoro (born Yogyakarta 1785- died Makassar 1855) was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial rule. ... Tuanku Imam Bonjol Tuanku Imam Bonjol (1772 â€“ November 6, 1864), also known as Muhammad Syahab, Peto Syarif, and Malim Basa, was a hero in the Indonesian struggle against Dutch rule. ... Thomas Matulesia (?1783-1817), also known as Pattimura, was an Ambonese Christian soldier who led a rebellion against Dutch forces on Saparua near Ambon in Maluku. ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... The Aceh War (also Achinese War) took place from 1873-1904 between the Netherlands and the people of Aceh in Sumatra as the Dutch attempted to colonize this independent state on the northern-most tip of Sumatra. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Hubertus Johannes van Mook (1895–1965) was a Dutch administrator in the East Indies. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... CounterPunch is a biweekly newsletter published in the United States that covers politics from a left-wing perspective. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 by Thomas Blanton, it archives and publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy. ... The George Washington University (GW) is a private, coeducational university located in Washington, D.C., United States. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... This article is about the day of the year. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library The Carter Center is a human rights organization, founded in 1982 and chaired by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Statute of Grand Duchy of Lithuania A statute is a formal, written law of a country or state, written and enacted by its legislative authority, perhaps to then be ratified by the highest executive in the government, and finally published. ... Several politico-constitutional arrangements use reserved political positions, especially when endeavoring to ensure the rights of minorities or preserving a political balance of power. ... Partisan may refer to: A member of a lightly-equipped irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation was an intermittent war over the future of the island of Borneo, between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia in 1962â€“1966. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono is the title of The Sultan that rules Yogyakarta Sultanate in Yogyakarta Special Region province of Indonesia. ... Pakualaman (also written Paku Alaman) is a small hereditary principality within the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic monarch ruling under the terms of shariah. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: Indonesia | Lists of office-holders ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... IMF redirects here. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... UN redirects here. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The World Factbook (ISSN 1553-8133; also known as the CIA World Factbook)[2] is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States with almanac-style information about the countries of the world. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Invest redirects here. ... Logo of the World Bank The World Bank Group is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance to countries for purposes of development and poverty reduction, and for encouraging and safeguarding international investment. ... Logo of the World Bank The World Bank Group is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance to countries for purposes of development and poverty reduction, and for encouraging and safeguarding international investment. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Transparency International (TI) is an international organisation addressing corruption, including, but not limited to, political corruption. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London. ... is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Jakarta Post is a daily English-language newspaper in Indonesia. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Languages various Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... Indonesias Transmigration program was an initiative to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the archipelago. ... The Dayak (or Dyak) are indigenous natives of Borneo. ... West Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat often abbreviated to Kalbar) is a province of Indonesia. ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... Map of Central Sulawesi province within Indonesia Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) is one of Indonesias provinces located in the heart of Sulawesi Island. ... Papua is a province of Indonesia comprising a majority part of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands (see also Western New Guinea). ... Map showing West Papua province in Indonesia Map of West Papua West Papua (Indonesian: Papua Barat; formerly West Irian Jaya or Irian Jaya Barat) is a province of Indonesia on the western end of the island of New Guinea. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lonely Planet logo Lonely Planet Publications (usually known as Lonely Planet or LP for short) claims to be the largest independently owned travel guidebook publisher in the world. ... Modern Vietnamese cuisine is heavily influenced by the French colonists. ... Thai seafood curry Thai cuisine is known for its blend of fundamental flavors in each dish -- hot (spicy), sour, sweet, salty and bitter. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...