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The period of the Dutch Ethical Policy and Indonesian National Revival was a period in Indonesian history spanning from 1899 until the Japanese Invasion in 1942. During this period, the people of the Indonesian archipelago began to develop a national consciousness which was to finally lead to Independence in 1945. The nation-state known in modern times as Indonesia encompasses an archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the Equator. ...
Image File history File links Historyofindonesia. ...
Map of Southeast Asia at end of 12th century. ...
At a point in time when Sri Vijaya had been the established leader in the Southeast Asian region for about 100 years, the Sailendra Kingdom of Java emerged. ...
Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. The centre of the kingdom was moved from Central Java to East Java by Mpu Sindok. ...
Kediri was a Hindu kingdom based in East Java from 1045 to 1221. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
The Majapahit Empire was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. ...
The Sultanate of Demak was founded in the 16th century by Raden Patah (1475-1518), once a vassal of the declining Majapahit Empire. ...
This article is about a historic kingdom on Java in what is now Indonesia. ...
The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ...
Anglo-Dutch Java War in 1810-1811 was a war between Great Britain and Netherlands fought entirely on Island of Java in colonial Indonesia The governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, Herman Willem Daendels (1762_1818), fortified the island of Java against possible British attack. ...
The Padri War also called Minangkabau War is the name given to the skirmishes fought by Dutch troops from 1821 to 1837 in West Sumatra, Indonesia. ...
The Java War was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. ...
The Aceh War (also Achinese War) took place from 1873-1904 between the Netherlands and the people of Aceh in Sumatra as the Dutch attempted to colonize this independent state on the northern-most tip of Sumatra. ...
The Netherlands East Indies campaign was the shortlived defence of the Netherlands East Indies by Allied forces, against invasion by the Empire of Japan in 1941-42. ...
The Japanese occupation of Indonesia refers to the period between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, when the Empire of Japan ruled Indonesia. ...
The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially read at exactly 10. ...
The Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between Indonesia and the Netherlands that took place between the time of Indonesias declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands recognition of Indonesias independence in 1949. ...
The Asian-African Conference was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, organized by Egypt, Indonesia, Burma, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), India, and Pakistan. ...
The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation was an intermittent war over the future of the island of Borneo, between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia in 1962–1966. ...
The New Order (Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966. ...
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Act of Free Choice (Indonesian: Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat [PEPERA]) was the title of a 1969 referendum in the former Dutch territory of Western New Guinea, to determine whether the territory would become part of Indonesia or maintain independence. ...
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Formulation of the Dutch Ethical Policy
In 1899, the liberal Dutch Lawyer Conrad Théodoor van Deventer published an essay in the Dutch journal De Gids which claimed that the Colonial Government had a moral responsibility to return the wealth that the Dutch had received from the East Indies to the indigenous population. At around the same time, Pieter Brooshooft, a journalist with the Semarang based De Locomotief journal published articles about the need for an Ethical Policy to improve the welfare of the native peoples. The Ethical Policy and the ideas it reflected were a response to the Cultivation System that had prevailed until 30 years previously. Semarang is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia. ...
The Cultivation System (Dutch: cultuurstelsel) was a Dutch government policy in the mid-nineteenth century which required that a portion of agricultural production in the colonial Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) must be devoted to export goods. ...
Aims The supporters of the Ethical Policy were concerned about the social and cultural conditions holding back the native population. They tried to raise awareness among the natives of the need to free themselves from the fetters of the fuedal system and to develop themselves along Western lines.
On 17 September 1901, in a formal speech to parliament, the newly crowned Queen Wilhelmina formally articulated the new policy - that the Dutch Government had a moral obligation to the native people of the Dutch East Indies that could be summarised in the 'Three Policies' of Irrigation, [Trans]migration and Education. September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ...
1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Queen Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Orange-Nassau (August 31, 1880 - November 28, 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948 and Queen Mother (with the title of Princess) from 1948 to 1962. ...
Irrigation The Ethical Policy promoted efforts to improve the lot of the ordinary people through irrigation programmes, the introduction of banking services for the native population, and subsidies for native industries and handicrafts.
Migration The Ethical Policy first introduced the concept of transmigration from over-populated Java to the less densely populated areas of Sumatra and Kalimantan, beginning with government sponsored schemes from 1905 onwards. However the numbers of people moved during the period of the Ethical Policy was a tiny fraction of the increase in population in Java during the same period. Transmigration can has several meanings: Transmigration of the soul is a common term for reincarnation. ...
Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ...
Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ...
Kalimantan is the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. ...
Education Perhaps the most significant effect of the Ethical Policy was the expansion of education in the Dutch East Indies, particularly during the period from 1900–1905 when JH Amendanon (1852–1925) was the Minister for Culture, Religion and Industry. During this period, schools were built for both the nobility and ordinary people in almost every region.
National Revival The new emphasis on education led to the development of a small, highly educated native elite, who, during the 1920s and 30s began to articulate a rising anti-colonialsim and national consciousness. Two important events in this process were the establishment of the youth group, Budi Utomo in 1908, and the Second Youth Congress in 1928, where the famous Youth Oath (Sumpah Pemuda) was adopted, establishing the nationalist goals of: one country - Indonesia, one people - Indonesian, and one language - Indonesian. student-organized priyayi ethno-political party opposing the colonial status quo in Indonesia, but advocating co-operation with the Dutch Government. ...
The Sumpah Pemuda, or Youth Pledge, was a promise given by Pemuda Indonesia, the Indonesian Youth Nationallists, stating: Satu Tanah Air-Indonesia Satu Bangsa-Orang Indonesia Satu Bahasa-Bahasa Indonesia This Youth Pledge, utterly importent at the time, became policy after Sukarno declared independance in 1945. ...
Political Awakenings During this period the first Indonesian political parties began to emerge. The first was the Indische Partij in 1912, and in the same year Haji Samanhudi formed Sarekat Dagang Islam, the forerunner of today's Sarekat Islam. Muhammadiyah was established by KH Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta, and Dwijo Sewoyo and some associates formed the Peasant's Insurance Cooperative (Asuransi Jiwa Bersama Bumi Putera) in Magelang. Sarekat Islam, formerly Sarekat Dagang Islam, is an Indonesian organization. ...
Muhammadiyah (full name: Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah) is a moderate Islamic organization in Indonesia. ...
Yogyakarta (also Jogjakarta in pre-1972 spelling or Jogja) is a city and province of Indonesia on the island of Java. ...
Magelang is the largest town in the Kedu Plain between Mount Merbabu and Mount Sumbing in Central Java, Indonesia. ...
On 20 July 1913, Suwardi Suryaningrat, who had connections with the Bumi Putera Committee wrote Als ik eens Nederlander was (What if I were a Dutchman?) a striking protest against the plans of the Dutch Colonial Government to celebrate 100 years of Dutch Independence. As a result of this article, Dr Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Suwardi Suryoningrat were tried and sentenced to exile in the Banda Islands. However, they were given the alternative choice of transportation to the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, Suwardi pursued studies in field of Education, while Dr Tjipto fell ill and returned home to Indonesia.
The Development of a National Consciousness In 1918 a proto-parliament, the Volksraad, met for the first time. 39% of its members were native Indonesians. During this year, the Dutch government agreed that at some, unspecified point in the future, Indonesians would be granted self-rule, but in subsequent years did nothing to follow up this aim.
The next twenty years saw the emergence of some of the major figures and organisations that were to play a major role in the move to Independence and in post-Independence politics in the 1950s, including Sukarno, Mohammed Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian National Party (PNI). In action similar to the Youth Congress, the PNI in 1928 adopted the red and white flag of Indonesia, declared Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) as the national language, and Indonesia Raya as the national anthem. Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ...
Mohammad Hatta Mohammad Hatta (born August 12, 1902, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); died March 14, 1980, Jakarta) was Indonesias first vice president, after being the countrys Prime Minister. ...
Sutan Sjahrir (5 March 1909 — 9 April 1966) was the first prime minister of Indonesia, after a career as a key Indonesian nationalist organizer in the 1930s and 1940s. ...
Communist Party of Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonesia), was founded in 1920 in Semarang, as the successor of the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV, Indian Social Democratic Association). ...
Indonesian National Party (Partai Nasional Indonesia/PNI) is the oldest political party in Indonesia, established on 4 July 1927. ...
Indonesia Raya is the national anthem of Indonesia. ...
However, it was not until the Japanese defeat in 1945 that these prominent figures took the initiative and declared Indonesian Independence.
See also History of Indonesia Image File history File links Portal. ...
The nation-state known in modern times as Indonesia encompasses an archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the Equator. ...
Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ...
Dutch Empire A map showing the territory that the Netherlands held at various points in history. ...
Further reading - Anderson, Ben (1972). Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0687-0.
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