NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Industrial Engineering

Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, material and process. Industrial engineering draws upon the principles and methods of engineering analysis and synthesis, as well as mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems. In lean manufacturing systems, Industrial engineers work to eliminate wastes of time, money, materials, energy and other resources. Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... Physical science is the branch of science including chemistry and physics, usually contrasted with the social sciences and sometimes including and sometimes contrasted with natural or biological science. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... All Saints Chapel in the Cathedral Basilica of St. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Toyota Production System. ...

Industrial engineering is also known as operations management, systems engineering, production engineering, manufacturing engineering or manufacturing systems engineering; a distinction that seems to depend on the viewpoint or motives of the user. Recruiters or educational establishments use the names to differentiate themselves from others. In healthcare, industrial engineers are more commonly known as management engineers, engineering management, or even health systems engineers. Operations management is an area of business that is concerned with the production of goods and services, and involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient and effective. ... Engineering management is a field that bridges the gap between engineering and management. ...

Whereas most engineering disciplines apply skills to very specific areas, industrial engineering is applied in virtually every industry. Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include shortening lines (or queues) at a theme park, streamlining an operating room, distributing products worldwide (also referred to as Supply Chain Management), and manufacturing cheaper and more reliable automobiles. Industrial engineers typically use computer simulation, especially discrete event simulation, for system analysis and evaluation. Queueing theory (also commonly spelled queuing theory) is the mathematical study of waiting lines (or queues). ... Theme Park is a simulation computer game designed by Bullfrog Productions, released in 1994, in which the player designs and operates an amusement park. ... Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. ... A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. ... In discrete event simulation, the operation of a system is represented as a chronological sequence of events. ...

The name "industrial engineer" can be misleading. While the term originally applied to manufacturing, it has grown to encompass services and other industries as well. Similar fields include operations research, systems engineering, ergonomics, process engineering and quality engineering. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Operations management. ... Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach and means for enabling the realization and deployment of successful systems. ... Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). ... “Process engineering is about applying engineering approaches, techniques, and tools to the construction of Process Models. ... In engineering and manufacturing, quality control or quality engineering is a set of measures taken to ensure that defective products or services are not produced, and that the design meets performance requirements. ...

There are a number of things industrial engineers do in their work to make processes more efficient, to make products more manufacturable and consistent in their quality, and to increase productivity.

Areas of expertise

The expertise required by an industrial engineer will include some or all of the following elements. People with limited education qualifications, or limited experience may specialize in only a few. Ever since its creation with the offering of the world's first Industrial Engineering program at the Pennsylvania State University in 1906, the jobs and functions performed by IEs have grown vastly. The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related, land-grant university. ...

ISO 9000 specifies requirements for a Quality Management System overseeing the production of a product or service. ... A time and motion study (or time-motion study) is a business efficiency technique combining the Time Study work of Frederick Winslow Taylor with the Motion Study work of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (best known through the biographical 1950 film and book Cheaper by the Dozen). ...

Value engineering

Value engineering is based on the proposition that in any complex product, 80% of the customers need 20% of the features. By focusing on product development, one can produce a superior product at a lower cost for the major part of a market. When a customer needs more features, sell them as options. This approach is valuable in complex electromechanical products such as computer printers, in which the engineering is a major product cost. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

To reduce a project's engineering and design costs, it is frequently factored into subassemblies that are designed and developed once and reused in many slightly different products. For example, a typical tape-player has a precision injection-molded tape-deck produced, assembled and tested by a small factory, and sold to numerous larger companies as a subassembly. The tooling and design expense for the tape deck is shared over many products that can look quite different. All that the other products need are the necessary mounting holes and electrical interface.

Quality assurance and quality control

Quality control is a set of measures taken to ensure that defective products or services are not produced, and that the design meets performance requirements. Quality assurance covers all activities from design, development, production, installation, servicing and documentation. This field introduced the rules “fit for purpose” and “do it right the first time”. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with quality assurance. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

It is a truism that "quality is free." Very often, it costs no more to produce a product that always works, every time it comes off the assembly line. While this requires a conscious effort during engineering, it can considerably reduce the cost of waste and rework.

Commercial quality efforts have two foci. First, to reduce the mechanical precision needed to obtain good performance. The second is to control all manufacturing operations to ensure that every part and assembly stays within a specified tolerance.

Statistical process control in manufacturing usually proceeds by randomly sampling and testing a fraction of the output. Testing every output is generally avoided due to time or cost constraints, or because it may destroy the object being tested (such as lighting matches). The variances of critical tolerances are continuously tracked, and manufacturing processes are corrected before bad parts can be produced. Statistical process control (SPC) is a method for achieving quality control in manufacturing processes. ...

A valuable process to perform on a whole consumer product is called the "shake and bake." Every so often, a whole product is mounted on a shake table in an environmental oven, and operated under increasing vibration, temperatures and humidity until it fails. This finds many unanticipated weaknesses in a product. Another related technique is to operate samples of products until they fail. Generally the data is used to drive engineering and manufacturing process improvements. Often quite simple changes can dramatically improve product service, such as changing to mold-resistant paint, or adding lock-washed placement to the training for new assembly personnel.

Many organizations use statistical process control to bring the organization to Six Sigma levels of quality. In a six sigma organization, every item that creates customer value or dissatisfaction is controlled to assure that the total number of failures are beyond the sixth sigma of likelihood in a normal distribution of customers - setting a standard for failure of fewer than four parts in one million. Items controlled often include clerical tasks such as order-entry, as well as conventional manufacturing processes. The often-used six sigma symbol. ... The normal distribution, also called Gaussian distribution by scientists (named after Carl Friedrich Gauss due to his rigorous application of the distribution to astronomical data (Havil, 2003)), is a continuous probability distribution of great importance in many fields. ...

Producibility

Quite frequently, manufactured products have unnecessary precision, production operations or parts. Simple redesign can eliminate these, lowering costs and increasing manufacturability, reliability and profits.

For example, Russian liquid-fuel rocket motors are intentionally designed to permit ugly (though leak-free) welding, to eliminate grinding and finishing operations that do not help the motor function better. A Soyuz rocket, at Baikanur launch pad. ... Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. ...

Some Japanese disc brakes have parts toleranced to three millimeters, an easy-to-meet precision. When combined with crude statistical process controls, this assures that less than one in a million parts will fail to fit. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Vehicle brake. ...

Many vehicle manufacturers have active programs to reduce the numbers and types of fasteners in their product, to reduce inventory, tooling and assembly costs. A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. ... Inventory is a list of goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by a business. ... A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by the selective removal of metal. ...

Another producibility technique is near net shape forming. Often a premium forming process can eliminate hundreds of low-precision machining or drilling steps. Precision transfer stamping can quickly produce hundreds of high quality parts from generic rolls of steel and aluminum. Die casting is used to produce metal parts from aluminum or sturdy tin alloys, which are often about as strong as mild steels. Plastic injection molding is a powerful technique, especially if the special properties of the part are supplemented with inserts of brass or steel. Near net shape is an industrial production technique. ... A lathe is a common tool used in machining. ... An electric drill A drill is a tool with a rotary drill bit used to bore holes through material. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ... This article is about the manufacturing process. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tin, Sn, 50 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 118. ... An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Injection molding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from thermoplastic material in production. ... For other uses, see Brass (disambiguation). ...

When a product incorporates a computer, it replaces many parts with software that fits into a single light-weight, low-power memory part or micro-controller. As computers grow faster, digital signal processing software is beginning to replace many analog electronic circuits for audio and sometimes radio frequency processing. A BlueGene supercomputer cabinet. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... Digital signal processing (DSP) is the study of signals in a digital representation and the processing methods of these signals. ... An electronic circuit is an electrical circuit that also contains active electronic devices such as transistors or vacuum tubes. ...

On some printed circuit boards, itself a producibility technique, the conductors are intentionally sized to act as delay lines, resistors and inductors to reduce the parts count. An important recent innovation was the use of "surface mounted" components. At one stroke, this eliminated the need to drill most holes in a printed circuit board, as well as clip off the leads after soldering. Part of a 1983 Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer board. ... Electrical conduction is the movement of electrically charged particles through a transmission medium (electrical conductor). ... The term delay line has multiple meanings: In electronics and derivative fields such as telecommunications, a delay line is rigorously defined as a single-input-channel device, in which the output channel state at a given instant, t, is the same as the input channel state at the instant t... Resistor symbols (non-European) Resistor symbols (Europe, IEC) Axial-lead resistors on tape. ... An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of inductance. ... Surface-mount components on a keydrives circuit board Surface mount technology (SMT) is a method for constructing electronic circuits in which the components are mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs). ... (De)soldering a contact from a wire. ...

In Japan, it is a standard process to design printed circuit boards of inexpensive phenolic resin and paper, and reduce the number of copper layers to one or two to lower costs without harming specifications. Phenolic resin can include any of various synthetic thermosetting resins, obtained by the reaction of phenols with simple aldehydes and used to make molded products, including pool and snooker balls, and as coatings and adhesives. ... A blank sheet of paper Paper is a commodity of thin material produced by the amalgamation of fibers, typically vegetable fibers composed of cellulose, which are subsequently held together by hydrogen bonding. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ...

It is becoming increasingly common to consider producibility in the initial stages of product design, a process referred to as design for manufacturability. It is much cheaper to consider these changes during the initial stages of design rather than redesign products after their initial design is complete.

From Motion Economy to Human Factors

Industrial engineers study how workers perform their jobs, such as how workers or operators pick up electronic components to be placed in a circuit board or in which order the components are placed on the board. The goal is to reduce the time it takes to perform a certain job and redistribute work so as to require fewer workers for a given task.

Frederick Winslow Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth did much of the pioneering work in motion economy. Taylor's work sought to study and understand what caused workers in a coal mine to become fatigued, as well as ways to obtain greater productivity from the workers without additional man hours. The Gilbreths devised a system to categorize all movements into subgroups known as therbligs (Gilbreths spelled backwards, almost). Examples of therbligs include hold, position, and search. Their contributions to industrial engineering and motion economy are documented in the children's book Cheaper by the Dozen. Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 - March 21, 1915) was an American engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. ... Frank Bunker Gilbreth (July 7, 1868-June 14, 1924), born in Fairfield, Maine, was a proponent of Taylorism and a pioneer of time-motion studies. ... Lillian Moller Gilbreth (May 24, 1878 - January 2, 1972) was one of the first working female engineers and PhD. She and her husband Frank Bunker Gilbreth were pioneers in the field of industrial engineering. ... A man-hour or person-hour[1], [2] is the amount of work performed by an average worker in one hour. ... A therblig is the name for the unit of time required for a worker to perform one of a set of fundamental motions while performing a manual operation or task. ... Cheaper by the Dozen is a 1948 novel by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr. ...

A modern descendant of the therblig system is the set of process chart symbols developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The five ASME symbols are for Inspection, Delay, Storage (set aside), Transport, and Operation. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is a professional body, specifically an engineering society, focused on mechanical engineering. ...

Industrial engineers frequently conduct time studies or work sampling to understand the typical role of a worker. Systems such as Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST) have also been developed to understand the work content of a job. Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST) is a predetermined motion time system that is used primarily in industrial settings to set the standard time in which a worker should perform a task. ...

While industrial engineers still perform time-and-motion studies, many modern IE projects focus more on "knowledge work" and supervisory control instead of manual labor. Thus, many IEs also have training in human factors or ergonomics and contribute more broadly to the design of work processes. Supervisory control is a general term for control of many individual controllers or control loops, whether by a human or an automatic control system, although almost every real system is a combination of both. ... Human factors is an umbrella term for several areas of research that include human performance, technology, design, and human-computer interaction. ... Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). ...

Universities

US News and World Report top Industrial Engineering programs: Georgia Institute of Technology; University of Michigan–Ann Arbor; Pennsylvania State University–University Park; University of California, Berkeley; Stanford University; Northwestern University; Purdue University–West Lafayette; Cornell University; Texas A&M University–College Station; Virginia Tech; University of Wisconsin–Madison; Columbia University; Arizona State University; University of Southern California; North Carolina State University; Lehigh University; University of Florida; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; University of Texas–Austin; Ohio State University; University of Pittsburgh; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey–New Brunswick; Iowa State University; University of Arizona; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; University of Washington; Auburn University; University at Buffalo–SUNY; Texas Tech University; University of Arkansas–Fayetteville; University of Minnesota–Twin Cities; Clemson University; University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; University of Iowa. The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly known as Georgia Tech, is a public, coeducational research university, part of the University System of Georgia, and located in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, with satellite campuses in Savannah, Georgia, Metz, France and Singapore. ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (UM, U of M or U-M) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan. ... The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related, land-grant university. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university located approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles northwest of San JosÃ© in Stanford, California. ... Northwestern University is a private, coeducational, non-sectarian research university located in Evanston and Chicago, Illinois. ... Purdue University (Purdue) is a land-grant, public university in West Lafayette, Indiana, United States. ... Cornell University is a private university located in Ithaca, New York, USA. Its two medical campuses are in New York City and Education City, Qatar. ... Texas A&M University, often called A&M or TAMU, is a coeducational public research university located in College Station, Texas. ... This article or section should include material from Virginia Bioinformatics Institute. ... The University of Wisconsinâ€“Madison is a public research university located in Madison, Wisconsin. ... Columbia University is a private research university in the United States. ... Arizona State University (ASU) is a public institution of higher education and research with campuses located in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. ... Doheny Library. ... North Carolina State University is a public, coeducational, extensive research university located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. ... Lehigh University is a private, co-educational university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of the United States. ... The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public land-grant, space-grant, research university located in Gainesville, Florida. ... Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI, is a coeducational private university in Troy, New York, near Albany, founded in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer. ... The University of Texas System comprises fifteen educational institutions in Texas, of which nine are general academic universities, and six are health institutions. ... The Ohio State University (OSU) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Ohio. ... The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a state-related, doctoral/research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. ... Rutgers University Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is located in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Camden and Newark, New Jersey. ... Iowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) is a public land-grant and space-grant university located in Ames, Iowa. ... The University of Arizona (UA or U of A) is a land-grant and space-grant public institution of higher education and research located in Tucson, Arizona, United States. ... The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), is the largest campus in the University of Illinois system. ... The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. ... Auburn University (AU or Auburn) is a state university located in Auburn, Alabama, in the United States. ... It has been suggested that The Poetry Collection be merged into this article or section. ... Texas Tech University is a public, coeducational, doctoral/research university located in Lubbock, Texas (USA). ... The University of Arkansas known also as the U of A or UA, is a public co-educational land-grant university. ... Washington Avenue Bridge at night The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, almost always abbreviated U of M, and sometimes referred to as The U by locals, is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system. ... Clemson University is a public, coeducational, land-grant research university located in Clemson, South Carolina. ... University of Oklahoma, abbreviated OU, is a coeducational public research university located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma founded in 1890. ... Oklahoma State University Logo The Oklahoma State University System comprises of five educational instututes across Oklahoma. ... The University of Iowa -- or Iowa for short -- is a major national research university located on a 1,900-acre campus in Iowa City, Iowa, USA, on the banks of the Iowa River in East Central Iowa. ...

History

Although industrial engineering courses had been taught by multiple universities in the late 1800s, the first department of industrial engineering was established in 1908 at Pennsylvania State University.

The first doctorate degree was awarded for industrial engineering in the 1930s by Cornell University.

Undergraduate Curriculum

In the United States, the usual undergraduate degree earned is the Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering (BSIE). The typical BSIE curriculum includes introductory chemistry and physics, mathematics through calculus and differential equations and also including probability and statistics, intermediate coursework in mechanical engineering, computer science, and sometimes electrical engineering, and specialized courses such as the following: It has been suggested that the central science be merged into this article or section. ... Physics (Greek: (phÃºsis), nature and (phusikÃ©), knowledge of nature) is the science concerned with the discovery and characterization of universal laws which govern matter, energy, space, and time. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... Calculus (from Latin, pebble or little stone) is a major area in mathematics where infinitesimal data yields global information. ... In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation in which the derivatives of a function appear as variables. ... Probability theory is a branch of mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena. ... A graph of a Normal bell curve showing statistics used in educational assessment and comparing various grading methods. ... Mechanical engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. ... Computer scaence, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... Electrical Engineers design power systemsâ€¦ â€¦ and complex electronic circuits. ...

Several examples of BSIE curricula in the United States are available online, includng those of University of Oklahoma, Bradley University, Pennsylvania State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Arizona State University, Hofstra University, Iowa State University, Purdue University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee. Systems simulation is a set of techniques for using computers to imitate, or simulate, the operations of various kinds of real-world facilities or processes (Law 2007). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Operations management. ... In mathematics, optimization is the discipline which is concerned with finding the maxima and minima of functions, possibly subject to constraints. ... Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). ... Look up Logistics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. ... Statistical process control (SPC) is a method for achieving quality control in manufacturing processes. ...

List of universities with industrial engineering faculty

Arizona State University Auburn University Bradley University California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Colorado State University, Pueblo Clemson University Cleveland State University Columbia University Cornell University Florida International University Florida State University Georgia Institute of Technology Iowa State University Kansas State University Kettering University...

See also

This is a list of industrial engineers, people who were trained in or practiced industrial engineering. ... The Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) is the worlds largest professional membership society dedicated solely to the support of the industrial engineering profession and individuals involved with improving quality and productivity. ... Not to be confused with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, I-triple-E). ... System Dynamics is an approach to understanding the behaviour of complex systems over time. ... Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach and means for enabling the realization and deployment of successful systems. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Operations management. ... Operations management is an area of business that is concerned with the production of goods and services, and involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient and effective. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with quality assurance. ... Statistical process control (SPC) is a method for achieving quality control in manufacturing processes. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device, an electrical component, a software program, etc. ... Manufacturing and manufacturing systems manufacturing factory Craft system English system of manufacturing American system of manufacturing Mass production Batch production Just in time manufacturing Toyota Production System Lean manufacturing Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) Mass customization Theories of production Taylorism Fordism Theory of constraints Productivity Productivity benchmarking cost accounting experience curve... Management consulting (sometimes also called strategy consulting) refers to both the practice of helping companies to improve performance through analysis of existing business problems and development of future plans, as well as to the industry composed of firms that specialize in this sort of consulting. ... A supply chain, logistics network, or supply network is a coordinated system of organizations, people, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service in physical or virtual manner from supplier to customer. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with nutrient premix. ... Engineering management is a field that bridges the gap between engineering and management. ... Management science, or MS, is the discipline of using mathematics, and other analytical methods, to help make better business decisions. ... Methods engineering is a sub specialty of Industrial engineering concerned with the integration of the human being into a productive process. ...

Related Journals

External links

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Computer engineering (also called electronic and computer engineering) is a discipline that combines elements of both electrical engineering and computer science. ... Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the construction of structures such as highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and reservoirs. ... Electrical Engineers design power systemsâ€¦ â€¦ and complex electronic circuits. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Environmental engineering[1][2] is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites. ... Materials engineering is a discipline related to materials science which focusses on materials design, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc. ... Mechanical engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. ... Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering (mecha for mechanisms, i. ... Metallurgical engineering- Designing, creating, or producing metals by various methods, for various applications, from metallic elements described on the Chemical Periodic Table of the Elements. ... Mining Engineering is a field that involves many of the other engineering disciplines as applied to extracting and processing minerals from a naturally occurring environment. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nuclear engineering is the practical application of the atomic nucleus gleaned from principles of nuclear physics and the interaction and maintenance of nuclear fission systems and components, specifically, nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants and/or nuclear weapons. ... Petroleum Engineering is involved in the exploration and production activities of petroleum as an upstream end of the energy sector. ... e. ... Taipei 101, the worlds tallest building as of 2004. ... Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach and means for enabling the realization and deployment of successful systems. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering or tissue-matrix materials, and suitable biochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions. ... Warning signs, such as this one, can improve safety awareness. ... The AbioCor artificial heart, an example of a biomedical engineering application of mechanical engineering with biocompatible materials for Cardiothoracic Surgery using an artificial organ. ... Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... The structure of insulin Biological technology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics and chemical informatics) is the use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry. ... Fire protection is the prevention and reduction of the hazards associated with fires. ... Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakos (Ï†Î¬ÏÎ¼Î±ÎºÎ¿Î½) meaning drug, and logos (Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚) meaning science) is the study of how substances interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to systems engineering. ... Sanitary engineering is the application of scientific or mathematical principles with to the field of sanitation, especially in regards to its affect on public health. ... Look up aerospace in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that concerns aircraft, spacecraft, and related topics. ... The Engine room of Argonaute, a French supply vessel. ... Satellite navigation Space technology is a term that is often treated as a category. ... A B.A. issused as a certificate A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ... An associate degree is an academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges and some bachelors degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... The Foundation Degree is a vocational qualification introduced by the UK government in September 2001. ... Motto 2(French) God and my right Anthem God Save the Queen 3 United Kingdom() â€“ on the European continent() â€“ in the European Union() [] Location of the British overseas territories Capital London Largest conurbation (population) Greater London Urban Area Official languages English (de facto)4 Government and - Monarch Elizabeth II - Prime... A bachelors degree (Artium Baccalaureus, A.B. or B.A.) is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ... â€œM.S.â€ redirects here. ... licentiate- noun Someone who holds a certificate of competence to practise a profession. ... The Specialist degree in the English-speaking world The Specialist degree is found in some programs of education or psychology and is awarded for study beyond the Masters degree but below the doctorate. ... The term engineers degree may be used to represent a graduate academic degree intermediate in rank between a masters degree and a doctorate (U.S.), or it may also represent a higher (in total, 6-year) degree equivalent to or slightly more extensive than a masters degree... A professional degree is an academic degree designed to prepare the holder for a particular career or profession, fields where scholarly research and academic activity are not the work, but rather a profession such as law, medicine, engineering, religious ministry, or education. ... Aquatint of a Doctor of Divinity at the University of Oxford, in the scarlet and black academic robes corresponding to his position. ...

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