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Fermentation has many important uses in industry. Though the word fermentation can have stricter definitions, hello industrial fermentation it more loosely refers to the breakdown of organic substances and re-assembly into other substances. Somewhat paradoxically, fermenter culture in industrial capacity often refers to highly oxygenated and aerobic growth conditions, whereas fermentation in the biochemical context is a strictly anaerobic process. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Food fermentation

Main article: Fermentation (food)

Ancient fermented food processes, such as making bread, wine, cheese, curds, idli, dosa, etc., can be dated to more than 6,000 yr ago. They were developed long before man had any knowledge of the existence of the microorganisms involved. Also, fermentation is a powerful economic incentive for semi-industrialized countries, in their willingness to produce bio-ethanol. For other uses, see Fermentation. ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... A glass of red wine This article is about the alcoholic beverage. ... Cheese is a solid food made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, and other mammals. ... Curdled is also the name of a Quentin Tarantino film. ... The idli, also romanized idly or iddly and pronounced e-dli (rhyming with Italy), is a steamed rice cake popular throughout South India. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // Events 4860 BC - Mount Mazama in Oregon collapses, forming a caldera that later fills with water and becomes Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. ... A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ... The use of ethanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines, either alone or in combination with other fuels, has been given much attention mostly because of its possible environmental and long-term economical advantages over fossil fuel. ...

Pharmaceuticals and the biotechnology industry

There are 5 major groups of commercially important fermentation:

1. Microbial cells or biomass as the product, e.g. bakers yeast, lactobacillus, etc.
2. Microbial enzymes: catalase, amylase, protease, pectinase, glucose isomerase, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, lactase, streptokinase, etc.
3. Microbial metabolites :
   1. Primary metabolites – ethanol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine, vitamins, polysaccharides etc.
   2. Secondary metabolites: all antibiotic fermentation
4. Recombinant products: insulin, HBV, interferon, GCSF, streptokinase
5. Biotransformations: phenyl acetyl carbinol, steroid biotransformation, etc.

A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... See biomass (ecology) for the use of the term in ecology, where it refers to the cumulation of living matter Switchgrass, a tough plant used in the biofuel industry in the United States Rice chaff. ... Binomial name Meyen ex E.C. Hansen Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of budding yeast. ... Species L. acidophilus L. brevis L. delbrueckii subsp. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Catalase (human erythrocyte catalase: PDB 1DGF, EC 1. ... Amylase is the name given to glycoside hydrolase enzymes that break down starch into glucose molecules. ... Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Glucose Isomerase is an enzyme (EC 5. ... Cellulase is an enzyme complex which breaks down cellulose to beta-glucose. ... Model of cellulase enzyme, produced by , based on PDB structure 1JS4. ... A computer-generated image of a type of pancreatic lipase (PLRP2) from the guinea pig. ... Lactase is a member of the β-galactosidase family of enzyme: enzymes that hydrolysis β 1,4 bonded attachments off of galactose. ... Streptokinase is an extracellular metallo-enzyme produced by beta-haemolytic streptococcus and is used as an effective and cheap clot-dissolving medication in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and pulmonary embolism. ... A metabolite is the product of metabolism. ... Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound, and is best known as the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... Glutamic acid (Glu, E), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ... Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records A vitamin is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ... Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is an anabolic polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... Originally known as serum hepatitis, Hepatitis B has only been recognized as such since World War II, and has caused current epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa. ... Interferons (IFNs) are natural proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumor cells. ... It has been suggested that filgrastim be merged into this article or section. ... Streptokinase is an extracellular metallo-enzyme produced by beta-haemolytic streptococcus and is used as an effective and cheap clot-dissolving medication in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and pulmonary embolism. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

Nutrient sources for industrial fermentation

Growth media are required for industrial fermentation, since any microbe requires water, oxygen, an energy source, a carbon source, a nitrogen source and micronutrients for growth.

Carbon & energy source + nitrogen source + O₂ + other requirements → Biomass + Product + byproducts + CO₂ + H₂O + heat

Trace elements: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... Starch (CAS# 9005-25-8) is a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water; it is used by plants as a way to store excess glucose. ... Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ... Sucrose (common name: table sugar, also called saccharose) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C12H22O11. ... Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical... Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ... Molasses or treacle is a thick syrup by-product from the processing of the sugarcane or sugar beet into sugar. ... Lactose is a disaccharide that consists of β-D-galactose and β-D-glucose molecules bonded through a β1-4 glycosidic linkage. ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Fats is the plural for fat, a generic term for a class of lipids in biochemistry. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with cooking oil. ... In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is a cleaning solution consisting only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Binomial name (L.) Merr. ... Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ... An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion. ... Microminerals (also known as trace elements) are micronutrients that are chemical elements. ...

Antifoaming agents : Esters, fatty acids, silicones, sulphonates, polypropylene An antifoaming agent is a food ingredient intended to curb effusion or effervescence in preparation or serving. ...

Buffers: Calcium carbonate, phosphates Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: buffer Buffer can refer to: Buffer state, a country lying between two potentially hostile greater powers, thought to prevent conflict between them Buffer zone, any area that keeps two or more other areas distant from one another, may be demilitarized Buffer (rail transport...

Growth factors: Some microorganisms cannot synthesize the required cell components themselves and need to be supplemented, e.g. with thiamine, biotin, calcium pentothenate Growth factor is a protein that acts as a signaling molecule between cells (like cytokines and hormones) that attaches to specific receptors on the surface of a target cell and promotes differentiation and maturation of these cells. ... For the similarly spelled nucleic acid, see Thymine Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is one of the B vitamins. ... Vitamin H redirects here. ...

Precursors: Directly incorporated into the desired product: Phenyl ethylamine into Benzyl penicillin, Phenyl acetic acid into Penicillin G A precursor is something that existed before and was incorporated into something that came later. ...

Inhibitors: To get the specific products: e.g. sodium barbital for rifamycin Look up inhibition, inhibitor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Barbital (marketed under the brand name Veronal), also called barbitone, was the first commercially marketed barbiturate. ... The rifamycins are a group of antibiotics which are synthesized either naturally by the bacterium Amycolatopsis mediterranei, or artificially. ...

Inducers: The majority of the enzymes used in industrial fermentation are inducible and are synthesized in response of inducers: e.g. starch for amylases, maltose for pollulanase, pectin for pectinase An inducer is a molecule in biology that starts gene expression. ...

Chelators: Chelators are the chemicals used to avoid the precipitation of metal ions. Chelators like EDTA, citric acid, polyphosphates are used in low concentrations. Chelation (from Greek, claw like) describes the reversible binding of an organic ligand, the chelator or chelating agent, to a metal ion, forming a metal complex, the chelate. ... EDTA is a widely-used acronym for the chemical compound ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (and many other names, see table). ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... Polyphosphates are phosphate polymers linked between hydroxyl groups and hydrogen atoms. ...

Sewage disposal

Main article: Sewage disposal

In the process of sewage disposal, sewage is digested by enzymes secreted by bacteria. Solid organic matters are broken down into harmless, soluble substances and carbon dioxide. Liquids that result are disinfected to remove pathogens before being discharged into rivers or the sea or can be used as liquid fertilisers. Digested solids, known also as sludge, is dried and used as fertilisers. Gaseous by-products such as methane, can be utilised as biogas to fuel generators. One advantage of bacterial digestion is that it reduces the bulk and odour of sewage, thus reducing space needed for dumping, on the other hand, a major disadvantage of bacterial digestion in sewage disposal is that it is a very slow process. Sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from waste-water or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge. ...

Phases of microbial growth

When a particular organism is introduced into a selected growth medium, the medium is inoculated with the particular organism. Growth of the inoculum does not occur immediately, but takes a little while. This is the period of adaptation, called the lag phase. Following the lag phase, the rate of growth of the organism steadily increases, for a certain period--this period is the log or exponential phase. After a certain time of exponential phase, the rate of growth slows down, due to the continuously falling concentrations of nutrients and/or a continuously increasing (accumulating) concentrations of toxic substances. This phase, where the increase of the rate of growth is checked, is the deceleration phase. After the deceleration phase, growth ceases and the culture enters a stationary phase or a steady state. The biomass remains constant, except when certain accumulated chemicals in the culture lyse the cells (chemolysis). Unless other micro-organisms contaminate the culture, the chemical constitution remains unchanged. Mutation of the organism in the culture can also be a source of contamination, called internal contamination.

See also

• Fed-batch
• Chemostat

A fed-batch is a biotechnological batchprocess which is based on feeding of a growth limiting nutrient substrate to a culture. ... A chemostat. ...

External links

Related journals

• Food Biotechnology
• Biotechnology and Bioengineering
• Journal of Fermentation Technology

References

• Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by J.E. Bailey and P.F. Ollis, McGraw Hill Publication
• Principles of fermentation technology by Stansbury, P.F., A. Whitaker and S.J. Hall, 1997