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An industrial factory located in Ilmenau, Germany around 1860

Industrialisation is social and economic change where a human group is made into a societly inquireing a lot of businesses. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (813x564, 498 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Industrialisation ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (813x564, 498 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Industrialisation ... Ilmenau is a town located in the district of Ilm-Kreis, Thuringia, Germany. ... Modernization is the process of changing the conditions of a society, an organisation or another group of people in ways that change the privileges of that group according to modern technology or modern knowledge. ... Social change (or Social development) is a general term which refers to: change in the nature, the social institutions, the social behaviour or the social relations of a society, community of people, or other social structures. ... Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. ... Georg Agricola, author of De re metallica, an important early book on metal extraction Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their compounds, which are called alloys. ... For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... This article is about the physical universe. ...

There is a considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.^[1] Key positive factors identified by researchers have ranged from favourable political-legal environments for industry and commerce, through abundant natural resources of various kinds, to plentiful supplies of relatively low-cost, skilled and adaptable labour. Natural resources are commodities that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. ... labor may refer to: Work of any kind Wage labor, in which a worker sells their labor and the employer buys it Manual labor, physical work done by people Childbirth, especially from the start of uterine contractions to delivery Labor (economics), one of the three main factors of production Labor...

One survey of countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America and the Caribbean in the late 20th century found that high levels of structural differentiation, functional specialisation, and autonomy of economic systems from government were likely to contribute greatly to industrial-commercial growth and prosperity. Amongst other things, relatively open trading systems with zero or low duties on goods imports tended to stimulate industrial cost-efficiency and innovation across the board. Free and flexible labour and other markets also helped raise general business-economic performance levels, as did rapid popular learning capabilities. Positive work ethics in populations at large combined with skills in quickly utilising new technologies and scientific discoveries were likely to boost production and income levels – and as the latter rose, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tended to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. By the end of the century, East Asia was one of the most economically successful regions of the world – with free market countries such as Hong Kong being widely seen as models for other, less developed countries around the world to emulate.^[2] A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... West Indies redirects here. ... International trade is the exchange of goods and services across international borders. ... Chichicastenango, Guatemala traditional market Market stall in internally displaced persons camp in Kitgum, northern Uganda Mercado dos Lavradores, Funchal (Madeira Islands) A market is a mechanism which allows people to trade, normally governed by the theory of supply and demand. ... Invest redirects here. ... World GDP/capita changed very little for most of human history before the industrial revolution. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy...

Description

According to the original sector classification of Jean Fourastié, an economy consists of a "Primary sector" of commodity production (farming, livestock breeding, exploitation of mineral resources), a "secondary sector" of manufacturing and processing, and a "Tertiary Sector" of service industries. The industrialisation process is historically based on the expansion of the secondary sector in an economy dominated by primary activities. The three-sector hypothesis is an economic theory which divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and services (tertiary). ... The primary sector of industry generally involves the changing process of natural resources into primary products. ... The secondary sector of industry includes those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. ... The tertiary sector of industry (also known as the service sector or the service industry) is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing), and primary industry (extraction such as mining, agriculture and fishing). ...

The first ever transformation to an industrial economy from an agrarian one was called the Industrial Revolution and this took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in a few countries of Western Europe and North America, beginning in Great Britain. This was the first industrialisation in the world's history. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants, animals and other life forms. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... A current understanding of Western Europe. ...

The Second Industrial Revolution describes a later, somewhat less dramatic change which came about in the late 19th century with the widespread availability of electric power, internal-combustion engines, and assembly lines to the already industrialised nations. Bessemer converter The Second Industrial Revolution (1870–1914) is a phrase used by some historians to describe an assumed second phase of the Industrial Revolution. ... For delivered electrical power, see Electrical power industry. ... A colored automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... Modern car assembly line. ...

The lack of an industrial sector in a country is widely seen as a major handicap in improving a country's economy, and power, pushing many governments to encourage or enforce industrialisation.

History

Map showing the global distribution of industrial output in 2005, based on a percentage of the top producer, which is the United States

Most pre-industrial economies had standards of living not much above subsistence, meaning that the majority of the population were focused on producing their means of survival. For example, in medieval Europe, 80% of the labour force was employed in subsistence agriculture. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 61 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of industrial output in 2005 as a percentage of the the top producer (USA - $2,540,988,000,000). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 61 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of industrial output in 2005 as a percentage of the the top producer (USA - $2,540,988,000,000). ... Subsistence means living in a permanently fragile equilibrium between alimentary needs and the means for satisfying them. ...

Some pre-industrial economies, such as Ancient Athens, have had trade and commerce as significant factors, enjoying wealth far beyond a sustenance standard of living. Famines were frequent in most pre-industrial societies, although some, such as the Netherlands and England of the 17th and 18th centuries, the Italian city states of the 15th century and the ancient Greek and Roman civilisations were able to escape the famine cycle through increasing trade and commercialisation of the agricultural sector. It is estimated that during the 17th century Netherlands imported nearly 70% of its grain supply and in the 5th century BC Athens imported 75% of its total food supply. <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Defensive towers at San Gimignano, Tuscany, bear witness to the factional strife within communes. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Central New York City. ... Commercialization is the process of introducing a new product into the market. ... Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants, animals and other life forms. ...

Industrialisation through innovation in manufacturing processes first started with the Industrial Revolution in the northwest and in the Midlands of England, around the 18th century.^[3] It spread first to Europe and North America during the 18th and 19th centuries, and it later spread to the rest of the world. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Industrial Revolution in Western Europe

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Great Britain experienced a massive increase in agricultural productivity known as the British Agricultural Revolution, which enabled an unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce from farming, and helping to drive the Industrial Revolution. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The British Agricultural Revolution describes a period of agricultural development in Britain between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. ... Theoretical Human population increase from 10,000 BC – AD 2000. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ...

The new manpower couldn't dedicate to agriculture due to the lack of land; besides, this was not needed either because the higher productivity mechanised farming granted allowed a single peasant to feed a bigger number of otherwise employed workers. On the other hand, new agriculture techniques increased the demand for machines and other hardware, traditionally provided by the urban artisans. Artisans, collectively called bourgeoisie, employed rural exodus' workers to increase their output and meet the country's needs. The growth of their business coupled with the lack of experience of the new workers pushed to a rationalisation and standardisation of the duties the in workshops, thus leading to a division of work, that is, a primitive form of Fordism. The process of creating a good was divided into simple tasks, each one of them being gradually mechanised in order to boost the productivity, therefore the income. The accumulation of capital allowed investments in the conception and application of new technologies, enabling the industrialisation process to self-sustain. Mechanization is the use of machines to replace manual labour or animals and can also refer to the use of powered machinery to help a human operator in some task. ... In a detail of Brueghels Land of Cockaigne (1567) a soft-boiled egg has little feet to rush to the luxuriating peasant who catches drops of honey on his tongue, while roast pigs roam wild: in fact, hunger and harsh winters were realities for the average European in the... In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ... This article is about devices that perform tasks. ... For other uses, see Hardware (disambiguation). ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... An artisan, also called a craftsman,[1] is a skilled manual worker who uses tools and machinery in a particular craft. ... Bourgeois redirects here. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are settled places outside towns and cities. ... Net migration rates for 2006: positive (blue), negative (orange) and stable (green). ... In economics, a business (also called firm or enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers or corporate entities such as governments, charities or other businesses. ... In economics, rationalisation is an attempt to change a pre-existing ad-hoc workflow into one that is based on a set of published rules. ... “Standard” redirects here. ... A workshop is a room or building which provides both the area and tools (or machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured goods. ... Division of labour is the specialisation of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output. ... Fordism, named after Henry Ford, has different meanings in the United States and Europe. ... A good or commodity in economics is any object or service that increases utility, directly or indirectly, not to be confused with good in a moral or ethical sense (see Utilitarianism and consequentialist ethical theory). ... Income, refers to consumption opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. ... Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. ... Invest redirects here. ... A scientific method or process is considered fundamental to the scientific investigation and acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence. ...

The industrialisation process formed a class of industrial workers who had more money in their pockets to spend than their agricultural cousins. They spent this on items such as tobacco and sugar and created new mass markets which stimulated more investment as merchants sought to exploit these. ^[4]

The mechanisation of production spread to the countries surrounding England in western and northern Europe and to British settling colonies, making those areas the wealthiest since, and shaping what is now know as the Western world. A current understanding of Western Europe. ... Northern Europe Northern Europe is the northern part of the European continent. ... This map of the world in 1898 shows the large colonial empires that European nations established in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific Settler colonialism is defined as the perpetuation of colonial-esque relationships of economic domination by European settlers. ... Occident redirects here. ...

Incidentally, the possession of exploitation colonies eased the accumulation of capital to the countries that possessed them, speeding up their development. The consequence was that the subject country integrated a bigger economic system in a subaltern position, emulating the countryside who demands manufactured goods and offers raw materials, while the metropole stressed its urban posture, providing goods and importing food. A classical example of this mechanism is the triangular trade, who involved England, southern United States and western Africa. This polarity still affects the world, and deeply retarded the industrialisation of what is now known as the Third World. Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. ... This article is about a type of political territory. ... An economic system is a particular set of social institutions which deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in a particular society. ... The Metropole was the name given to the English metropolitan center of the British Empire, i. ... An historic example of three way trade in the North Atlantic Triangular trade is a historical term indicating trade between three ports or regions. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...

Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. It has been pointed out, however, that slave trade and the West Indian plantations provided less than 5% of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution.^[5] This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

Early industrialisation in other countries

After the Convention of Kanagawa, which was issued by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, had forced Japan to open the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade, the Japanese government realised that drastic reforms were necessary in order to stave off Western influence. The Tokugawa shogunate abolished the feudal system. The government instituted military reforms to modernize the Japanese army and also constructed the base for industrialisation. The government vigorously promoted technological and industrial development which eventually brought Japan to become a powerful modern country. On March 31, 1854, the Convention of Kanagawa (Japanese: 神奈川条約, Kanagawa Jōyaku, or 日米和親条約, Nichibei Washin Jōyaku) was used by Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy to force the opening of the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade and ended Japans 200 year policy... For other persons of the same name, see Matthew Perry. ... The late Tokugawa shogunate or last shogun (幕末; Bakumatsu) is the period between 1853 and 1867 during which Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy called sakoku and modernized from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji government. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste Feudalism, a term first used in the late modern period (17th century), in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval European political system comprised of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the... In international relations, a regional power is a state that has power within a geographic region. ...

In a similar way, Russia suffered during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The Soviet Union's centrally controlled economy decided to invest a big part of its resources to enhance its industrial production and infrastructures in order to assure its own survival, thus becoming a world superpower. ^[6] Britain, France, Canada and the United States, along with other World War I Allied countries, conducted a military intervention into the Russian Civil War during the period of 1918 through 1920. ... This article refers to an economy controlled by the state. ... Superpowers redirects here. ...

The other European communist countries followed the same developing scheme, albeit with a less emphasis on heavy industryafter the Second World War. A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ... Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning compared to light industry. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

Southern European countries saw a moderate industrialisation during the 1950s-1970s, caused by a healthy integration of the European economy, though their level of development, as well as those of eastern countries, doesn't match the western standards.^{[citation needed]} The southern half of Europe is shown in shades of red. ... The economy of Europe comprises more than 710 million people in 48 different states. ...

The Third World

Main article: Third World

A similar state-led developing programme was pursued in virtually all the Third World countries during the Cold War, including the socialist ones, but especially in Sub-Saharan Africa after the decolonisation period.^{[citation needed]} The primary scope of those projects was to achieve self-sufficiency through the local production of previously imported goods, the mechanisation of agriculture and the spread of education and health care. However, all those experiences failed bitterly due to lack of realism: most countries didn't have a pre-industrial bourgeoisie able to carry on a capitalistic development or even a stable and peaceful state. Those aborted experiences left huge debts toward western countries and fueled public corruption. For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Socialism refers to the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Satellite image of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries which are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. ... Colonialism in 1945 Decolonization refers to the undoing of colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... Developing countries debt is external debt incurred by Third World countries, generally in quantities beyond that countrys ability to repay. ... World map of the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International, which measures the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians. High numbers (green) indicate relatively less corruption, whereas lower numbers (red) indicate relatively more corruption. ...

Petrol producing countries

Oil-rich countries saw similar failures in their economic choices. Because oil is both important and expensive, regions that had big reserves of oil had huge liquidity incomes. However, this was rarely followed by economic development. Experience shows that local elites were unable to re-invest the petrodollars obtained through oil export, and currency is wasted in luxury goods.^{[citation needed]} This is particularly evident in the Persian Gulf states, where the per capita income is comparable to those of western nations, but where no industrialisation has started. Apart from two little countries (Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates), Arab states have not diversified their economies, and no replacement for the upcoming end of oil reserves is envisaged.^{[citation needed]} Market liquidity is a business or economics term that refers to the ability to quickly buy or sell a particular item without causing a significant movement in the price. ... For other uses, see Elite (disambiguation). ... Petrodollars refers to the money that Middle Eastern countries and members of OPEC receive as revenue from Western nations and then put back into those same nations banks. ... A luxury sedan is an example of a luxury good. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. ... Per capita income means how much each individual receives, in monetary terms, of the yearly income generated in their country. ... Arab States redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Diversity (politics). ... Oil depletion is the inescapable result of extracting and consuming oil faster than it can be replaced with artificial equivalents, due to the fact that the formation of new natural petroleum is a continuous geologic process which takes millions of years. ...

Industrialisation in Asia

Apart for Japan, where industrialisation began on the 19th century, a different pattern of industrialisation followed in East Asia. One of the fastest rates of industrialisation occurred in the late 20th century across four countries known as the Asian tigers thanks to the existence of stable governments and well structured societies, strategic locations, heavy foreign investments, a low cost skilled and motivated workforce, a competitive exchange rate, and low custom duties. In the case of South Korea, the largest of the four Asian tigers, a very fast paced industrialization took place as it quickly moved away from the manufacturing of value added goods in the 1950s and 60s into the more advanced steel, shipbuilding and automobile industry in the 1970s and 80s, focusing on the high-tech and service industry in the 1990s and 2000s. As a result, South Korea became a major global economic power today and is one of the wealthiest countries in Asia. This article is about the geographical region. ... Korean name Hangul: Skyline of Central, Hong Kongs financial centre (viewed from Victoria Peak, Hong Kong) Seoul, the capital of South Korea The skyline of Singapores town area at dusk. ... Invest redirects here. ... The workforce is the labour pool in employment. ... This article is about the G-20 of industrial nations. ...

This starting model was afterwards successfully copied in other larger Eastern and Southern Asian countries, including communist ones. The success of this phenomenon led to a huge wave of offshoring – i.e., Western factories or tertiary corporations choosing to move their activities to countries where the workforce was less expensive and less collectively organised. This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Offshore may refer to oil and natural gas production at sea; see oil platform. ... Tertiary geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately 65 million to 1. ...

China and India, while roughly following this development pattern, made adaptations in line with their own histories and cultures, their major size and importance in the world, and the geopolitical ambitions of their governments (etc.). Geopolitics is the study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to spatial politics and patterns at various scales (ranging from home, city, region, state to international and cosmopolitics). ...

Currently, China's government is actively investing in expanding its own infrastructures and securing the required energy and raw materials supply channels, is supporting its exports by financing the United States balance payment deficit through the purchase of US treasury bonds, and is strengthening its military in order to endorse a major geopolitical role. Treasury Securities are bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. ...

Meanwhile, India's government is investing in specific vanguard economic sectors such as bioengineering, nuclear technology, pharmaceutics, informatics, and technologically-oriented higher education, openly overpassing its needs, with the goal of creating several specialisation poles able to conquer foreign markets. Biological engineering (also biosystems engineering and bioengineering) deals with engineering biological processes in general. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with all facets of the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) into a medication able to be safely and effectively used by patients in the community. ... Informatics includes the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ...

Both Chinese and Indian corporations have also started to make huge investments in Third World countries, making them significant players in today's world economy.

Newly industrialised countries

Main article: Newly industrialised country

The countries in green are considered to be newly industrialising nations. China and India (in dark green) are special cases.

In recent years, countries like Mexico, Brazil, and Turkey have experienced moderate industrial growth, fuelled by exportations going to countries that have bigger economies: the United States, China, and the European Union, respectively.^{[citation needed]} They are sometimes called newly-industrialised countries. Most African and Latin American nations seem to follow a similar scheme.^{[citation needed]} Despite this trend being artificially influenced by the oil price increases since 2003, the phenomenon is not entirely new nor totally speculative (for instance see: Maquiladora). Most analysts conclude in the next few decades the whole world will experience industrialisation, and international inequality will be replaced with social inequality.^{[citation needed]} The category of Newly industrializing countries (NICs) is a social/economic classification status applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1427x628, 48 KB) Green: Newly industrialized countries China and India (in dark green) may not fit the Human Development Index, but they hold the status of great power, and are emerging economic powerhouses. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1427x628, 48 KB) Green: Newly industrialized countries China and India (in dark green) may not fit the Human Development Index, but they hold the status of great power, and are emerging economic powerhouses. ... The category of newly-industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... In investing, financial markets are commonly believed to have market trends[1] that can be classified as primary trends, secondary trends (short-term), and secular trends (long-term). ... A maquiladora or maquila is a factory that imports materials and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly or manufacturing and then re-exports the assembled product, usually back to the originating country. ... For other senses of this word, see decade (disambiguation). ... Per capita income ratio (PPP) around the world in the year 2000. ... Social inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of material wealth in a society. ...

Consequences

Urbanization

The concentration of labor into factories has brought about the rise of large towns to serve and house the working population. A conurbation is an urban area comprising a number of cities or towns which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. ...

Change to family structure

The family structure changes with industrialisation. The sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an extended family structure spanning many generations who have probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the nuclear family, consisting of only of parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous. ^[7] Talcott Parsons Talcott Edgar Frederick Parsons (December 13, 1902–May 8, 1979) was for many years the best-known sociologist in the United States, and indeed one of the best-known in the world. ... Charles Sprague Pearce, Family (1896). ... The term nuclear family developed in the western world to distinguish the family group consisting of parents (usually a father and mother) and their children, from what is known as an extended family. ...

Environment

Industrialisation has spawned its own health problems. Modern stressors include noise, air, water pollution, poor nutrition, dangerous machinery, impersonal work, isolation, poverty, homelessness, and substance abuse. Health problems in industrial nations are as much caused by economic, social, political, and cultural factors as by pathogens. Industrialisation has become a major medical issue world wide.^{[citation needed]} In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ... Air pollution Pollution is the introduction of pollutants (whether chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light) into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment. ... Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for consumption by humans or animals. ... Alternate meanings: Accident (fallacy), Accident (philosophy), Accident (movie), Accident, Maryland An accident is something going wrong. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Solitude can have various meanings Castle_Solitude and race track memorial site, Stuttgart, Germany 100 Years of Solitude The Fortress of Solitude Solitude Aeturnus Solitude (also seclusion, isolation) means lack of contact with other people. ... A boy from Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ... Bag lady redirects here. ... Comparison of the perceived harm for various psychoactive drugs from a poll among medical psychiatrists specialized in addiction treatment[1] This article is an overview of the nontherapeutic use of alcohol and drugs of abuse. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... A pathogen (from Greek pathos, suffering/emotion, and gene, to give birth to), infectious agent, or more commonly germ, is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ...

Current situation

All or part of this article may be confusing or unclear. Please help clarify the article. Suggestions may be on the talk page. (March 2008)

GDP composition of sector and labour force by occupation. The green, red, and blue components of the colours of the countries represent the percentages for the agriculture, industry, and services sectors, respectively.

In 2005, the USA was the largest producer of industrial output followed by Japan and China, according to International Monetary Fund.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1357x1256, 89 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Industry Tertiary sector of industry Service economy User:Safalra ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1357x1256, 89 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Industry Tertiary sector of industry Service economy User:Safalra ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... IMF redirects here. ...

Currently the "international development community" (World Bank, OECD, many United Nations departments, and some other organisations)^{[citation needed]} endorses development policies based on merely poverty reduction, and giving poor populations access to basic services like water purification or primary education.^{[citation needed]} The community does not recognise traditional industrialisation policies as being adecuated to the Third World or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that it could only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in a free-trade dominated world. The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ... The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... UN redirects here. ... Water purification is the process of removing contaminants from a raw water source. ... A primary school in Český Těšín, Poland Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. ... The term inefficiency has several meanings depending on the context in which its used: Economic inefficiency refers to a situation where we could be doing a better job, i. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ...

See also

• Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization is the process by which the manufacturing-based economy of a country or region declines. ...

References

Further reading

• Hobsbawm, Eric (1962): The Age of Revolution. Abacus.

• Pomeranz, Ken (2001)The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton Economic History of the Western World) by (Princeton University Press; New Ed edition, 2001)

• Hewitt, T., Johnson, H. and Wield, D. (Eds) (1992) Industrialisation and Development, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

• Kiely, R (1998) Industrialisation and Development: A comparative analysis, UCL Press:London.