Influenzavirus A is a genus of a family of viruses called Orthomyxoviridae in virus classification. Influenzavirus A has only one species in it; that species is called "Influenza A virus". Influenza A virus causes "avian influenza" (also known as bird flu, avian flu, Influenzavirus A flu, type A flu, or genus A flu). It is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals. All known subtypes are endemic in birds. ^[1] Image File history File links Flu_und_legende_color_c. ... Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). ... Flu season is mostly a colloquial term used to describe the regular outbreak in flu cases, or even cases of the common cold during the late fall or winter. ... Model of Influenza Virus from NIH The flu vaccine is a vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. ... This article is about flu treatment in humans for mild human flu, which includes both efforts to reduce symptoms and to battle the flu virus itself. ... For the current concern about the transmission of an avian flu to humans see Transmission and infection of H5N1. ... See Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection. ... Flu research includes molecular virology, pathogenesis, host immune responses, and epidemiology. ... The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) which is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. ... Image File history File links Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph_of_Avian_influenza_A_H5N1_viruses. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... H5N1 genetic structure refers to the molecular structure of the H5N1 viruss RNA. H5N1 is an Influenza A virus subtype. ... See Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection. ... The thin line represents average mortality of recent cases. ... The global spread of H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. ... Main article: Global spread of H5N1 Notes: Source WHO Confirmed Human Cases of H5N1 [T]he incidence of human cases peaked, in each of the three years in which cases have occurred, during the period roughly corresponding to winter and spring in the northern hemisphere. ... See Influenza pandemic for government preparation for an H5N1 pandemic H5N1 impact is the effect or influence of H5N1 in human society; especially the financial, political, social and personal responses to both actual and predicted deaths in birds, humans, and other animals. ... An influenza pandemic is a large scale epidemic of the influenza virus, such as the 1918 Spanish flu. ... An influenza pandemic is a large scale epidemic of the influenza virus, such as the 1918 Spanish flu. ... For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus (from the Latin noun virus, meaning toxin or poison) is a microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the... Genera Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Isavirus Thogotovirus The Orthomyxoviridae are a family of RNA viruses which infect vertebrates. ... Virus classification involves naming and placing viruses into a taxonomic system. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Subclasses Subclass Allotheria* Order Docodonta (extinct) Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata Subclass Theria Infraclass Trituberculata (extinct) Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals are a class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of... In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ...

Variants and subtypes

Variants are identified and named according to the isolate that they are like and thus are presumed to share lineage (example Fujian flu virus like); according to their typical host (example Human flu virus); according to their subtype (example H3N2); and according to their deadliness (example LP). So a flu from a virus similar to the isolate A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) is called Fujian flu, human flu, and H3N2 flu. See H5N1 flu and Flu for details about the illnesses and H5N1 and H3N2 for details about the causitive agents. ... Human Flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza in humans and are endemic in humans. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Respiratory disease properly named influenza(say: in-floo-en-zah ). Some specific varities of influenza with a vaccination available are: A-New Caledonia, A-California, B-Shanghai. ...

Variants are sometimes named according to the species (host) the strain is endemic in or adapted to. The main variants named using this convention are:

• Bird flu
• Human Flu
• Swine Flu
• Horse Flu
• Dog Flu

Avian variants have also sometimes been named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens: For the current concern about the transmission of an avian flu to humans see Transmission and infection of H5N1. ... Human Flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza in humans and are endemic in humans. ... Swine Flu is a form of Type A influenza that is normally virulent only in pigs. ... Horse flu (or Equine influenza) refers to varieties of influenzavirus A that are endemic in horses. ... Canine influenza or dog flu refers to varieties of influenzavirus A that affect dogs. ...

• Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)
• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), also called: deadly flu or death flu

The Influenza A virus subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for hemagglutinin) and an N number (for neuraminidase). Each subtype virus has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some pathogenic to one species but not others, some pathogenic to multiple species. Most known strains are extinct strains. For example, the annual flu subtype H3N2 no longer contains the strain that caused the Hong Kong Flu. Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... Neuraminidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme (EC 3. ... This article is about mutation in biology, for other meanings see: mutation (disambiguation). ... A pathogen (literally birth of pain from the Greek παθογένεια) is a biological agent that can cause disease to its host. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... The Hong Kong Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that began in Hong Kong in 1968 and spread to the United States of America that year. ...

Influenza A viruses are negative sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. "There are 16 different HA antigens (H1 to H16) and nine different NA antigens (N1 to N9) for influenza A. Until recently, 15 HA types had been recognized, but a new type (H16) was isolated from black-headed gulls caught in Sweden and the Netherlands in 1999 and reported in the literature in 2005." ^[2] Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus (from the Latin noun virus, meaning toxin or poison) is a microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the... An RNA virus is a virus that either uses RNA as its genetic material, or whose genetic material passes through an RNA intermediate during replication. ... An antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. ... An antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. ... Binomial name Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 The Black-headed Gull, (Larus ridibundus), is a small gull which breeds in much of Europe and Asia, and also in coastal eastern Canada. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Annual flu

Electron micrograph of avian flu viruses (Source: Dr. Erskine Palmer, CDC).

Main article: Flu season

The annual flu (also called "seasonal flu" or "human flu") in the U.S. "results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S." ^[3]. Image File history File links Influenza A virus, transmission electron micrograph of negatively stained virus particles in late passage. ... Image File history File links Influenza A virus, transmission electron micrograph of negatively stained virus particles in late passage. ... An electron micrograph is a micrograph made with an electron microscope. ... CDC is an abbreviation which can mean any of the following: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Communicable Disease Control Community of Democratic Choice, a group of nine Eastern-European states Change data capture, in data warehousing Clock Domain Crossing, or simply clock-crossing in computing Cedar City Regional Airport... Flu season is mostly a colloquial term used to describe the regular outbreak in flu cases, or even cases of the common cold during the late fall or winter. ... Flu season is mostly a colloquial term used to describe the regular outbreak in flu cases, or even cases of the common cold during the late fall or winter. ... Human Flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza in humans and are endemic in humans. ...

The annually updated trivalent flu vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. ^[4] Model of Influenza Virus from NIH The flu vaccine is a vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. ... Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Influenzavirus B is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. ...

The dominant strain in January 2006 is H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. January 2006 : ← - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad accuses European nations of trying to complete the Holocaust by creating a Jewish camp Israel in the Middle East. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Amantadine, 1-aminoadamantane, is an antiviral drug that was approved by the FDA in 1976 for the treatment of influenza type A in adults. ... Rimantadine (systematic name 1-(1-aminoethyl)adamantane) is an orally administered medicine used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, Influenzavirus A infection. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

"[C]ontemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host." ^[5] Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ... This article is about the pig genus. ... Reassortment is the exchange of DNA between viruses inside a host cell. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ...

Genetics

"The physical structure of all influenza A viruses is similar. The virions or virus particles are enveloped and can be either spherical or filamentous in form. In clinical isolates that have undergone limited passages in eggs or tissue culture, there are more filamentous than spherical particles, whereas passaged laboratory strains consist mainly of spherical virions."^[6]

The Influenza A virus genome is contained on eight single (non-paired) RNA strands that code for eleven proteins (HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS1, NEP, PA, PB1, PB1-F2, PB2). The segmented nature of the genome allows for the exchange of entire genes between different viral strains when they cohabitate the same cell. The eight RNA segments are: In biology, Strain can be used two ways. ...

• HA encodes hemagglutinin (about 500 molecules of hemagglutinin are needed to make one virion) "The extent of infection into host organism is determined by HA. Influenza viruses bud from the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells (e.g. bronchial epithelial cells) into lumen of lungs and are therefore usually pneumotropic. The reason is that HA is cleaved by tryptase clara which is restricted to lungs. However HAs of H5 and H7 pantropic avian viruses subtypes can be cleaved by furin and subtilisin-type enzymes, allowing the virus to grow in other organs than lungs." ^[7]
• NA encodes neuraminidase (about 100 molecules of neuraminidase are needed to make one virion).
• NP encodes nucleoprotein.
• M encodes two matrix proteins (the M1 and the M2) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment (about 3000 matrix protein molecules are needed to make one virion).
• NS encodes two distinct non-structural proteins (NS1 and NEP) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
• PA encodes an RNA polymerase.
• PB1 encodes an RNA polymerase and PB1-F2 protein (induces apoptosis) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
• PB2 encodes an RNA polymerase.

The genome segments have common terminal sequences, and the ends of the RNA strands are partially complementary, allowing them to bond to each other by hydrogen bonds. After transcription from negative-sense to positive-sense RNA the +RNA strands get the cellular 5' cap added by cap snatching, which involves the viral protein NS1 binding to the cellular pre-mRNAs. The cap is then cleaved from the cellular pre-mRNA using a second viral protein, PB2. The short oligo cap is then added to the influenza +RNA strands, allowing its processing as messenger RNA by ribosomes. The +RNA strands also serve for synthesis of -RNA strands for new virions. Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... A common alternate meaning of virus is computer virus. ... Neuraminidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme (EC 3. ... Neuraminidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme (EC 3. ... A common alternate meaning of virus is computer virus. ... A nucleoprotein is any protein which is structurally associated with nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA). ... In virology, matrix proteins are structural proteins linking the viral envelope with the virus core. ... The M1 protein is a matrix protein of the influenza virus. ... The M2 protein is a proton-selective ion channel protein, integral in the cell membrane of the influenza A virus. ... In biology, a reading frame is a contiguous and non-overlapping set of three-nucleotide codons in DNA or RNA. There are 3 possible reading frames in a strand. ... A common alternate meaning of virus is computer virus. ... RNAP from pictured during elongation. ... RNAP from pictured during elongation. ... A cell undergoing apoptosis. ... RNAP from pictured during elongation. ... On the left: nucleotides that forms the DNA and their complementary. ... An example of a quadruple hydrogen bond between a self-assembled dimer complex reported by Meijer and coworkers. ... Unlike negative-sense RNA, positive-sense RNA is of the same sense as mRNA. Some viruses have positive-sense genomes which can act as mRNA and be used directly to synthesise proteins without the help of a complementary RNA intermediate. ... The 5 cap is a specially altered dinucleotide end to the 5 end of preliminary messenger RNA as found in eukaryotes. ... Oligonucleotides are short sequences of nucleotides (RNA or DNA), typically with twenty or fewer base pairs. ... The life cycle of an mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. ... Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ...

The RNA synthesis and its assembly with the nucleoprotein takes place in the cell nucleus, the synthesis of proteins takes place in the cytoplasm. The assembled virion cores leave the nucleus and migrate towards the cell membrane, with patches of viral transmembrane proteins (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and M2 proteins) and an underlying layer of the M1 protein, and bud through these patches, releasing finished enveloped viruses into the extracellular fluid. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers, that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, and that is also responsible for making proteins out of amino acids. ... HeLa cells stained for DNA with the Blue Hoechst dye. ... It has been suggested that Cytoplast be merged into this article or section. ... // The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma) is a semipermeable lipid bilayer common to all living cells. ... A transmembrane protein is a protein that spans the entire biological membrane. ... High magnification view of a budding yeast Budding is the formation of a new organism by the protrusion of part of another organism. ... Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus (from the Latin noun virus, meaning toxin or poison) is a microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the... In some animals, including mammals, the two types of extracellular fluids are interstitial fluid and blood plasma. ...

In nonhumans

See H5N1 for the current epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) and panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area) of H5N1 influenza

Wild fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers of Influenza A viruses. Prior to the current H5N1 epizootic, strains of Influenza A virus had been demonstrated to be transmitted from wild fowl to only birds, pigs, horses, seals, whales and humans; and only between humans and pigs and between humans and domestic fowl; and not other pathways such as domestic fowl to horse. ^[8] Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... An epizootic is the nonhuman equivalent of an epidemic, meaning that large numbers of animals are infected with a disease. ... In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during... A fowl is a bird of any kind, although some types of birds use the word specifically in their names (for example, Guineafowl and Peafowl). ... An asymptomatic carrier (or just carrier), is a person who is infected with an infectious disease or carries the abnormal gene of a recessive genetic disorder, but displays no symptoms. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... This article is about the pig genus. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Families Odobenidae Otariidae Phocidae Pinnipeds (fin-feet, lit. ... A Fin Whale The term whale is ambiguous: it can refer to all cetaceans, to just the larger ones, or only to members of particular families within the order Cetacea. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...

H5N1 has been shown to be also transmitted to tigers, leopards, and domestic cats who were fed uncooked domestic fowl (chickens) with the virus. H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs. Laboratory mice have been successfully infected with a variety of avian flu genotypes. ^[9] Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... H3N8 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ...

Influenza A viruses spread in the air and in manure and survives longer in cold weather. It can also be transmitted by contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing; however, there is no evidence that the virus can survive in well-cooked meat. Symptoms in animals vary, but virulent strains can cause death within a few days. Animal manure is often a mixture of animals feces and bedding straw, as in this example from a stable. ... In biology, Strain can be used two ways. ...

"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents". ^[10]

Avian influenza viruses that the OIE and others test for in order to control poultry disease include: H5N1, H7N2, H1N7, H7N3, H13N6, H5N9, H11N6, H3N8, H9N2, H5N2, H4N8, H10N7, H2N2, H8N4, H14N5, H6N5, H12N5 and others. The Office International de Epizooties (OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health) is an international intergovernmental organisation founded in 1924. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... H7N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H1N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. ... H7N3 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H13N6 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. ... H5N9 is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus). ... H3N8 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H9N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H5N2 is a strain of avian influenza virus. ... H10N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ...

Known outbreaks of highly pathogenic flu in poultry 1959-2003^[11]

1979: "More than 400 harbor seals, most of them immature, died along the New England coast between December 1979 and October 1980 of acute pneumonia associated with influenza virus, A/Seal/Mass/1/180 (H7N7)." ^[12] For the song by the Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ... For the song by the Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... H7N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ...

1995: "[V]accinated birds can develop asymptomatic infections that allow virus to spread, mutate, and recombine (ProMED-mail, 2004j). Intensive surveillance is required to detect these “silent epidemics” in time to curtail them. In Mexico, for example, mass vaccination of chickens against epidemic H5N2 influenza in 1995 has had to continue in order to control a persistent and evolving virus (Lee et al., 2004)." ^[13] 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1997: "Influenza A viruses normally seen in one species sometimes can cross over and cause illness in another species. For example, until 1997, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U.S. pig population. However, in 1997, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. Most recently, H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs." ^[14] 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... This article is about the pig genus. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H3N8 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ...

2000: "In California, poultry producers kept their knowledge of a recent H6N2 avian influenza outbreak to themselves due to their fear of public rejection of poultry products; meanwhile, the disease spread across the western United States and has since become endemic." ^[15] 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... What it is H6N2 is an avian flu outbreak. ...

2003: In Netherlands H7N7 influenza virus infection broke out in poultry on several farms. ^[16] 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... H7N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ...

2004: In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004. As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus. ^[17] shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... H7N3 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo - Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 36 - Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 4th - Total 944,735 km... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → // February 29, 2004 Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as president of Haiti and flees the country for the Central African Republic. ... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December Deaths in April • 18 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara • 19 Norris McWhirter • 22 Pat Tillman • 24 Estée Lauder Other recent deaths Ongoing events EU Enlargement Exploration of Mars: Rovers Haiti Rebellion Reconstruction of Iraq – Occupation & Resistance Israeli...

2005: Tens of millions of birds died of H5N1 influenza and hundreds of millions of birds were culled to protect humans from H5N1. H5N1 is endemic in birds in southeast Asia and represents a long term pandemic threat. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ...

2006: H5N1 spreads across the globe killing hundreds of millions of birds and over 100 people causing a significant H5N1 impact from both actual deaths and predicted possible deaths. For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... H5N1 impact is the effect or influence of H5N1 in human society; especially the financial, political, social and personal responses to both actual and predicted deaths in birds, humans, and other animals. ...

Swine flu

Main article: Swine Flu

Swine flu (or "pig influenza") refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza in pigs and are endemic in pigs. The species of Orthomyxoviridae that can cause flu in pigs are Influenza A virus and Influenza C virus but not all genotypes of these two species infect pigs. The known subtypes of Influenza A virus that create influenza in pigs and are endemic in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2.

Horse flu

Main article: Horse flu

Horse flu (or "Equine influenza") refers to varieties of Influenza A virus that affect horses. Horse 'flu viruses were only isolated in 1956. There are two main types of virus called equine-1 (H7N7) which commonly affects horse heart muscle and equine-2 (H3N8) which is usually more severe.

Dog flu

Main article: Dog flu

Dog flu (or "canine influenza") refers to varieties of Influenza A virus that affect dogs. The equine influenza virus H3N8 was found to infect and kill greyhound race dogs that had died from a respiratory illness at a Florida racetrack in January 2004.

H3N8

Main article: H3N8

H3N8 is now endemic in birds, horses and dogs.

Swine Flu is a form of Type A influenza that is normally virulent only in pigs. ... Swine Flu is a form of Type A influenza that is normally virulent only in pigs. ... Genera Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Isavirus Thogotovirus The Orthomyxoviridae are a family of RNA viruses which infect vertebrates. ... Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The domestic pig is usually given the scientific name Sus scrofa, though some authors call it , reserving for the wild boar. ... In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ... Genera Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Isavirus Thogotovirus The Orthomyxoviridae are a family of RNA viruses which infect vertebrates. ... Influenzavirus C is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. ... Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The domestic pig is usually given the scientific name Sus scrofa, though some authors call it , reserving for the wild boar. ... In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H1N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) currently endemic in both human and pig populations. ... H3N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Horse flu (or Equine influenza) refers to varieties of influenzavirus A that are endemic in horses. ... Horse flu (or Equine influenza) refers to varieties of influenzavirus A that are endemic in horses. ... H7N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H3N8 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... Canine influenza or dog flu refers to varieties of influenzavirus A that affect dogs. ... Canine influenza or dog flu refers to varieties of influenzavirus A that affect dogs. ... H3N8 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... January 2004 : ← - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Irelands Roman Catholic and Protestant Boy Scouts organisations merge after nearly a century of division, in spite of efforts by the Roman Catholic bishops to block the merger. ... H3N8 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H3N8 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ...

Human influenza virus

"Human influenza virus" usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known Influenza A virus subtypes currently circulating among humans. ^[18] H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H1N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) currently endemic in both human and pig populations. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ...

Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian flu viruses" include: Human Flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza in humans and are endemic in humans. ... For the current concern about the transmission of an avian flu to humans see Transmission and infection of H5N1. ...

PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a lysine.

HA: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human influenza HA bind alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors. Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors.

"About 52 key genetic changes distinguish avian influenza strains from those that spread easily among people, according to researchers in Taiwan, who analyzed the genes of more than 400 A type flu viruses."^[19] "How many mutations would make an avian virus capable of infecting humans efficiently, or how many mutations would render an influenza virus a pandemic strain, is difficult to predict. We have examined sequences from the 1918 strain, which is the only pandemic influenza virus that could be entirely derived from avian strains. Of the 52 species-associated positions, 16 have residues typical for human strains; the others remained as avian signatures. The result supports the hypothesis that the 1918 pandemic virus is more closely related to the avian influenza A virus than are other human influenza viruses."^[20] RNAP from pictured during elongation. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... A residue, broadly, is anything left behind by a reaction or event. ... Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers, that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, and that is also responsible for making proteins out of amino acids. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ... Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... Sialic acid Sialic acid is a derivative of a nine-carbon monosaccharide, named from the Greek σιαλοσ (sialos) saliva. It is the negative charge of this chemical that is responsible for the slippery feel of saliva and mucins coating the body’s organs. ...

Human flu symptoms usually include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis and, in severe cases, severe breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. The severity of the infection will depend to a large part on the state of the infected person's immune system and if the victim has been exposed to the strain before, and is therefore partially immune. Human Flu refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza in humans and are endemic in humans. ... An analogue medical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ... Also see Pharyngitis Sore Throat is a legendary British noisecore band, credited among others with inventing the genre Sore Throat formed in 1987 as a Crust Punk/ hardcore punk and grindcore act. ... Myalgia means muscle pain and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the alveoli (microscopic air-filled sacs of the lung responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere) become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ...

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian flu in a human is far worse, killing 50% of humans that catch it. In one case, a boy with H5N1 experienced diarrhea followed rapidly by a coma without developing respiratory or flu-like symptoms. ^[21] Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... For the current concern about the transmission of an avian flu to humans see Transmission and infection of H5N1. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a generally unpleasant condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a... In medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep) is a profound state of unconsciousness. ...

The Influenza A virus subtypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, are: Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ...

• H1N1 caused "Spanish Flu"
• H2N2 caused "Asian Flu"
• H3N2 caused "Hong Kong Flu"
• H5N1 is the world's major influenza pandemic threat
• H7N7 has unusual zoonotic potential
• H1N2 is currently endemic in humans and pigs
• H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, H10N7.

H1N1

Main article: H1N1

H1N1 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. A variant of H1N1 was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919. ^[22] Controversy arose in October, 2005, after the H1N1 genome was published in the journal, Science. Many fear that this information could be used for bioterrorism.

"When he compared the 1918 virus with today's human flu viruses, Dr. Taubenberger noticed that it had alterations in just 25 to 30 of the virus's 4,400 amino acids. Those few changes turned a bird virus into a killer that could spread from person to person." ^[23]

H2N2

Main article: H2N2

The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of H2N2 avian influenza that originated in China in 1957, spread worldwide that same year during which a flu vaccine was developed, lasted until 1958 and caused between one and four million deaths.

H3N2

Main article: H3N2

H3N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. It evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000. ^[24] "An early-onset, severe form of influenza A H3N2 made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003." ^[25]

The dominant strain of annual flu in January 2006 is H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. ^[26]

"[C]ontemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host." ^[27]

H5N1

Main article: H5N1

H5N1 is the world's major influenza pandemic threat.

H7N7

Main article: H7N7

H7N7 has unusual zoonotic potential. In 2003 in Netherlands 89 people were confirmed to have H7N7 influenza virus infection following an outbreak in poultry on several farms. One death was recorded.

H1N2

Main article: H1N2

H1N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. The new H1N2 strain appears to have resulted from the reassortment of the genes of the currently circulating influenza H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. The hemagglutinin protein of the H1N2 virus is similar to that of the currently circulating H1N1 viruses and the neuraminidase protein is similar to that of the current H3N2 viruses.

H9N2

Main article: H9N2

Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) infection was confirmed in 1999, in China and Hong Kong in two children, and in 2003 in Hong Kong in one child. All three fully recovered. ^[28]

H7N2

Main article: H7N2

One person in New York in 2003 and one person in Virginia in 2002 were found to have serologic evidence of infection with H7N2. Both fully recovered. ^[29]

H7N3

Main article: H7N3

In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004. As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus. Two cases of humans with avian influenza have been confirmed in that region. "Symptoms included conjunctivitis and mild influenza-like illness." ^[30] Both fully recovered.

H10N7

Main article: H10N7

In 2004 in Egypt H10N7 is reported for the first time in humans. It caused illness in two infants in Egypt. One child’s father is a poultry merchant. ^[31]

H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Image:Spanish flu notice. ... The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... An influenza pandemic is a large scale epidemic of the influenza virus, such as the 1918 Spanish flu. ... H7N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... Zoonosis is any infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals, both wild and domestic, to humans. ... H1N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) currently endemic in both human and pig populations. ... H9N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H7N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H7N3 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H10N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Image:Spanish flu notice. ... A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (example a continent), or even worldwide. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ... Bioterrorism is terrorism using germ warfare, an intentional human release of a naturally-occurring or human-modified toxin or biological agent. ... Image:Spanish flu notice. ... The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ... The Avian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ... A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (example a continent), or even worldwide. ... The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Model of Influenza Virus from NIH The flu vaccine is a vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ... Antigenic shift is the process by which two different strains of influenza combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. ... The Hong Kong Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that began in Hong Kong in 1968 and spread to the United States of America that year. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 2006 : ← - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad accuses European nations of trying to complete the Holocaust by creating a Jewish camp Israel in the Middle East. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Amantadine, 1-aminoadamantane, is an antiviral drug that was approved by the FDA in 1976 for the treatment of influenza type A in adults. ... Rimantadine (systematic name 1-(1-aminoethyl)adamantane) is an orally administered medicine used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, Influenzavirus A infection. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... An influenza pandemic is a large scale epidemic of the influenza virus, such as the 1918 Spanish flu. ... H7N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H7N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... H1N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) currently endemic in both human and pig populations. ... H1N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) currently endemic in both human and pig populations. ... H1N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) currently endemic in both human and pig populations. ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... H1N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) currently endemic in both human and pig populations. ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Neuraminidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme (EC 3. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... H9N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H9N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... H7N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... NY redirects here. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... H7N2 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H7N3 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... H7N3 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo - Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 36 - Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 4th - Total 944,735 km... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → // February 29, 2004 Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as president of Haiti and flees the country for the Central African Republic. ... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December Deaths in April • 18 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara • 19 Norris McWhirter • 22 Pat Tillman • 24 Estée Lauder Other recent deaths Ongoing events EU Enlargement Exploration of Mars: Rovers Haiti Rebellion Reconstruction of Iraq – Occupation & Resistance Israeli... Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). ... H10N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... H10N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Evolution

See also: Punctuated equilibrium

Taubenberger says: Punctuated equilibrium (or punctuated equilibria) is a theory in evolutionary biology which states that most sexually reproducing species will show little to no evolutionary change throughout their history. ...

"All influenza A pandemics since [the Spanish flu pandemic], and indeed almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (excepting human infections from avian viruses such as H5N1 and H7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus, including "drifted" H1N1 viruses and reassorted H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the "mother" of all pandemics.^[32]

Researchers from the National Institutes of Health used data from the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project and concluded that during the ten-year period examined most of the time the hemagglutinin gene in H3N2 showed no significant excess of mutations in the antigenic regions while an increasing variety of strains accumulated. This resulted in one of the variants eventually achieving higher fitness, becoming dominant, and in a brief interval of rapid Darwinian evolution rapidly sweeping through the human population and eliminating most other variants.^[33] Image:Spanish flu notice. ... Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... H7N7 is a subtype of the species avian influenza virus (bird flu virus). ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Avian influenza (also known as bird flu, avian flu, influenzavirus A flu, type A flu, or genus A flu) is a flu (influenza) due to a type of influenza virus that is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals. ... A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (example a continent), or even worldwide. ... The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for medical research. ... The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) which is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. ... Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... H3N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... This article is about evolution in biology. ...

See also

• Bird Flu In India
• Emerging Infectious Diseases, Special Issue, January 2006 (>20 excellent articles)
• "Reining in bird flu: Answer may lie with reverse engineering". (Nov. 6, 2005). New Sunday Times, p. F18.
• "Three million Asians may die". (Nov. 5, 2005). New Straits Times, p. 28.
• "Avian Influenza Factsheet". World Health Organization. Retrieved November 16th, 2005.

// Initial reaction The first reports of bird flu in India came from the village of Nawapur in the Nandurbar district of Maharashtra on 19th February 2006. ... The New Straits Times is a Malaysian English-language newspaper. ... The New Straits Times is a Malaysian English-language newspaper. ... The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ...

Further reading

Official sources

Further information: H5N1

• Avian influenza and Influenza Pandemics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Avian influenza FAQ from the World Health Organization
• Avian influenza information from the Food and Agriculture Organization
• U.S. Government's avian influenza information website
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Stockholm, Sweden

General information

Further information: Flu

• "The Bird Flu and You" Full-color poster provided by the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University, in collaboration with the National Security Health Policy Center
• Influenza Report 2006 Online book. Research level quality information. Highly recommended.
• Special issue on avian flu from Nature
• Overview of H5N1 from New England Journal of Medicine
• Pandemic Influenza: Domestic Preparedness Efforts Congressional Research Service Report on Pandemic Preparedness.
• A guide to bird flu and its symptoms from BBC Health
• A Variety of Avian Flu Images and Pictures
• Avian flu, bioterror, animals (page in an online book) "Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents"
• 'The Threat of Bird Flu': HealthPolitics.com
• Is a Global Flu Pandemic Imminent? from Infection Control Today.
• Bird Flu is a Real Pandemic Threat to Humans by Leonard Crane, author of Ninth Day of Creation.
• Links to Bird Flu pictures (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)
• Flu Wiki

News

• Current status (Google news of avian OR bird flu OR influenza)
• Flu Breaking News Avian flu, common symptom, flu vaccine and flu shot and latest news
• Global Pandemic News : 24×7 online news feeds on the threat of Bird Flu and a Global Pandemic

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ... FAQ is an abbreviation for Frequently Asked Question(s). The term refers to listed questions and answers, all supposed to be frequently asked in some context, and pertaining to a particular topic. ... The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ... The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. ... The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) is an agency of the European Union that has been created to help strengthen Europe’s defences against infectious diseases, such as influenza, SARS and HIV/AIDS. The decision to set up the ECDC was taken in March 2004. ... Respiratory disease properly named influenza(say: in-floo-en-zah ). Some specific varities of influenza with a vaccination available are: A-New Caledonia, A-California, B-Shanghai. ... For more than 25 years, the National Defense University (NDU)[1]has been the premier center for Joint Professional Military Education. ... Nature is one of the most prominent scientific journals, first published on 4 November 1869. ... The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society with the highest impact factor for a general medical journal. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion (US$7. ...

Sources and notes