Influenza A virus, the virus that causes Avian flu. Transmission electron micrograph of negatively stained virus particles in late passage. (Source: Dr. Erskine Palmer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Image Library).

Avian influenza (also known as bird flu, avian flu, influenzavirus A flu, type A flu, or genus A flu) is a flu due to a type of influenza virus that is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals. It was first identified in Serbia Montenegro in the early 1900s and is now known to exist worldwide. A strain of the H5N1-type of avian influenzavirus that emerged in 1997 has been identified as the most likely source of a future influenza pandemic. Image File history File links Influenza A virus, transmission electron micrograph of negatively stained virus particles in late passage. ... Image File history File links Influenza A virus, transmission electron micrograph of negatively stained virus particles in late passage. ... Negatively stained flu virions. ... The HIV virus A virus is a microscopic parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... Orders Subclass Multituberculata (extinct) Plagiaulacida Cimolodonta Subclass Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Subclass Triconodonta (extinct) Subclass Placentalia Afrosoricida Artiodactyla Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Cimolesta (extinct) Creodonta (extinct) Condylarthra (extinct) Dermoptera Desmostylia (extinct) Embrithopoda (extinct) Hyracoidea Insectivora Lagomorpha Litopterna (extinct) Macroscelidea Mesonychia (extinct) Notoungulata (extinct) Perissodactyla Pholidota Plesiadapiformes (extinct) Primates Proboscidea Rodentia Scandentia Sirenia Taeniodonta... // Events and Trends Technology Lawrence Hargrave makes the first stable wing design for a heavier-than-air aircraft Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first documented flight in a powered heavier-than-air aircraft Mass production of automobile Wide popularity of home phonograph Panama Canal is built by the United... H5N1 is a type of avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) that has mutated through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic varieties. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... An influenza pandemic is a large scale epidemic of the influenza virus, such as the 1918 Spanish flu. ...

Avian influenza viruses compose the Influenzavirus A genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family and are negative sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. "Influenza viruses are further categorised into subtypes according to the antigens of the haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) projections on their surfaces. There are 15 haemagglutinin subtypes and 9 neuraminidase subtypes of influenza A viruses, and AI [avian influenza] viruses have representatives in all of these subtypes. However, to date all highly pathogenic AI [avian influenza] viruses that cause generalised rather than respiratory disease belong to either the H5 or H7 subtypes. For example, the classical fowl plague virus is H7N7 and the virus responsible for the major epidemic in the eastern United States in 1983 84 was H5N2" Avian Influenza - Disease Card October 21st, 2005 In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or more related and morphologically similar species. ... Genera Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Isavirus Thogotovirus The Orthomyxoviridae are a family of RNA viruses which infect vertebrates. ... An RNA virus is a virus that either uses RNA as its genetic material, or whose genetic material passes through an RNA intermediate during replication. ... An antigen is any molecule that is recognized by antibodies. ...

Infection

Strains of avian influenzavirus may infect various type of animals, including birds, pigs, horses, seals, whales and humans. However, wild fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers, spreading it to more susceptible domestic stocks. Avian influenzavirus spreads in the air and in manure. It can also be transmitted by contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing; however, there is no evidence that the virus can survive in well cooked meat. The incubation period is 3 to 5 days. Symptoms in animals vary, but virulent strains can cause death within a few days. This was first founded in the 1900s. Orders Many - see section below. ... Species Sus barbatus Sus bucculentus Sus cebifrons Sus celebensis Sus domesticus Sus heureni Sus philippensis Sus salvanius Sus scrofa Sus timoriensis Sus verrucosus Pigs are ungulates native to Eurasia collectively grouped under the genus Sus within the Suidae family. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The Horse (Equus caballus) is a sizeable ungulate mammal, one of the seven modern species of the genus Equus. ... Look up seal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Whales are the largest species of exclusively aquatic placental mammals, members of the order Cetacea, which also includes dolphins and porpoises. ... Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Homo sapiens cromagnon (extinct) Homo sapiens idaltu (extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens For other uses, see Human (disambiguation). ... A fowl is a bird of any kind, although some types of birds use the word specifically in their names (for example, Guineafowl and Peafowl). ... An asymptomatic carrier (or carrier), is a person who is infected with the agent of an infectious disease, or carries the abnormal gene of a recessive genetic disorder. ... Animal manure is often a mixture of animals faeces and bedding straw, as in this example from a stable. ... Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. ... In biology, Strain can be used two ways. ... // Events and Trends Technology Lawrence Hargrave makes the first stable wing design for a heavier-than-air aircraft Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first documented flight in a powered heavier-than-air aircraft Mass production of automobile Wide popularity of home phonograph Panama Canal is built by the United...

"Influenza A viruses normally seen in one species sometimes can cross over and cause illness in another species. For example, until 1998, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U.S. pig population. However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. Most recently, H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs." [1] 1998(MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic, the 1918 Flu Epidemic and La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people worldwide in 1918 and 1919. ... 1998(MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...

In humans, avian flu viruses cause similar symptoms to other types of flu. [2] These include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis and, in severe cases, severe breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. The severity of the infection will depend to a large part on the state of the infected person's immune system and if the victim has been exposed to the strain before, and is therefore partially immune. In one case, a boy with H5N1 experienced diarrhea followed rapidly by a coma without developing respiratory or flu-like symptoms, suggesting non-standard symptoms. [3] Negatively stained flu virions. ... Hyperthermia: Characterized on the left. ... A sore throat, otherwise known as pharyngitis, is a painful inflammation of the throat. ... Myalgia means muscle pain and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. ... Pneumonia fills the lungs alveoli with fluid, keeping oxygen from reaching the bloodstream. ... The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. ... Diarrhea (AmE) or diarrhoea (CwE) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent and watery or loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; lit. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Subtypes pathogenic to humans

All avian influenza (AI) viruses are type A influenzavirus in the virus family of Orthomyxoviridae and all known strains of influenza A virus infect birds. Influenzavirus type A is subdivided into subtypes based on hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) protein spikes from the central virus core. There are 16 H types, each with up to 9 N subtypes, yielding a potential for 144 different H and N combinations. Genera Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Isavirus Thogotovirus The Orthomyxoviridae are a family of RNA viruses which infect vertebrates. ... In biology, Strain can be used two ways. ... Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram Neuraminidase is an antigenic glycoprotein enzyme (EC 3. ... The HIV virus A virus is a microscopic parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. ...

In addition, avian influenza viruses may fall into one of 2 pathotypes: low (LPAI) and high (HPAI) pathogenicity, based on their virulence in poultry populations. Avian influenzavirus H5 and H7 strains are found in both "low pathogenic” or “high pathogenic” forms; influenza H9 virus has been identified only in a “low pathogenic” form. Pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to cause disease in another organism. ... Virulence is a term used to refer to either the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent. ... Duck amongst other poultry The Poultry-dealer, after Cesare Vecellio. ...

It is feared that if a strain of avian influenza virus to which humans have not been previously exposed undergoes antigenic shift to the point where it can cross the species barrier from birds to humans, the new subtype created could be both highly contagious and highly lethal in humans. If a human infected with influenzavirus also acquires H5N1, a mutant strain of bird flu that can be transmitted from human to human could form. Such a subtype could cause a global pandemic similar to the Spanish Flu that killed up to 50 million people in 1918. Antigenic shift is the process by which two different strains of influenza combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. ... A pandemic, or global epidemic, is an outbreak of an infectious disease that affects people over an extensive geographical area (from Greek pan all + demos people). ... The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people worldwide in 1918 and 1919. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

H1N1

Main article: H1N1

H1N1 was the first identified strain of Type A influenzavirus. In early October 2005, researchers announced that they had successfully reconstructed the Spanish Flu virus. The gene sequence indicates that the 1918 epidemic was caused by H1N1, normally considered a strain of swine flu virus (which is a form of avian influenzavirus) that in this case passed directly from birds to humans. The reconstructed virus is very different from normal human viruses in that it infects lung cells which would normally be impervious to the virus [4]. The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic, the 1918 Flu Epidemic and La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people worldwide in 1918 and 1919. ... The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic, the 1918 Flu Epidemic and La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people worldwide in 1918 and 1919. ... Ongoing events • 2005 Kuomintang visits to Mainland • Bill C-38 (Canada gay marriage) • German Visa Affair 2005 • Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan • Fuel prices • Election of OAS Secretary General • Stanislav Gross scandal in Czech republic Upcoming events Deaths in May May 3: Jagjit Singh Aurora May 3: Don Canham May... The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people worldwide in 1918 and 1919. ... The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic, the 1918 Flu Epidemic and La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people worldwide in 1918 and 1919. ... Swine Flu is a form of influenza. ... The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ...

H5N1

Main article: H5N1

H5N1 is a highly pathogenic form of avian influenzavirus. Since 1997, outbreaks of H5N1 flu have caused the death or culling of tens of millions of birds. Over 100 people have been infected by H5N1, with a mortality rate of over 50%. H5N1 has been the focus of much concern amid warnings that the H5N1 strain will likely evolve into a form that causes a global human pandemic with a very high mortality rate. H5N1 is a type of avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) that has mutated through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic varieties. ... H5N1 is a type of avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) that has mutated through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic varieties. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Other strains

Since 1997 H5N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, and H9N2 have been confirmed in humans. Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ...

H2N2

Responsible for the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 and 1958 that killed at least a million people worldwide.

H3N2

Evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000. This was the least deadly pandemic of the twentieth century. (Detailed chart of its evolution here.)

H7N2

Following an outbreak of H7N2 among poultry in 2002, 44 people were found infected in Virginia, United States.

H7N3

In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004. As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus. Two cases of humans with avian influenza have been confirmed in that region.

H7N7

In 2003 in Netherlands 89 people were confirmed to have H7N7 influenza virus infection following an outbreak in poultry on several farms. One death was recorded.[5]

H9N2

The virus type has been documented only in low pathogenic form. Three infections in humans (China and Hong Kong) have been confirmed, all three patients recovered. In October 2005 an outbreak has been detected in the province of Tolima, central Colombia. No human infections have been reported.[6]

The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ... Antigenic shift is the process by which two different strains of influenza combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. ... The Hong Kong Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that began in Hong Kong in 1968 and spread to the United States of America that year. ... State nickname: Old Dominion Other U.S. States Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Governor Mark R. Warner (D) Tim Kaine (D-Governor Elect) Senators John Warner (R) George Allen (R) Official language(s) English Area 110,862 km² (35th)  - Land 102,642 km²  - Water 8,220 km² (7. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Splendour without diminishment) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Area 944,735 km² (5th) • Land 925,186 km² • Water 19,549 km² (2. ... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → // February 29, 2004 Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as president of Haiti and flees the country for the Central African Republic. ... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December Deaths in April • 18 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara • 19 Norris McWhirter • 22 Pat Tillman • 24 Estée Lauder Other recent deaths Ongoing events EU Enlargement Exploration of Mars: Rovers Haiti Rebellion Reconstruction of Iraq – Occupation & Resistance Israeli...

Prevention and treatment

Although avian influenzavirus in humans can be detected with standard influenza virus tests, these tests have not always proved reliable. In March 2005, the World Health Organization announced that seven people from Vietnam who initially tested negative for bird flu were later found to have carried the virus. All seven have since recovered. Currently (6/05) the most reliable test (microneutralization) requires use of the live virus to interact with antibodies from the patient's blood; because live virus is required, for safety reasons the test can only be done in a level three laboratory [7]. ← - 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Deaths in March • 31 – Terri Schiavo • 30 – Mitch Hedberg • 29 – Johnnie Cochran • 27 – Wilfred Bigelow • 26 – Paul Hester • 26 – James Callaghan • 21 – Jeff Weise • 21 – Bobby Short • 19 – John De Lorean • 18 – Gary Bertini • 17 – George F... The WHO flag: similar to the flag of the United Nations, augmented with the symbolic staff and serpent of Asklepios, Greek god of medicine and healing. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention specifies four levels of biosafety precautions for biological agents. ...

Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir, zanamivir and amantadine are sometimes effective in both preventing and treating the infection. Countries have been stockpiling olestamivir, but may shift towards zanamivir due to a November 2005 issue of JAMA, which reported oseltamivir resistant strains of avian flu in Vietnam. Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Zanamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor used in the treatment of and prophylaxis of both influenza A and influenza B. Zanamivir was the first neuraminidase inhibitor commercially developed. ... Amantadine, 1-aminoadamantane, is an antiviral drug that was approved by the FDA in 1976 for the treatment of influenza type A in adults. ... JAMA is the acronym for the Journal of the American Medical Association, a leading medical journal. ...

Vaccines, however, take at least four months to produce and must be prepared for each subtype. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ...

Further, as a result of widespread use of the antiviral drug amantadine as a preventive or treatment for chickens in China starting in the late 1990s, some strains of the avian flu virus in Asia have developed drug resistance against amantadine [8]. The use of amantadine was approved by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. This use of amantadine for poultry goes against international livestock regulations, but China kept it secret until recently, in a manner reminiscent of the secrecy around the early spread of SARS. Amantadine, 1-aminoadamantane, is an antiviral drug that was approved by the FDA in 1976 for the treatment of influenza type A in adults. ... Binomial name Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) A chicken (Gallus gallus) is a type of domesticated bird which is often raised as a type of poultry. ... // Events and trends The 1990s in its most obvious sense refers to the years 1990 to 1999, but has held a strong influence into the 2000s. ... Organisms are said to be drug-resistant when they are no longer affected by drugs that are meant to neutralize them. ... Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is an atypical form of pneumonia. ...

There is some evidence [9] that indicates that Kimchi and by extension Sauerkraut may be used to treat avian influenza in birds. There is currently no evidence of its effects on humans. Kimchi or Gimchi or kimchee is a traditional Korean dish of fermented chile peppers and vegetables, usually based on cabbage. ... Sauerkraut and sausage on a plate Sauerkraut listen â–¶(?) is finely sliced white cabbage fermented by Lactobacillus bacteria. ...

Potential pandemic

Main article: influenza pandemic

The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned of a substantial risk of an influenza epidemic in the near future, most probably from the H5N1 type of avian influenzavirus. One of the primary concerns is that the virus could quickly spread across countries as various birds follow their migration routes. In response, countries have begun planning in anticipation of an outbreak. While short-term strategies to deal with an outbreak focus on limiting travel and culling and vaccinating poultry, long-term strategies require substantial changes in the lifestyles of the most at-risk populations. An influenza pandemic is a large scale epidemic of the influenza virus, such as the 1918 Spanish flu. ... The WHO flag: similar to the flag of the United Nations, augmented with the symbolic staff and serpent of Asklepios, Greek god of medicine and healing. ... H5N1 is a type of avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) that has mutated through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic varieties. ... To cull is to remove from a group of animals those individuals who show signs of weakness. ...

(WHO) announced on November, 16, 2005 that an outbreak is most likely to hit the Hong Kong Special Administrative issue by mid-December of this year. "If it were to hit in a highly residential area like Tin Hau, it would be sure to spread like wildfire." Dr. N Column, Head of Epidemic Prevention announced.

The WHO divides a pandemic into six phases, ranging from minimal risk of an outbreak to full scale pandemic. Most health authorities categorize the situation as of 2005 at Phase 3, by which is meant that human infections of a new sub-type has occurred but there is little evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission. 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

An Oseltamivir resistant H5N1 avian influenza virus was isolated from a Vietnamese girl in Feb. 2005. (Nature 437:1108) This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

See also

• The Spanish flu from 1918–19
• The Asian Flu from 1957–58
• The Hong Kong Flu from 1968–69

The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people worldwide in 1918 and 1919. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hong Kong Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that began in Hong Kong in 1968 and spread to the United States of America that year. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ...

References

• Gibbs, W. Waut & Soares, Christine (Nov. 2005). "Preparing for a Pandemic". Scientific American, p. 23–31.
• "Reining in bird flu: Answer may lie with reverse engineering". (Nov. 6, 2005). New Sunday Times, p. F18.
• "Three million Asians may die". (Nov. 5, 2005). New Straits Times, p. 28.
• "Avian Influenza Factsheet". World Health Organization. Retrieved November 16th, 2005.

Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published monthly since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ... The New Straits Times is a Malaysian English language newspaper. ... The New Straits Times is a Malaysian English language newspaper. ... The WHO flag: similar to the flag of the United Nations, augmented with the symbolic staff and serpent of Asklepios, Greek god of medicine and healing. ...

External links

General

• Overview of H5N1 from New England Journal of Medicine
• Global Pandemic News : 24 X 7 online news feeds on the threat of Bird Flu and a Global Pandemic
• Avian-Influenza.com - website with information on Control, Preparation, and the latest news on Outbreaks. Sponsored by Intervet.
• 'The Threat of Bird Flu' : HealthPolitics.com
• U.S. Government's avian influenza information website
• CDC page about Avian influenza.
• CDC Information About Influenza Pandemics.
• 'Defying Death': An Award Winning Round Table Discussion on Viral Diseases including Avian Flu by the Vega Science Trust
• WHO Avian influenza frequently asked questions.
• Bird Flu Timeline
• A guide to bird flu and its symptoms from BBC Health.
• Nature's special issue on avian flu. Welcome to this Web Focus on Avian Flu, containing news and scientific reports warning about the potential for a new human flu pandemic in the near future.
• FIC, flu in china & flu information center (bilingual, with forums).
• The Flu Wiki - to help local communities prepare for and perhaps cope with a possible influenza pandemic.
• Information regarding Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and the possibility of Human Pandemic.
• The Avian Flu Information Site - Layperson's information about avian flu, its history and preventative measures.
• Key Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus.
• The Avian flu tag on the Connotea social bookmarking service provides updated references of news, reports, resources and scientific papers on avian flu and the risk of a pandemic
• CIDRAP - Avian Influenza (an excellent collection of information; news links, lab confirmed count of cases, suggested reading, etc)
• Google Blog article with basic information on Avian influenza written by Taraneh Razavi, M.D
• 'Plot showing the frequency of the term "bird flu" in selected online media'

News

Wikinews has news related to this article:

Taiwan to violate Tamiflu patent in order to compensate for vaccine shortage

• FluWire.com - Flu Wire aggregates news by topic, including science, policy, and a blog watch
• Avian Flu News Links
• News on the disease from the US government.
• Farmers 'key to bird-flu control'
• Flu News Updates
• Bird flu experts warn of pandemic
• Bird flu news - Current News from many sources
• United Nations begins ensure that there are effective local, national, regional and global preparations for a potential avian flu pandemic
• Experts Unlock Clues to Spread of 1918 Flu Virus - The New York Times
• Avian influenza - NewsXS newsfeed
• Bird Flu Headquarters : Community based site monitoring news from all over the world; provides visitors with all news, commentary, information, resources; gives members the option of creating their own blog free.
• Bird Flu News Site - Updates and news on Bird Flu
• Avian Influenza News Network - News and comment about Avian flu organized by region and issue
• Up to the minute newsfeed on "Bird Flu"

Image File history File links Wikinews-logo. ... The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ...

Preparing

• Avian Flu Preparedness Guide - from The Center for Technology and National Security Policy
• How Families Can Prepare for Bird Flu
• Prepping for Flu Pandemic Forum
• Latest news on avian influenza and other microbial threats

Web logs

• BBC News Round-Up Of Avian Flu Blogs
• AvianFluWatch - Daily Bird Flu News Updates
• Avian Flu News
• AvianFluWatch - Daily Bird Flu News Updates
• Avian Flu at Typepad: a blog with further links.
• Daily news on Avian Flu
• Updated daily news digest on bird flu and the pandemic
• Updates and Info on the Avian (Bird) Flu
• H5N1 bird flu and migratory birds forum.
• Effective Measure Senior public health scientists discuss and debate
• Bird Flu Forums
• Bird Flu Updates: blog with up-to-date news and informational links
• Up-to-date avian flu information
• H5N1 - News and Resources about Avian Flu