In sociology, an ingroup is a social group towards which an individual feels loyalty and respect, usually due to membership in the group. This loyalty often manifests itself as an ingroup bias. Commonly encountered ingroups include family members, people of the same race or religion, and so on. Research demonstrates that people often privilege ingroup members over outgroup members even when the ingroup has no actual social standing; for instance, a group of people with the same last digit in their social security number. Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ... In sociology, a group is usually defined as a collection consisting of a number of people who share certain aspects, interact with one another, accept rights and obligations as members of the group and share a common identity. ... This page is about the philosophical and semantic background of loyalty. ... Ingroup bias is the preferential treatment people give to whom they perceive to be members of their own groups. ... A race is a population of humans distinguished from other populations. ... This article needs cleanup. ...
Several factors proposed to moderate ingroup bias include self-esteem (e.g., Hogg and Abrams 1990), identification with the ingroup (e.g., Spears, Djoose, and Ellemers 1999), status (e.g., Mullen, Brown, and Smith 1992), and ingroup bias dimension (e.g., Aberson, Healy, and Romero 2000).
Other definitions of ingroup bias, for example, rating similarity to successful ingroups, may be favored by those low in self-esteem as this type of measure does not require ratings of superiority (i.e., is not inconsistent with experience).
When the ingroup is of low status, ingroup bias may appear as a reduction in the differences between high status outgroups and low status ingroups.
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