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An aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) used for administration of asthma medication.

A soda bottle after being filled with blue paint for the means of solvent abuse.

Inhalants are drugs that are inhaled as a gas, vapor, or aerosol. Inhalant drugs are used for both medical purposes and as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect; this article focuses on the use of inhalants to create psychoactive effects. Inhalant drugs used for medical purposes include nitrous oxide, a common dental anesthetic and salbutamol, which is used in asthma inhalers. Inhalants used as recreational drugs include organic solvents from cleaning products and glues and propellant gases from aerosol cans. Some inhalants, such as ether, nitrous oxide, and alkyl nitrites, have been widely used both medically and recreationally. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 511 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (885 × 1038 pixel, file size: 175 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 511 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (885 × 1038 pixel, file size: 175 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Paint_sniffing_bottle. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Paint_sniffing_bottle. ... For other uses, see Drug (disambiguation). ... Gas phase particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) move around freely Gas is one of the four major states of matter, consisting of freely moving atoms or molecules without a definite shape and without a definite volume. ... Aerosol, is a term derived from the fact that matter floating in air is a suspension (a mixture in which solid or liquid or combined solid-liquid particles are suspended in a fluid). ... Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational rather than medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. Salbutamol sulphate is usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. ... An inhaler is a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs. ... For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation). ... This article is about a general class of chemical compounds. ... Variety of popper brands Poppers is the street term for various alkyl nitrites taken for recreational purposes through direct inhalation, particularly amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite. ...

The effects of recreational solvent inhalation can range from an alcohol-like intoxication and euphoria to hallucinations. The use of inhalants can cause injuries and, in some cases can lead to death. Nonmedical inhalant use is restricted and even criminalized in some jurisdictions, often by forbidding the sale of commonly-used products, such as contact cement, to minors. A hallucination is a false sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ...

Non-medical inhalants

Solvents and propellants

Solvents and propellants used as inhalants are found in a range of inexpensive, legally-available household, office, industrial, and automotive products. A number of household and office products contain solvents that are used as inhalants, such as toluene and acetone. These products include correction fluids such as Liquid Paper, nail polish removers (acetone), and permanent markers (xylene). Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... A bottle of correction fluid Correction fluid is an opaque, white fluid applied to paper to mask errors in text. ... Liquid Paper, a brand name of whiteout, white-out, or opaque correction fluid, is used to cover up mistakes on paper without retyping the entire sheet. ... Pink nail polish. ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... The term xylenes refers to a group of 3 benzene derivatives which encompasses ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers of dimethyl benzene. ...

Propellant gases used as inhalants in household and office products include freon and compressed hydrofluorocarbons, which are used in various household and office products that come in aerosol spraycans, such as air freshener, computer keyboard cleaner spray (canned air), non-stick cooking spray, aerosol insecticides, and aerosol hairspray. Another household product which contains propellant gases that are used as an inhalant is aerosol whipped cream cans, which contain nitrous oxide gas. Freon is a trade name for a group of chlorofluorocarbons used primarily as a refrigerant. ... CFC molecules CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) are a family of artificial chemical compounds containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon. ... Aerosol spray can Aerosol spray is a type of canister that sprays an aerosol when its button is pressed or held down. ... Air fresheners are consumer products meant to mitigate the experience of unpleasant odors in indoor spaces. ... A can of canned air Canned air, also called duster or Mega-Duster, is a product consisting of liquified difluoroethane, trifluoroethane, or tetrafluoroethane in a spray can, with a very long nozzle that enables the user to direct a precisely focused blast of air. ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ...

Industrial and automotive products also contain solvents and propellant gases that are used as inhalants. Solvents such as toluene are found in turpentine, gasoline, paint, spraypaint, an a range of quick-drying adhesives and cements (e.g., rubber cement and plastic cement). The solvent diethyl ether is used in an aerosol product called automotive starting fluid, which is used to help carburetor engines start in frigid weather. Canisters of butane are used in inexpensive home welding kits. Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... For the band, see Turpentine (band). ... Petrol redirects here. ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... Spray painting is painting using a device that sprays the paint. ... For the band, see Adhesive (band). ... Rubber Cement is an adhesive made from polymers mixed in a solvent such as acetone, hexane, heptane or benzene to keep them fluid enough to be used. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ...

Nitrites

Several nitrite drugs called "poppers" are used for their euphoric effect in the gay subculture and in the rave dance scene. While nitrite drugs are regulated by a variety of federal and local regulations and legal restrictions, several nitrite products can be found in legally-available products. Amyl nitrite is available as an over-the-counter drug in some areas; butyl nitrite is sold as a room deodorizers under trade names as "RUSH" and "Locker Room"; and alkyl nitrite is an ingredient in video head cleaner or some brands of nail polish remover. Variety of popper brands Poppers is the street term for various alkyl nitrites taken for recreational purposes through direct inhalation, particularly amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite. ... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... For other uses, see Rave (disambiguation). ... Amyl nitrite is the chemical compound with the formula C5H11ONO. A variety of isomers are known, but they all feature an amyl group attached to the nitrito functional group. ... This article is part of the Wikiproject on Drugs, which is an attempt to facilitate the categorization and creation of accurate and formal drug-related articles on Wikipedia. ... Rush, and Rave; Marketed Brands of Alkyl Nitrites Alkyl nitrites or Poppers are a class of inhalant used for the treatment of angina. ...

Administration and effects

Inhalant users inhale vapors or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from an open container of solvents, such as gasoline or paint thinner. Nitrous oxide gases from whipped cream aerosol cans and aerosol hairspray or non-stick frying spray is sprayed into plastic bags; some users may filter the aerosolized particles out with a rag. Some gases such as propane and butane gases are inhaled directly from the canister. For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ...

Once these solvents or gases are inhaled, the extensive capillary surface of the lungs rapidly absorb the solvent or gas, and blood levels peak rapidly. The intoxication effects occur so quickly that the effects of inhalation can resemble the intensity of effects produced by intravenous injection of other psychoactive drugs.^[1] Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ...

The effects of solvent intoxication can vary widely depending on the dose and what type of solvent or gas is inhaled. A person who has inhaled a small amount of rubber cement or paint thinner vapour may be impaired in a manner resembling alcohol inebriation - stimulation, a sense of euphoria and intoxication, followed by a period of depression. A person who has inhaled a larger quantity of solvents or gases, or a stronger chemical may experience to stronger effects such as distortion in perceptions of time and space, hallucinations, and emotional disturbances. A hallucination is a false sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ...

In the short term, many users experience headache, nausea and vomiting, slurred speech, loss of motor coordination, and wheezing. A characteristic "glue sniffer's rash" around the nose and mouth is sometimes seen after prolonged use. An odor of paint or solvents on clothes, skin, and breath is sometimes a sign of inhalant abuse, and paint or solvent residues can sometimes emerge in sweat.^[2] Explain the dystonias connected with motor coordination. ...

Canned-Air / Spray Dusters are dangerous to inhale. They do not use compressed air, but rather other inert gasses.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ...

Mechanisms of action

Inhalants are a large class of drugs and therefore exhibit a variety of mechanisms of action. The mechanisms of action of many non-medical inhalants has not been well elucidated. Anesthetic gases used for surgery, such as nitrous oxide or enflurane, are believed to induce anesthesia primarily by acting as NMDA antagonists, open channel blockers which bind to the inside of the calcium channels on the outer surface of the neuron, and provide high levels of NMDA receptor blockade for a short period of time. For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Structural formula of enflurane Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluomethyl ether) is a halogenated ether that was commonly used for inhalational anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s. ... Ketamine, one of the most common NMDA receptor antagonists. ... This article is about cells in the nervous system. ...

This makes inhaled anesthetic gases different to other NMDA antagonists such as ketamine, which bind to a regulatory site on the NMDA-sensitive calcium transporter complex and provide slightly lower levels of NMDA blockade, but for a longer and much more predictable duration. This makes a deeper level of anesthesia achievable more easily using anaesthetic gases, but can also make them more dangerous than other drugs used for this purpose. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic for use in human and veterinary medicine developed by Parke-Davis (1962). ...

Alcohol is known to act as a GABA agonist, and it is likely that other solvents also act here to produce additional depressant effects. The solvent diethyl ether, for instance, has seen historical episodes of both inhalation and drinking, and produces effects suggestive of both NMDA and GABA mediated activity. The particular mix of NMDA antagonist vs GABA agonist properties will vary between solvents depending on molecular size or shape, and so the effects of particular solvents will differ, although all tend to share a similar profile Alcoholic beverages An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds. ... A GABA agonist is a drug which acts to stimulate or increase the action at the GABA receptor. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ...

Dangers and health problems

Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of other chemicals used in these products (e.g., tetraethyl lead used in some fuels [1][2]) or due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated. In some cases, inhalant users can be injured or killed due to the effects of inhaling these solvents or gases, which can cause hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest[3], or aspiration of vomit. Tetra-ethyl lead (also known as TEL, lead tetraethyl and tetraethyllead) is a toxic organometallic chemical compound, with formula (CH2CH3)4Pb, which was once used as a gasoline (petrol) additive. ... Hypoxia may refer to: Hypoxia (medical), the lack of oxygen in tissues Hypoxia or Oxygen depletion, a reduced concentration of dissolved oxygen in a water body leading to stress or even death in aquatic organisms This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

The inhaling of some solvents can cause irreversible effects such as hearing loss, limb spasms, and damage to the central nervous system and brain[4]. Serious but potentially reversible effects include liver and kidney damage and blood oxygen depletion. Death from inhalants is usually caused by a very high concentration of fumes. Deliberately inhaling from an attached paper or plastic bag or in a closed area greatly increases the chances of suffocation.

Of more concern from a toxicological perspective, or from the point of view of an individual considering the recreational use of solvents, is the additional toxicity resulting from either the physical properties of the compound itself, or additional ingredients present in a product. Many solvents of abuse are fairly toxic compounds which often produce liver and brain damage after prolonged use. This is particularly bad with chlorinated compounds such as carbon tetrachloride or chloroform, or when products containing mixtures of many substances such as glue or paint is inhaled. R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point Non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , Flash point Non-flammable U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) (OSHA) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

Toxicity may also result from the pharmacological properties of the drug; excess NMDA antagonism can completely block calcium influx into neurons and provoke cell death through apoptosis, although this is more likely to be a long term result of chronic solvent abuse than a consequence of short term use. A section of mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell indicated by an arrow Apoptosis (pronounced apo tō sis) is a process of suicide by a cell in a multicellular organism. ...

Precise statistics on deaths caused by inhalant abuse are difficult to determine, as it is considered a dramatically under-reported cause of death due to the common result of a cause-of-death determination being attributed to the side-effects of inhalant abuse (such as a blood vessel rupture in the brain or a heart attack) rather than to the abuse itself[5]. Inhalant use or abuse was mentioned on 144 death certificates in Texas during the period 1988-1998 and was reported in 39 deaths in Virginia between 1987 and 1996 from acute voluntary exposure to abused inhalants[6]. For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ...

Solvents

Use of inhalants can cause brain, nerve, liver and other damage to the body. In the short term, death from solvent abuse occurs most commonly from aspiration of vomit while unconscious, or from a combination of respiratory depression and hypoxia, the second cause being especially a risk with heavier than air vapors such as butane or gasoline vapor. Deaths typically occur from complications related to excessive sedation and vomiting. Actual overdose from the drug does occur, however, and indeed inhaled solvent abuse is statistically more likely to result in life-threatening respiratory depression than intravenous use of opiates such as heroin. For other uses, see Drowning (disambiguation). ... In medicine, hypoventilation exists when ventilation is inadequate to perform gas exchange. ... Hypoxia may refer to: Hypoxia (medical), the lack of oxygen in tissues Hypoxia or Oxygen depletion, a reduced concentration of dissolved oxygen in a water body leading to stress or even death in aquatic organisms This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ... Petrol redirects here. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation). ...

Most deaths from solvent abuse could be prevented if individuals were resuscitated quickly when they stopped breathing and their airway cleared if they vomited. However, most inhalant abuse takes place when people inhale solvents by themselves or in groups of people who are intoxicated. Certain solvents are more hazardous than others, such as gasoline or refrigerant gases.

Hypoxia can occur when inhalant users are huffing from a plastic bag over their face, which means that they are not breathing enough fresh air. However, some inhalants are heavier-than-air gases or vapors, and, if regular breathing is not maintained, they will remain in the lungs instead of being naturally expelled. Also, since many solvents are highly flammable (e.g., gasoline, paint thinner), some users have suffered burn injuries and deaths due to fires.

Female inhalant users who become pregnant may have adverse effects on the fetus. The baby may be smaller, and may need additional health care. There is some evidence of birth defects and disabilities in babies born to women who sniffed solvents such as gasoline. Driving while using solvents presents the same dangers as other types of impaired driving, because many solvents cause an alcohol-type intoxication. In 1999, five high school girls were killed in a car accident outside Philadelphia after the driver and three of the passengers had inhaled computer keyboard cleaner[7][8]. This article is about the year. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... A can of canned air Canned air, also called duster or Mega-Duster, is a product consisting of liquified difluoroethane, trifluoroethane, or tetrafluoroethane in a spray can, with a very long nozzle that enables the user to direct a precisely focused blast of air. ...

Other inhalants

Inhaling butane gas can cause drowsiness, narcosis, asphyxia, cardiac arrhythmia and frostbite. Butane is the most commonly misused volatile solvent in the UK, and caused 52% of solvent related deaths in 2000. By spraying butane directly into the throat, the jet of fluid can cool rapidly to –20 °C by expansion, causing prolonged laryngospasm. Some inhalants can also indirectly cause sudden death by cardiac arrest, in a syndrome known as Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome. The anesthetic gases present in the inhalants appear to sensitize the user to adrenaline. In this state a sudden surge of adrenaline (e.g., from a frightening hallucination or run in with the law), can cause a fatal cardiac arrhythmia.^[3] Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ... For the effect of diving deep with nitrogen, see Nitrogen narcosis. ... Suffocation redirects here, for the band, see Suffocation (band). ... In medicine, laryngospasm is an uncontrolled/involuntary muscular contraction (spasm) of the laryngeal cords. ... Cardiac arrhythmia is any of a group of conditions in which the electrical activity of the heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal. ...

Nitrous oxide gas can cause death by asphyxiation if a user inhales directly from a large tank using a mask or tube. Normally with recreational use, users get oxygen because they continue to breathe after inhaling the nitrous oxide from a bag or balloon. However, if a mask is attached to the tank, then the user gets pure nitrous oxide with no way to take in any oxygen. The rapidly-expanding gas causes very cold temperatures which can freeze the lips and throat if the gas is inhaled directly from a tank or "whippit" aerosol container. Releasing the gas into a balloon first allows the gas to expand and warm before it is inhaled. For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. ... A whipped cream charger is a cartridge designed to deliver nitrous oxide in a whipped cream dispenser. ...

Socioeconomic factors

Inhalant drugs are often used by children, teenagers, incarcerated or institutionalized people, and impoverished people, because these solvents and gases are ingredients in hundreds of legally-available, inexpensive products, such as aerosol spray cans, adhesives and rubber cements, deodorant sprays, hair spray, air fresheners, gasoline, lighter fluid, paint, and paint thinner. Aerosol spray can Aerosol spray is a type of canister that sprays an aerosol when its button is pressed or held down. ... For the band, see Adhesive (band). ... Stick deodorant Roll-on deodorant Deodorants are cosmetic substances applied to the body, most frequently the armpits, to reduce the body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Air fresheners are consumer products meant to mitigate the experience of unpleasant odors in indoor spaces. ... Petrol redirects here. ... Naphtha (CAS No. ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... Turpentine substitute is a mineral based replacement for the vegetable based organic solvent turpentine. ...

Inhalants are used by a wide cross section of society, including children, teenagers, and adults, in lower-income, middle-income, and even upper-income settings, because inhalant drugs are a legal and easily available source of a "high." However, most users tend to be "...adolescents (between the ages of 13 and 17)"^[4] In some countries, chronic, heavy inhalant use is concentrated in marginalized, impoverished communities^[5][6] .

Young people who become chronic, heavy inhalant abusers are also more likely to be those who are isolated from their families and community. The article Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective notes that "[t]he most serious form of obsession with inhalant use probably occurs in countries other than the United States where young children live on the streets completely without family ties. These groups almost always use inhalants at very high levels (Leal et al. 1978). This isolation can make it harder to keep in touch with the sniffer and encourage him or her to stop sniffing."^[7]

The article also states that "...high [inhalant use] rates among barrio Hispanics almost undoubtedly are related to the poverty, lack of opportunity, and social dysfunction that occur in barrios", and states that the "...same general tendency appears for Native-American youth", because "...Indian reservations are among the most disadvantaged environments in the United States; there are high rates of unemployment, little opportunity, and high rates of alcoholism and other health problems."^[8] Look up barrios in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hispanic (Spanish: ; Portuguese: ; Latin: , adjective from Hispānia, the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically denoted relation to the ancient Hispania and its peoples. ...

There is a wide range of social problems associated with inhalant use such as feelings of distress, anxiety and grief for the community; violence and damage to property, violent crime, stresses on the juvenile justice system, and stresses on youth agencies and support services. Look up Distress in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Anxiety is a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components (Seligman, Walker & Rosenhan, 2001). ... The American juvenile justice system is the court and prison system in the United States established to try and, if found guilty of an offense, imprison those considered juveniles. ...

History

Solvents such as chloroform and diethyl ether and gases such as nitrous oxide were first used for medical purposes, such as providing anesthesia. These solvents' psychoactive and hallucinogenic effects at sub-anesthetic levels was also noted, which led to recreational use. Nitrous oxide particularly was popularised by the scientist Sir Humphry Davy who held nitrous oxide parties where users could enjoy the euphoric properties of the gas. Davy, noting the anesthetic effects, proposed that the gas could be used for operations, although this was not tried for another half century. R-phrases , , , S-phrases , Flash point Non-flammable U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) (OSHA) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... Humphry Davy Sir Humphry Davy (December 17, 1778 - May 29, 1829), often incorrectly spelled Humphrey, was an Cornish chemist. ...

Chloroform was used as an anaesthetic, but it fell into disuse due to its high toxicity and narrow dose margin. Nitrous oxide and diethyl ether were adopted by the medical mainstream and became the standard anesthetics in use for many years. Other gases such as cyclopropane were also used for anesthesia. Non-flammable gases such as halothane replaced flammable anaesthetics such as ether. Halothane is now rarely used in humans due to problems with liver damage and a rare condition called malignant hyperthermia, but it is still widely used in veterinary medicine. For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Molecule structure formula of cyclopropane Cyclopropane is a cycloalkane molecule with the molecular formula C3H6 consisting of three carbon atoms linked to each other to form a ring, with each carbon atom bearing two hydrogen atoms. ... Halothane vapour is an inhalational general anaesthetic. ... Malignant hyperthermia (MH or MHS for malignant hyperthermia syndrome, or malignant hyperpyrexia due to anesthesia) is a rare life-threatening condition that is triggered by exposure to drugs used for general anaesthesia, such as volatile anaesthetics or the depolarizing muscle relaxant suxamethonium chloride. ...

Modern anesthetics such as isoflurane and sevoflurane have been developed for medical use which lack both the flammability of ether and the toxicity of halothane, and research in the area is ongoing. Nitrous oxide is still widely used as a dental anaesthetic, to reduce patient anxiety during dental work and minor dental surgery. Other medical anesthetics and inhaled medicinal drugs include xenon, enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, methoxyflurane, salbutamol, and fluticasone. The volatile anaesthetics are a class of general anaesthetic drugs. ... Structural formula of isoflurane Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether used for inhalation anesthesia. ... Sevoflurane (2, 2, 2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) ethyl ether), also called fluoromethyl, is a halogenated ether used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 131. ... Structural formula of enflurane Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluomethyl ether) is a halogenated ether that was commonly used for inhalational anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s. ... Structural formula of isoflurane Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether used for inhalation anesthesia. ... Sevoflurane (2, 2, 2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) ethyl ether), also called fluoromethyl, is a halogenated ether used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. ... Desflurane is a highly flourinated ether used for maintenance of general anaesthesia. ... Methoxyflurane (C3H4Cl2F2O) is an inhalation anesthetic used in the 1960s, but withdrawn because of detrimental effects on the kidneys. ... Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. Salbutamol sulphate is usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. ... Fluticasone proprionate is a glucocorticoid often prescribed as treatment for asthma and allergic rhinitis. ...

Legal issues

Most inhalant solvents and gases are not regulated under illegal drug laws such as the United States' Controlled Substances Act. However, many US states and Canadian cities have placed restrictions on the sale of some solvent-containing products to minors, particularly for products widely associated with "sniffing", such as model cement. The practice of inhaling such substances is sometimes colloquially referred to as huffing, sniffing (or "glue-sniffing"), dusting, or chroming. The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ... Inhalation is the movement of air from the external environment, through the airways, into the alveoli during breathing. ...

Patterns of non-medical usage

Africa

In some African countries, dung sniffing is practiced (see Jenkem). Glue sniffing is also a problem in these countries. Dung sniffing works because as feces decomposes, it releases methane gas into the air. When this is inhaled, its effects are similar to other industrial inhalants. glue.^[9][10] Jenkem (also jekem) is a narcotic recreational drug composed of noxious gas formed from fermented human sewage. ...

Asia

India and South Asia

In India and South Asia, three of the most widely abused inhalants are the Dendrite brand and other forms of contact adhesives and rubber cements manufactured in Kolkata, toluenes in paint thinners and Iodex - a muscle stress relieving balm. Another very common inhalant is Erase-X, a correction fluid which contains toluene. It has become very common for school and college students to use it because it is easily available in stationery shops in India. Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ... Logo of Dendrite Dendrite is a superglue brand marketed in India and South Asia, mainly in Eastern India, Bangladesh and Bhutan. ... , “Calcutta” redirects here. ... Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... Turpentine substitute is a mineral based replacement for the vegetable based organic solvent turpentine. ...

South East Asia

Dung sniffing has been noted as a problem in several countries in South East Asia such as Thailand and Malaysia among poor and homeless people. Animal or human dung is placed into a plastic bag or tin and left out in the sun where it starts to decompose, releasing methane gas, which has narcotic properties. Police were unsure of what action could be taken, given that dung is not illegal and would be problematic to restrict supplies.^[11] Jenkem (also jekem) is a narcotic recreational drug composed of noxious gas formed from fermented human sewage. ... Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . ...

UK

Marginalized youth use a number of inhalants, such as solvents and propellants. As well, in the UK rave culture, inhalants such as nitrous oxide "whippets" and poppers are used to enhance the effect of the electronic dance music. Variety of popper brands Poppers is the street term for various alkyl nitrites taken for recreational purposes through direct inhalation, particularly amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite. ...

Russia and Eastern Europe

Gasoline sniffing became common on Russian ships following attempts to limit the supply of alcohol to ship crews in the 1980s. The documentary Children Underground depicts the huffing of a solvent called Aurolac by Romanian homeless children. Gasoline sniffing also occurs in some remote indigenous communities in developed countries. Alcoholic beverages An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds. ... Children Underground is a 2001 documentary film directed by Edet Belzberg. ...

North America

Canada

Native children in the isolated Northern Labrador community of Davis Inlet were the focus of national concern in 1993 when many were found to be sniffing gasoline. The federal Canadian and provincial Newfoundland and Labrador governments intervened on a number of occasions, sending many children away for treatment. Despite being moved to the new community of Natuashish in 2002, serious inhalant abuse problems have continued. Similar problems were also reported in Sheshatshiu in 2000. Davis Inlet was an Innu community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, formerly inhabited by the Mushuau Innu First Nation. ... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Natuashish is an Innu community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Sheshatshiu (IPA pronunciation /ʃɛ.hə.ʃiː/) is an Innu village in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, located approximately 20 kilometres north of Goose Bay. ...

Mexico

The inhaling of a mixture of gasoline and/or industrial solvents, known locally as "Activo" or "Chemo", has risen in popularity among the homeless and among the street children of Mexico City in recent years. The mixture is poured onto a handkerchief and inhaled while held in one's fist. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México, D.F. or simply México) is the capital city of Mexico. ...

The chemicals in most common use are cements (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene), lubricants (toluene, ethyl acetate and other acetones), thinners (petroleum distillants, benzene, acetone, tetrachloroethylene) and paint strippers (acetone, toluene, benzene, methylene chloride)[9]. The chemical compound trichloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent. ... Tetrachloroethylene Cl2C=CCl2 is a manufactured chemical compound that is widely used for the dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing. ... Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , Flash point −4 °C Related Compounds Related carboxylate esters Methyl acetate, Butyl acetate Related compounds Acetic acid, ethanol Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... For benzine, see petroleum ether. ... Dichloromethane or Methylene chloride is a chemical compound widely used as a solvent for organic materials. ...

United States

Ether was used as a recreational drug during the 1930s Prohibition era, when alcohol was made illegal in the USA for over 10 years. Ether was either sniffed or drunk, and in some towns replaced alcohol entirely. However, the risk of death from excessive sedation or overdose is greater than that with alcohol, and ether drinking is associated with damage to the stomach and gastrointestinal tract.^[12] This article is about the chemical compound. ...

Use of glue, paint and gasoline was little known before the 1950s. Later, glue sniffing became a worldwide phenomenon; however, it is not known if this popularity was caused by government anti-inhalant campaigns. Drug educators argue that the advertising campaigns designed to prevent drug use may instead promote such use. Abuse of aerosol sprays became more common in the 1980s as older propellants such as CFCs were phased out and replaced by more environmentally friendly compounds such as propane and butane. Tetrafluoroethane (a haloalkane) is a clear liquid which boils well below room temperature (as seen here) and can be extracted from common canned air canisters by simply inverting them during use. ... Propane is a three-carbon alkane, normally a gas, but compressible to a liquid that is transportable. ... Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ...

Abuse of solvents is widespread in impoverished communities, both in developing countries or in poor communities in developed countries (e.g., Aboriginal communities in northern Canada or in Australia). Because solvents and inhalant gases are legally available and inexpensive, there has long been incidents of teenagers using inhalants recreationally. However, most of the long term abuse, or use by older adults tends to be limited to extremely poor or marginalised groups in society.

South Pacific

Australia

Although some sources argue that sniffing was introduced by US servicemen stationed in the nation's Top End during World War II,^[13] or through experimentation by 1940s-era Coburg Peninsula sawmill workers,^[14] other sources claim that inhalant abuse (such as glue inhalation) emerged in Australia in the late 1960s.^[15] Chronic, heavy gasoline sniffing appears mainly to occur among remote, impoverished indigenous communities, where the ready accessibility of gasoline has helped to make it a common substance for abuse. United States may refer to: Places: United States of America SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. ... A Norwegian soldier (a Corporal, armed with an MP-5) A soldier is a person who has enlisted with, or has been conscripted into, the armed forces of a sovereign country and has undergone training and received equipment to defend that country or its interests. ... The Top End is, Cape York Peninsula aside, the northernmost part of Australia. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Language(s) Several hundred Indigenous Australian languages (many extinct or nearly so), Australian English, Australian Aboriginal English, Torres Strait Creole, Kriol Religion(s) Primarily Christian, with minorities of other religions including various forms of Traditional belief systems based around the Dreamtime Related ethnic groups see List of Indigenous Australian group...

In Australia, gasoline sniffing now occurs widely throughout remote communities of the Northern Territory, Western Australia, northern parts of South Australia and Queensland. The number of people sniffing gasoline goes up and down over time as young people experiment or sniff occasionally. 'Boss' or chronic sniffers may move in and out of communities; they are often responsible for encouraging young people to take it up.^[16] For similar terms, see Northern Territories (disambiguation) Slogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top End Motto(s): none Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Constitutional monarchy Administrator Ted Egan Chief Minister Clare Martin (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 2  - Senate seats 2 Gross Territorial Product (2004... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06)  - Product ($m)  $107,910 (4th)  - Product per capita  $53,134/person... Capital Adelaide Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Marjorie Jackson-Nelson Premier Mike Rann (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 11  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $59,819 (5th)  - Product per capita  $38,838/person (7th) Population (End of September 2006)  - Population  1,558,200 (5th)  - Density  1. ... Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Motto(s): Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Anna Bligh (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 28  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $158,506 (3rd...

A 1983 survey of 4,165 secondary students in New South Wales showed that solvents and aerosols ranked just after analgesics (e.g., codeine pills) and alcohol for drugs that were abused. This 1983 study did not find any common usage patterns or social class factors.^[17]

In Australia between 1981-1991, there were 60 Aboriginal males and three Aboriginal females whose deaths were associated with gasoline sniffing^[18] . They ranged in age from 11 to 32. The causes of death included pneumonia, cardiac failure/arrest, aspiration of vomit, and burns. In 1985, there were 14 communities in Central Australia reporting young people sniffing. In July 1997, it was estimated that there were around 200 young people sniffing gasoline across 10 communities in Central Australia. Approximately 40 were classified as 'chronic' sniffers. Central Australia is a term used to describe the area of land surrounding and including Alice Springs in Australia. ...

In some communities many children and youths might try gasoline sniffing at least once or twice. Most of these 'experimental' users will not become regular or long-term sniffers. Recently, there have been reports of young Aboriginal people sniffing gasoline in the urban areas around Darwin and Alice Springs. Substitution of gasoline by non-sniffable Opal fuel (which is much less likely to cause a "high") has made a difference in some communities. Port Darwin redirects here. ... Alice Springs on a large scale map Alice Springs is a large town in the Northern Territory of Australia located at 23°42′ S 133°52′ E. Its population of 28,178 (2001 Census) makes it the second-largest settlement in the Territory (the only other towns of... Opal is a tyle of gasoline (petrol) fuel developed in 2005 by BP Australia to combat the rising use of gasoline as an inhalant by the Indigenous Australian community. ...

Elsewhere

In several parts of the world where glue-sniffing is widespread, terms for glue-sniffers have arisen based on brand-names of substances, such as aurolaci in Romania from the brand name Aurolac, or resistoleros in Brazil from the brand name Resistol. These terms are often used even in English-language writing about substance abuse in those regions.

Popular culture references

Music and musical culture

The Ramones sang "Now I Want to Sniff Some Glue" about adolescent ennui. The punk fanzine "Sniffin' Glue" takes its name from the song but, the fanzine is not about inhalants. The Dead Milkmen song, "Life is Shit" from their album "Beelzebubba" is almost entirely about two friends hallucinating after sniffing glue. The only direct reference is in the first verse, as every verse following it details their hallucinations: "He said 'Yes I do believe this is true, would you like to come and sniff some glue? And we'll fly to where the skies are blue, and look for things both bright and new'". The Ramones (L-R, Johnny, Tommy, Joey, Dee Dee) on the cover of their debut self-titled album (1976), cementing their place at the dawn of the punk movement. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. ... Boring and Bored redirect here. ... Sniffin Glue is the name of a famous and pioneering monthly punk fanzine started by Mark Perry in July 1976 and released for about a year. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Beelzebubba (album) is the fourth full-length studio album by the satirical punk band Dead Milkmen, released in 1988. ...

In the Nirvana song "Dumb", Kurt Cobain sings "my heart is broke/But I have some glue/ help me inhale /And mend it with you". The Beck song "Fume" from his cassette "Fresh Meat and Old Slabs" is entirely about doing nitrous oxide. He sings: "Had a can of nitrous/we rolled the windows up/Now we're breathing deeply/breathing deeply." The lyrics have a humorous tone throughout, particularly in the chorus: "There's a fume/in this truck/and I don't know if we're dead or what the fuck?" Primus's 1998 song "Lacquer Head" is about adolescents who use inhalants to get high. In the Sum 41 song "Fat Lip", one part of the song is "...you don't make sense from all the gas you be huffing..." This article is about the American grunge band. ... Dumb is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. ... Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 – c. ... This article is about the musician. ... Very little is known about this unreleased album, which is much more obscure than the other unofficial Beck (non)releases. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Primus. ... Lacquer Head is the lone single off of Primus 1999 album, Antipop. ... Sum 41 is a Canadian rock band from Ajax, Ontario. ... For other uses, see Fat Lip (disambiguation). ...

The Eminem song, "Bad Meets Evil" contains the lyric: "I breathe ether in three lethal amounts" The L7 song, "Scrap" is about a skinhead, Scrap, who regularly inhales spraypaint fumes. The first verse describes Scrap thusly: "I met a skinhead named Scrap, he lived in my friend's garage, everyday he's shaking that spraypaint can, and comes out seeing stars," The chorus describes the general use of spraypaint as an inhalant: " Grab a paper bag like an oxygen mask, until your mind starts to gel, because the ball in the can has a crazy beat, the funky dyin' brain cell" Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), better known as Eminem or Slim Shady, is a Grammy and Academy Award-winning American rapper, record producer and actor from the Detroit, Michigan area. ... L7 (sometimes spelled L-7) has several meanings: L7 is 1950s slang for square, based on the shape made when putting together an L made with the left thumb and index finger and a 7 made with the right thumb and index finger. ... Skinheads, named for their close-cropped or shaven heads, are a working-class subculture that originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s, and then spread to other parts of the world. ...

Films and books

In the 1980 Film Airplane!, McCroskey (played by Lloyd Bridges) delivers the famous quote I picked the wrong week to stop sniffing glue. In the David Lynch film Blue Velvet, Dennis Hopper's character uses a mask to inhale nitrous oxide. In Little Shop of Horrors, Steve Martin's character dies from nitrous oxide inhalation. Airplane! is an American comedy film, first released on 27 June 1980, produced, directed, and written by David Zucker, Jim Abrahams, and Jerry Zucker. ... Bridges in The Sound of Fury (1950) Lloyd Vernet Bridges, Jr. ... For other persons named David Lynch, see David Lynch (disambiguation). ... Blue Velvet is an influential 1986 neo-noir mystery and thriller film written and directed by David Lynch. ... Dennis Lee Hopper (born May 17, 1936) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor and film-maker. ... Little Shop of Horrors is the 1986 film adaptation of the off-Broadway musical comedy of the same name by composer Alan Menken and writer Howard Ashman, about a nerdy florist shop worker who raises a plant that feeds on human blood. ... For other uses, see Steve Martin (disambiguation). ...

In the 1996 film Citizen Ruth, the character Ruth sniffs patio sealant from a paper bag. In the movie Love Liza, the main character, played by Philip Seymour Hoffman, develops a gasoline addiction. In The Cider House Rules, Michael Caine's character is an ether addict. In the film thirteen, the main character uses computer cleaner to get high. Harmony Korine's 1997 film Gummo features two adolescent boys who often huff glue. In the movie Shooter, Mark Wahlburg inhales gases from a Whip-It! whipped cream canister to knock himself out. Citizen Ruth is a 1996 film that tells a story of a poor, irresponsible, and pregnant woman who unexpectedly attracts attention from those involved in the debate about the morality and legality of abortion. ... Waterproofing is a method by which an item is made resistant to damage by water. ... Love Liza is a 2002 film starring Philip Seymour Hoffman. ... Philip Seymour Hoffman (born July 23, 1967) is an Academy Award-winning American actor. ... This article relates to the film, The Cider House Rules (film) directed by Lasse Hallström. ... This article is about the English actor. ... Thirteen is a 2003 film co-written by Catherine Hardwicke (who also directed the film) and Nikki Reed. ... Harmony Korine Harmony Korine (born January 4, 1973) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and author. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Gummo is a 1997 cult film written and directed by Harmony Korine, better known for his writing contributions to Larry Clarks controversial 1995 film, Kids. ... A shooter can be: 1979 A type of video game. ... Mark Wahlberg and Singer/Actor Eric West pose together at MTV Video Music Awards September, 2000 Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg (born June 5, 1971 in Dorchester, Massachusetts) is an American entertainer, and is now known primarily as an actor. ...

The book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and the film version, describe how the two main characters inhale diethyl ether and Amyl Nitrite as two of a number of recreational drugs they take on their trip. The hard cover version of the book. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... Amyl nitrite is the chemical compound with the formula C5H11ONO. A variety of isomers are known, but they all feature an amyl group attached to the nitrito functional group. ...

See also

• Inhaler or puffer, a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs (often used in the treatment of asthma)
• Mt Theo Program, a successful petrol sniffing prevention program run by the indigenous Warlpiri community in Central Australia.
• Opal (fuel), a variety of low-aromatic gasoline (petrol) developed to combat the rising use of gasoline as an inhalant in remote indigenous Australian communities. Opal is less likely to cause intoxication (a "high") for inhalant users.

An inhaler is a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs. ... The Mt Theo Program is a highly successful petrol sniffing prevention program run by the Warlpiri community in Central Australia. ... Opal is a tyle of gasoline (petrol) fuel developed in 2005 by BP Australia to combat the rising use of gasoline as an inhalant by the Indigenous Australian community. ...

References

1. ^ Joseph, Donald E.; parker spence (2005). Inhalants. Drugs of Abuse. United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
2. ^ The Public Health Bush Book. Northern Territory Government, Department of Health and Community Services (2002). Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
3. ^ Inhalant abuse. Canadian Paediatric Society (January 2005). Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
4. ^ . For example, studies on inhalant use in New Zealand showed that "...most of the inhalant abusers are within the 14- to 18-year-old age group"; in the Philippines, the mean age of sniffers was 15; in Korea, a 1992 study showed "86 percent are male and are below the age of 20"; about 3/4 of Singapore inhalant users in a 1987 study were 19 or younger. See article at: http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/148.pdf
5. ^ Williams, Jonas (March 2004). Responding to petrol sniffing on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands: A case study. Social Justice Report 2003. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
6. ^ Native children in Canada's isolated Northern Labrador community of Davis Inlet were the focus of national concern in 1993 when many were found to be sniffing gasoline. The federal Canadian and provincial Newfoundland and Labrador governments intervened on a number of occasions, sending many children away for treatment. Despite being moved to the new community of Natuashish in 2002, serious inhalant abuse problems have continued. Similar problems were also reported in Sheshatshiu in 2000.
7. ^ http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/148.pdf
8. ^ http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/148.pdf
9. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/406067.stm
10. ^ http://www.aegis.com/news/ap/1999/ap990703.html
11. ^ http://www.prn2.usm.my/mainsite/bulletin/nst/2000/nst16.html
12. ^ Brecher, Edward M. (1972). The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs. Consumer Reports Magazine.. 
13. ^ Wortley, R. P. (August 29, 2006). "ANANGU PITJANTJATJARA YANKUNYTJATJARA LAND RIGHTS (REGULATED SUBSTANCES) AMENDMENT BILL". Legislative Council (South Australia). Hansard. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. 
14. ^ Brady, Maggie (April 27, 2006). "Community Affairs Reference Committee Reference: Petrol sniffing in remote Aboriginal communities". Official Committee Hansard (Senate): 11. Hansard. Retrieved on 2006-03-20. 
15. ^ http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/148.pdf
16. ^ Williams, Jonas (March 2004). Responding to petrol sniffing on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands: A case study. Social Justice Report 2003. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
17. ^ http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/148.pdf
18. ^ Generally groups of young people will inhale gasoline together. Each person inhales from his or her own can of gasoline or gasoline-soaked cloth until the person is intoxicated. The person may repeatedly inhale gasoline fumes over a period of several hours to maintain the desired level of intoxication. Usually the sniffing stops when the gasoline supply runs out or when the sniffer becomes too hungry or tired to keep it up.

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Davis Inlet was an Innu community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, formerly inhabited by the Mushuau Innu First Nation. ... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Natuashish is an Innu community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Sheshatshiu (IPA pronunciation /ʃɛ.hə.ʃiː/) is an Innu village in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, located approximately 20 kilometres north of Goose Bay. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ...

External links

• Alliance for Consumer Education
• Inhalants.Drugabuse.gov (National Institute on Drug Abuse)
• Inhalants - Facts and Figures (Office of National Drug Control Policy)
• What Parents Should Know About "Huffing"
• Information and harm reduction strategies on inhalants and other psychoactive drugs
• Solvents news page (Alcohol and Drugs History Society)
• Inhalants news page (Alcohol and Drugs History Society)