The initial events of the Rwandan Genocide set the course for subsequent events, which culminated in the mass genocide of Tutsi and moderate Hutu residents of Rwanda. Many hold Minister of Defence, Colonel Théoneste Bagosora, responsible for the orchestration of the genocide; he had held ultimate authority over the presidential guard. Pile of stacked skulls at the Ntarama Church in Nyamata, which was one of the many sites across Rwanda which served as a killing chamber during the 1994 genocide. ... The Nyarubuye Massacre is the name given to the killing of an estimated 20,000 civilians at the Nyarubuye Roman Catholic Church and took place on 15-April 16, 1994 in the province of Kibungo, 140 km (60 miles) east of the Rwandan capital Kigali. ... // Belgium Belgium was extremely shocked by the events of 1994. ... // People Paul Rusesabagina - sheltered both Tutsis and Hutus during the genocide Théodore Sindikubwabo - interim president of Rwanda. ... This is a bibliography of books, websites and other sources providing information on the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. ... The Interahamwe (Kinyarwanda meaning Those Who Stand Together or Those Who Fight Together) was the most important of the militias formed by the Hutu ethnic majority of Rwanda and, together with the smaller Impuzamugambi, was responsible for over 800,000 deaths in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Impuzamugambi (sometimes Impuza Mugambi), which means Those who have the same goal or Those who have a single goal in the Kinyarwanda language, was a Hutu militia in Rwanda formed in 1992. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Rwandan Patriotic Front (also translated as: Rwandese Patriotic Front; or referred to as: Patriotic Front of Rwanda) abbreviated as RPF (also often referred to as FPR from French: Front patriotique rwandais) is the current ruling political party of Rwanda, led by President Paul Kagame. ... The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. ... The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) was a relief mission instituted by the United Nations. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... Radio Télévision Libre de Mille Collines (RTLM) was a Rwandan radio station which broadcast from 8 July 1993 to 31 July 1994. ... Wanted poster for the ICTR The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April, 1994, commencing on April 6. ... Hotel Rwanda is a 2004 drama film about the Rwandan Genocide, directed by Irish filmmaker Terry George. ... Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (ISBN 0786715103 / 0786714875) is a 2003 book by Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire of the Canadian Armed Forces, with help from Major Brent Beardsley. ... Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda is a 2003 book by Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire of the Canadian Armed Forces, with help from Major Brent Beardsley. ... The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A defence minister (Commonwealth English) or defense minister (American English) is a cabinet portfolio (position) which regulates the armed forces in a sovereign nation. ... Colonel Théoneste Bagosora (born August 16, 1941) is a Rwandan military officer. ...

The week that followed the attack

Assassination of Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana and Moderate Hutus

During the nighttime from 6 April to 7 April, the members of the Forces armées rwandaises, under the leadership of Colonel Bagosora, engaged in heated discourse with General Roméo Dallaire, then commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). (The UNAMIR served as the military and legal force behind the Prime Minister of Rwanda, in addition to its other peacekeeping duties.) Roméo Dallaire Lieutenant-General Roméo Alain Dallaire, OC, CMM, GOQ, MSC, CD, B.Sc, LL.D (University of Saskatchewan(Granting: 2007) (h. ... The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda was a relief mission instituted by the United Nations to aid the implementation of the Arusha Accords, signed August 4, 1993 in order to ease tensions between the Hutu-dominated Rwandese government and the Tutsi rebels (for the most part centered in the... List of the Heads of Government of Rwanda See Also: List of incumbents, List of Presidents of Rwanda, List of Kings of Rwanda. ...

Madame Agathe Uwiligiyimana, the Rwandan Prime Minister, planned to launch an appeal for calm over the radio the following morning. |Roméo Dallaire planned to send an armed escort with Uwiligiyimana to the radio station. However, the presidential guard took control of the state radio station that morning and Madame Uwilingyimana had to cancel her speech. Later that day, the presidential guard assassinated her. Agathe Uwilingiyimana (1953 - 7 April 1994) was a Rwandan political figure. ... List of the Heads of Government of Rwanda See Also: List of incumbents, List of Presidents of Rwanda, List of Kings of Rwanda. ...

Many powerful, moderate Hutus, who favored the Arusha Accords, were later assassinated. An attempt was made on the life of Faustin Twagiramungu, the prime minister of the Transitional Broad Based Government under the accords, but it failed thanks to the efforts of the UNAMIR. The Arusha Accords (also known as the Arusha Peace Agreement, or the Arusha negotiations) were a set of five accords (or protocols) signed by the Rwandese Patriotic Front and the Government of Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania on 4 August 1993, ending the civil war. ... Faustin Twagiramungu (born 1945 in Cyangugu province) is an ethnic TWA politician in Rwanda. ... The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda was a relief mission instituted by the United Nations to aid the implementation of the Arusha Accords, signed August 4, 1993 in order to ease tensions between the Hutu-dominated Rwandese government and the Tutsi rebels (for the most part centered in the...

Execution of Ten Belgian Blue Helmets

The presidential guard captured the fifteen Blue Helmets, troops from UNAMR, who had been protecting the Prime Minister, Madame Uwilingiyimana. Five out of the fifteen were Ghanaian and were quickly set free. The other ten were Belgian and were tortured and killed with machetes [1]. Bagosora and his entourage immediately advised General Dallaire that it was better for the Belgians to leave immediately because the radio accused them of being the perpetrators behind the attack on the presidential aeroplane. These accusations had aroused the uncontrollable anger of the group. General Dallaire had been told by an informer named "Jean-Pierre" in January 1994 that there was a plan to attack the Belgians in order to make them leave the UNAMIR, where they formed the largest contingent of soldiers. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An Air France Boeing 777, a modern passenger jet. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ...

Evacuation of foreign personnel by Belgium and France

France and Belgium formed two separate militarily assisted evacuation operations whose actions are detailed in the role of the international community section. France also evacuated dignitaries, families of Habyarimana regime officials, and the children in a presidential orphanage. // Belgium Belgium was extremely shocked by the events of 1994. ... Juvénal Habyarimana (March 8, 1937 - April 6, 1994) was president of Rwanda from 1973 until his death in 1994. ... An orphanage (historically an orphans asylum before the latter word took on its modern insane asylum connotation) is an institution dedicated to caring for orphans (children who have lost their parents) and abused, abandoned, and neglected children. ...

These evacuations were the cause of two very large controversies, after the fact. The first is over whether the genocide could have been stopped at the outset by nearby Western troops. At the time, there were American soldiers in Burundi, two hundred kilometres south of Kigali. Larger groups of Western troops were also a few hours from Rwanda by aeroplane. Soldiers agree that these troops had the power to retake control of Kigali and to decisively support UNAMIR, which had a lamentable lack of equipment. The other controversy related to the complete refusal to evacuate the endangered Tutsi. The only Western country which evacuated any Tutsi was Belgium; these were a very few Tutsi who had succeeded in including themselves into the evacuated groups by negotiation or infiltration. km redirects here. ... Kigali, population 603,049 (2002 census), is the capital city of Rwanda and its largest city, lying in the centre of the nation. ... An Air France Boeing 777, a modern passenger jet. ... Emergency evacuation is the movement of persons from a dangerous place due to the threat or occurrence of a disastrous event. ... The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. ...

Composition of the interim government

The new government was created after the assassination of the Prime Minister, Madame Uwilingiyimana. Its prime minister was the first to be condemned by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Jean Kambanda, who pleaded guilty. Read sub-chapters 14.4 to 14.8 of the United Nations report. This government was characterized as controlling the genocide. The ICTR has sentenced or is in the process of sentencing the majority of its members. It seems that there was a fight for influence between Colonel Bagosora, who controlled the presidential guard, and the chief of staff of the FAR who wished to create a civil government. This government was thus the result of a trade-off of circumstances and Bagosora, who renounced a military government, "set up” (according to the terms of the agreement with the UN) a civil government formed of adept members of the Hutu Power, motivated by the extermination of the Tutsi. Wanted poster for the ICTR The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April, 1994, commencing on April 6. ... Jean Kambanda (born October 19, 1955) was the prime minister in the caretaker government of Rwanda from the start of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ...

Civil war starts again between the FAR and the RPF

The Arusha accords, concluded in August 1993, permitted 600 FPR soldiers to be moved into Kigali. However, it seems that the FPR exceeded that number. The date of the resumption of the fighting between the FPR and the FAR was the source of many controversies, partly related the attribution of responsibilities in the attack of 6 April. General Quesnot, Major Chief of State of the Elysée at the time of the genocide, supported in his hearing in front of the French deputies that the FPR launched into action immediately after the attack. The French deputies, after various verifications, did not retain this version of events and started an effective resumption of fighting on behalf of the FPR on 10 April 1994. In his book, General Romeo Dallaire speaks of provocations from 7 April by the FAR with respect to the of posted FPR battalion in Kigali. Whatever the real answer, after the first few days of the genocide, the FPR deployed all its combatants against the FAR. 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... The entrance to the Élysée Palace The hall of festivities during a CSCE conference. ... In the Episcopal Church of the United States of America, one of two legislative houses in the denominations General Convention. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ...

Responsibility for the attack of 6 April 1994

The identity of those behind the attack of 6 April 1994 is still poorly understood today. The source of the missiles that destroyed the presidential aeroplane is subject to much controversy, controversy which is even more relevant as the attack was the prelude to one of the worst horrors ever seen on the African continent. April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... A missile (CE pronunciation: ; AmE: ) is, in general, a projectile—that is, something thrown or otherwise propelled. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Several hypothesises have been advanced and have been examined by the Belgian [2] and French [3] parliaments, as well as by the United Nations [4]. The two most plausible explanations accuse one of the groups of Hutu extremists, distressed by the advancement of negations with the FPR, the political and military adversary of the current regime. Among the other hypothesises that have been examined, there is one that implicates the French military, although there is no clear motive for a French attack on the Rwandan government. A hypothesis (from Greek ) is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon or reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between multiple phenomena. ...

The FPR and president Paul Kagame have always denied any involvement in the attack, however a recent French investigation lead by Jean-Louis Bruguière concluded differently (Le Monde 10 March 2004 and following days). The French newspaper Le Monde annotated Bruguière's report, but it was not published. The investigation has since been suspended. Paul Kagame Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the current President of Rwanda. ... Jean-Louis Bruguière is a French judge. ...

The UN has never investigated the attack. In front of the Belgian senate, the person mandated by the UN to lead the investigation, Mr Degni-Segui, declared that he was not able to get a hold of the required components for his work from France, nor from the FAR. On the other hand, the French captain, Paul Barril, alleged on French television to possess the black box of the aeroplane. It seems that, according to witnesses as well as General Roméo Dallaire, the French troops surrendered the debris of the device after the attack, even though officially, only the presidential guard had access to it. The judicial and political complexity of the affair seemed to require the nomination of an investigation committee; however the UN refused, citing a "budgeting error." A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... In aircraft, the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) are used to record aircraft and pilot behavior in order to analyze accidents, and are usually called black boxes by the news media. ... Roméo Dallaire Lieutenant-General Roméo Alain Dallaire, OC, CMM, GOQ, MSC, CD, B.Sc, LL.D (University of Saskatchewan(Granting: 2007) (h. ...

The aeroplane's black box was the subject of a wild reportage in 2004. Apparently found by the UN, after the insistence of the French newspaper, Le Monde, an expert revealed that it could not be the one from Habyarimana's aeroplane. Anyway, this box, which has become mythological, is unlikely to reveal anything about those who launched the missiles. 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Le Monde is a French daily evening newspaper with a circulation in 2002 of 389,200. ...

See also

Example of the discussion of the adherents of the dissertation on the responsibility of the FPR in the attack. This document is found on the "www.inshuti.org" site, considered to be close to revisionists over the genocide in Rwanda by partisans of Habyarimana's former regime. Revisionism is a word which has several meanings. ...

References

External links