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For other uses of the term "Instant replay", see Instant replay (disambiguation).

Instant replay refers to a system where plays in a sporting match can be reviewed (or replayed) using recorded video feeds of the sporting match in order to ensure that the correct call is made on the play. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... Image File history File links Merge-arrows. ... A video referee, also known as the instant replay official, television match official or third umpire, is a sports official called upon to help adjudicate a sports match using television footage. ... Instant replay may refer to: The Instant replay rule in sports Instant Replay (The Monkees album), an 1960s album of The Monkees A 1968 book written by professional American football player Jerry Kramer A 1978 chart-topping single or album by singer/songwriter Dan Hartman Category: ...

Instant replay is used in many pro-sports leagues including the National Hockey League, the National Football League & Canadian Football League, and the National Basketball Association. It made its debut in 1955, by George Retzlaff at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation during a broadcast of Hockey Night in Canada.^[1] Jim Wheeler erroneously claims to have invented Instant Replay in 1964.^{[citation needed]} NHL redirects here. ... NFL redirects here. ... CFL redirects here. ... NBA redirects here. ... See also: 1954 in sports, other events of 1955, 1956 in sports and the list of years in sports. // [edit] Auto Racing NASCAR Championship - Tim Flock AAA Racing: Bob Sweikert won the Indianapolis 500 Bob Sweikert won the season championship Formula One Championship - Juan Manuel Fangio of Argentina 24 hours... Radio-Canada redirects here. ... Hockey Night in Canada (HNIC) is a popular television broadcast of National Hockey League games in Canada, produced by the CBC. Hockey Night consistently remains one of the highest-rated Canadian programs on television. ...

Starting with the 2005 season, the National Collegiate Athletic Association allowed the use of instant replay for all Division I-A football conferences, just a year after the Big Ten Conference experimented with replay. Instant replay is used sparingly in college basketball to resolve issues of time and score (such as whether a shot is a three-pointer) or to determine which player should shoot free throws following a foul. // Athletics Mens 100 metres - Asafa Powell of Jamaica sets a new world record of 9. ... The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA, often pronounced N-C-Double-A or N-C-Two-A ) is a voluntary association of about 1,200 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States. ... Division I (or DI) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. ... For other uses of the term Big Ten see Big Ten (disambiguation). ... Game between Illinois State Redbirds & Ball State Cardinals, February 17, 2007 in an ESPN Bracketbuster contest. ... Sara Giauro shoots a three-point shot, FIBA Europe Cup for Women Finals 2007 In basketball, a three-point field goal, three-pointer, three-point shot, or simply three is a field goal made from beyond the three point line, a designated semi-ellipsoid arc radiating from the basket. ... It has been suggested that Three point play be merged into this article or section. ... In basketball, a personal foul is a breach of the rules that concerns illegal personal contact with an opponent. ...

American football

National Football League

Bill Cowher, former head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers, throws the red challenge flag (visible in the upper left corner of the picture), indicating his desire to challenge the referees' ruling.

The National Football League adopted an Instant Replay system in 1999, bringing in the opportunity to "challenge" on-field calls of plays. The current system mirrors a system used by the now defunct USFL in 1985. Each coach is allowed 2 opportunities per game to make a coach's challenge. Prior to the 2004 NFL season, the instant replay rule was slightly changed to allow a third challenge if both of the original two challenges were successful. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 530 pixelsFull resolution (1279 × 847 pixel, file size: 164 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Instant replay Metadata This file contains... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 530 pixelsFull resolution (1279 × 847 pixel, file size: 164 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Instant replay Metadata This file contains... William Laird Cowher (born May 8, 1957) is a former American football coach and player. ... The head coach in sports coaching is the coach who is in charge of the other coaches. ... Steelers redirects here. ... NFL redirects here. ... The 1999 NFL season was the 80th regular season of the National Football League. ... “USFL” redirects here. ... The 2004 season of the National Football League (NFL) was the 85th one played by the major professional American football league in the United States. ...

A challenge can only be made on certain reviewable calls before the two minute warning and only one in each half when the team has at least one time-out remaining in the half. When a coach decides to challenge a call, he throws a red penalty flag onto the field, indicating the challenge to the referees. Up until the 2005 season, coaches could also signal a challenge via an electronic pager, now used only by the replay assistant.^[2] This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: vanity If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... A time-out in sport is when the game is stopped for a short amount of time. ...

The referee has 60 seconds to watch the instant replay of the play and decide if the original call was correct. The referee must see "indisputable visual evidence" for a call to be overturned. If the challenge fails, the original ruling stands and the challenging team is charged with a timeout. If the challenge overrules the previous call, the call is reversed with no loss of a timeout.

Because of the limited number of challenges, and the possible penalty of a lost timeout, coaches must reserve their challenges for key plays. A questionable call may not be challenged once the next play is underway, so coaches may be forced to make a quick decision without the benefit of seeing a replay on television or on the stadium screen. Often players on the field will signal to the coach if they believe the play should be challenged.

After the 2-minute warning of each half, and in overtime, reviews can only take place if the replay assistant, who sits in the press box and monitors the network broadcast of the game, determines that a play needs review. In those cases, the replay assistant will contact the referee by a specialized electronic pager with a vibrating alert. For terminal pagers, see more (Unix) or less (Unix). ... A vibrating alert is on communications devices to notify the user of an incoming connection. ...

One concern about replay that was addressed some years ago was the situation where a coach would seek a review of a non-challengeable call (such as being forced out of bounds, or in some cases to challenge a runner down by contact). Prior to the rule being clarified, a team would lose the challenge and a time-out. The current rule does not penalize a team in such a case, provided the rule is not abused or taken advantage of.

The NFL replay system currently only covers the following situations:

• Scoring plays
• Pass complete/incomplete/intercepted
• Runner/receiver out of bounds
• Recovery of a loose ball in or out of bounds
• Touching of a forward pass, either by an ineligible receiver or a defensive player
• Quarterback pass or fumble
• Illegal forward pass
• Forward or backward pass
• Runner ruled not down by contact
• Forward progress in regard to a first down
• Touching of a kick
• Other plays involving placement of the football
• Whether a legal number of players are on the field at the time of the snap

Note that the spot of the ball may be challenged in certain cases.

The current replay system replaced a previous system used during from 1986 through 1992; procedure similar to that of college football was used. From prior to 1986, and from 1993-1998, there was no replay system utilized. While there is occasional controversy over the appropriateness of overturned calls, the system is generally accepted as an effective, and necessary way to ensure a fair game.

College football

Head referee talking with the replay official

In 2006, the NCAA Football Rules Committee enacted instant replay guidelines and added them to the football playing rules. For games involving two schools from the same conference, league policy determines whether replay will be used. For non-conference games, the home team makes the determination. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ... The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA, often said NC-Double-A) is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletics programs of many colleges and universities in the United States. ...

Plays involving the sideline, goal line, end zone and end line, as well as other detectable situations, are reviewable (e.g., fumble/no fumble, pass complete/incomplete, touchdown/no touchdown, runner down/not down, player or ball inbounds/out of bounds, clock adjustments). Most fouls (e.g., holding, offside, pass interference) are not reviewable, except that in 2006, illegal forward passes, handoffs and punts from beyond the line of scrimmage, and too many players on the field are reviewable and the foul may be called after replay review. Also, while the foul of pass interference is not reviewable, it can be overturned on review based on touching of the pass. By rule, pass interference cannot apply if a pass has been touched by any player before the foul occurs, and the touching of a pass is a reviewable call.

When replay is used, a Replay Official (usually a former college, NFL or XFL game official) reviews every play at its conclusion from a secure booth in the press box. Most plays are routine and the game continues without interruption. If, however, the following criteria are met, the Replay Official may interrupt the contest by paging the game officials to stop the game before the next play starts. The criteria are:

• There is reasonable evidence to believe an error was made in the initial on-field ruling.
• The play is reviewable.
• Any reversal of the on-field ruling, which can only result from indisputable video evidence, would have a direct, competitive impact on the game.

Once per game, each head coach may also call a timeout and challenge the ruling on the previous play before the next play starts. A coach must have at least one timeout remaining in order to challenge (teams receive three timeouts per half). If the challenge is successful and the on-field ruling is overturned, the team keeps its timeout. If not, the team loses its timeout. In either event, the head coach may not challenge again during the game.

After reviewing the play from available video angles, the Replay Official decides if the call should be upheld or overturned. If the call is overturned, the Replay Official provides the proper information to restart the game, such as the team in possession, the yardline where the ball should be placed, the correct down and distance, and the correct time on the stadium clock.

College football instant replay started in the 2004 season, when reviews were used experimentally in the Big Ten Conference only. In the 2005 season, all conferences were allowed to use instant replay. Among Division I-A conferences, the Atlantic Coast Conference, Big East, Big Ten, Big 12, Conference USA, Mid-American Conference, Mountain West Conference, Pac-10, and Southeastern Conference used replay in 2005. The Sun Belt and Western Athletic did not. For other uses of the term Big Ten see Big Ten (disambiguation). ... The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is one of the oldest collegiate athletic leagues in the United States. ... The Big East Conference is a collegiate athletics conference consisting of seventeen universities in the northeastern, southeastern and midwestern United States. ... For other uses of the term Big Ten see Big Ten (disambiguation). ... The Big 12 Conference is a college athletic conference of twelve schools located in the central United States. ... Conference USA, officially abbreviated C-USA, is a college athletic conference whose member institutions are located within the Southern United States. ... The Mid-American Conference (MAC) is a college athletic conference with a membership base that stretches from New York to Illinois. ... “Mountain West” redirects here. ... The Pacific Ten Conference (Pac-10) is a college athletic conference which operates in the western United States. ... The Southeastern Conference (SEC) is a college athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, which operates in the southeastern part of the United States. ... The Sun Belt Conference is a college athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAAs Division I since 1976. ... The Western Athletic Conference (commonly referred to as the WAC, pronounced wack) was formed on July 27, 1962, making it the sixth oldest of the 11 college athletic conferences currently participating in the NCAAs Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS; formerly Division I-A). ...

In 2005, the Big 12 initially sought to provide field monitors which would allow the on-field referee to assist the replay official; however, by the first game of the season, they decided to only provide equipment to the instant replay booth. Conference USA used a similar system, but the on-field referee made the decision after viewing a TV monitor on the sideline. The Mountain West Conference was the only league to allow a head coach's challenge. Each head coach got one challenge per half. If the call was overturned, the challenging coach kept his timeout and got a second challenge for that half. If not, the challenging coach lost one of his three timeouts for the half. No more than two challenges per half per coach were allowed. The Big 12 Conference is a college athletic conference of twelve schools located in the central United States. ... Conference USA, officially abbreviated C-USA, is a college athletic conference whose member institutions are located within the Southern United States. ... “Mountain West” redirects here. ...

There is not currently an Instant Replay equipment standard, each conference must choose (and purchase) its own equipment. Therefore, systems are quite disparate: they can be as complex as high-tech custom systems similar to those used in the NFL to simply several large screens hooked up to TiVo boxes. TiVo (pronounced tee-voh, IPA: ) is a popular brand of digital video recorder (DVR) in the United States. ...

In 2005, the Big Ten, MAC, and SEC only allowed broadcast video (for games that are televised) to be used to determine the correct call. The other conferences allowed broadcast video and scoreboard video. Most conferences provided video equipment for games that were not televised.

Instant replay was first used in postseason games in the 2005 season. It was used in all 28 bowl games as well as the Division I-AA, Division II and Division III national championship playoff games. A bowl game is a post-season college football game, typically at the Division I-A level. ...

Canadian football

The Canadian Football League board of governors has approved the use of instant replay starting in the 2006 CFL season.^[3] The CFL system seems to be modelled largely on the NFL's, although some differences have been incorporated to accommodate differences between the two codes: CFL redirects here. ... A board of governors is usually the governing board of a public entity. ... The 2006 CFL season is the 53rd season of modern Canadian professional football and the 49th official league season. ... Diagram of a Canadian football field Diagram of an American football field Canadian and American football are very similar, as both have their origins in rugby. ...

• CFL teams will be allowed two challenges per game - there is no provision for a third challenge.
• Since CFL teams are only allowed one time out per half (as opposed to three in the NFL), the first challenge will have no effect on time outs whether successful or not. Only if the second challenge is unsuccessful will the time out be charged.
• Teams cannot challenge in the final three minutes of the second half or in overtime, however a replay official may initiate a review during these times (the CFL uses a three minute warning, not the two minute warning used in the NFL).

Time-out can mean: sport time-out, a break in play that may be called by a side to formulate strategy or respond to an players injury. ... Overtime is the amount of time someone works beyond normal working hours; these may be determined in several ways, by custom (what is considered healthy or reasonable by society), by practices of a given trade or profession, by legislation, or by agreement between employers and workers or their representatives. ...

Basketball

In NBA basketball, the officials must watch an instant replay of a buzzer beater to determine if the shot was released before time expired. Buzzer Beater ) is a manga series by Takehiko Inoue. ...

In college basketball, the same procedure may also be used to determine if a shot was released before time expired in either half or an overtime period. In addition, NCAA rules allow the officials to use instant replay to determine if a field goal is worth two or three points, who is to take a free throw, whether a fight occurred and who participated in a fight. The officials may also check if the shot was made before the expiration of the shot clock, but only when such a situation occurs at the end of a half. Such rules have also required the NCAA to write new rules stating that, when looking at instant replay video, the zeroes on the clock, not the horn or red light, now determine the end of the game.^[4]

In Italy, host broadcaster Sky agreed with LEGA A for the adoption of instant replay for special tournaments and playoff games, and in 2005, for the entire season. Instant replay would be used automatically on situations similar to the NCAA, but coaches may, like the NFL, have one coach's challenge to challenge a two or three point shot, officials may determine who last touched the ball in an out-of-bounds situation, or back-court violations. Lega A Basket logo In Italian Basketball, the Serie A is the highest level club competition where play determines the national champion. ...

The adoption of instant replay would be crucial in the 2005 LEGA A championship between Armani Jeans Milano and Climamio Bologna. Bologna led the best-of-five series, 2-1, with Game 4 in Milan, and the home team leading 65-64, as Climamio's Ruben Douglas connected on a three-point basket at the end of the game to apparently win the LEGA A championship. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna is a prominent Italian basketball club based in Bologna. ...

Officials, knowing the 12,000 fans on both sides would learn the fate of the series on their call, watched replays of the shot before determining it was valid.

The ULEB will adopt instant replay for the 2006 Euroleague Final Four and made a rule change determining the lights on the backboard, not the horn, will end a period, thus assisting with instant replay.^[5]

On April 6, 2006, FIBA announced instant replay for last-second shots would be legal for their competitions. The International Basketball Federation (French: Fédération Internationale de Basketball), more commonly known by the French acronym FIBA (pronounced ), is an association of national organizations which governs international competition in basketball. ...

"The referee may use technical equipment to determine on a last shot made at the end of each period or extra period, whether the ball has or has not left the player's hand(s) within the playing time."^[6]

Ice hockey

In the National Hockey League, goals may only be reviewed in the following situations: NHL redirects here. ...

• puck crossing the goal line completely
• puck in the net prior to end of period
• puck in the net prior to goal frame being dislodged
• puck being directed into the net by hand or foot
• puck in the net after deflecting directly off an official
• puck deflected into the goal by the high stick by an attacking player

The review may only be initiated by the on-ice referees or by the video replay judge; neither team can initiate a review. In the 2006 Winter Olympics ice hockey tournament, all goals scored were automatically reviewed to ensure they were legitimate. Also, many plays in the NHL are monitored in "the war room" at league offices in Toronto by head replay official (and former Winnipeg Jet) Kris King and his assistants, who can contact replay judges at games (usually high-level local referees) and ask them to review the plays, or to mete out punishments for plays that were not noticed by the on-ice officials. Neve and Gliz, the 2006 Olympics mascots, on display in Turin The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in Turin, Italy from February 10, 2006, through February 26, 2006. ... The Winnipeg Jets were a professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. ... Kris King (born February 18, 1966, in Bracebridge, Ontario) is a former Canadian NHL hockey player Playing Carreer He played 14 seasons in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings, New York Rangers, Winnipeg Jets, Phoenix Coyotes, Toronto Maple Leafs, and the Chicago Blackhawks. ...

Tennis

In tennis, technologies such as MacCAM Auto-Ref and Hawk-Eye are used to replay close or controversial line calls during network broadcasts of the game, although Hawk-Eye replays are 3D renderings and not actual footage. Starting in 2006, the USTA began using Hawk-Eye to allow players to challenge close calls in some professional matches, starting with the NASDAQ-100 Open. Players are allowed two incorrect challenges per set, and one extra for a tiebreak. This technology made its Grand Slam debut in the 2006 US Open. For other uses, see Tennis (disambiguation). ... MacCAM (often written as MacCam, Mac-Cam or Mac Cam) is a system of slow-motion cameras developed by FastCAM Replay LLC and DEL Imaging Systems LLC used during Tennis matches to to replay close or controversial line calls. ... Hawk-Eye cricket simulation Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis and other sports to track the path of the ball. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Tennis Association (USTA), previously known as the United States National Lawn Tennis Association, was established by a small group of tennis club members in a meeting held at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City. ... The Miami Masters is an annual tennis tournament for men and women held at Key Biscayne, in Miami, Florida. ... Tiebreaker A question used in the event of a tie at the end of a pub quiz, where the answer is oten a figure not likely to be known, the winner is the closest to the answer, thus it breaks the deadlock. ... In tennis, a singles player or doubles team that wins all four Grand Slam titles in the same year is said to have achieved the Grand Slam or a Calendar Year Grand Slam. ... The U.S. Open is the fourth and final event of the Grand Slam in tennis. ...

Rugby

Instant replay has been widespread in the rugby codes for many years, especially rugby league. Replay calls can vary from the correct grounding of a ball at a try or to decide whether a player is onside before they catch the ball, when they score. The decision to call on the video referee (now called "Television Match Official (TMO)" is made by the referee, then the call is made by the replay referee, who takes his place in the stand of the host team. He either tells the pitch referee by radio link-up or by the use of a big screen during televised matches. Unlike in the NFL, a coach cannot challenge a call made by the pitch referee. A video referee, also known as the instant replay official, television match official or third umpire, is a sports official called upon to help adjudicate a sports match using television footage. ... Rugby league football (usually shortened to rugby league, football, league) is a full-contact team sport played with a prolate spheroid-shaped ball by two teams of thirteen on a rectangular grass field. ...

Cricket

Cricket also uses an instant replay. It is used in the areas of run outs, stumpings, doubtful catches and whether the ball has crossed the boundary for a six or short for a four. This article is about the sport. ... Brett Lee looks on as the third umpire ponders his decision. ...

Rodeo

The Professional Bull Riders organisation, beginning with the 2006-07 season, has instituted an instant replay system in cooperation with the Versus network.

A bull rider, a fellow competitor, or a judge may request a replay review by filing a protest to the replay official within 30 seconds of any decision.

Any competitor (it does not have to be the rider who is riding the bull in question, as fellow riders can observe the action and spot fouls by bull or rider) may file the complaint to the replay official by sounding a signal at the arena and pay a fee of $500 to PBR before explaining to the replay official why he is filing the request.

The replay official (usually a former bull rider) may request different angles and/or slow motion, as well as freeze particular frames. The replay judge will use all available technology to assess the call in question and supply his ruling. This includes using his own hand-held stopwatch to time bull rides, as the official eight-second clock used in PBR competition starts when the bull usually exits the bucking chute.

The replay will be used to evaluate timing issues, fouls against the rider for touching the bull or ground with his free hand or using the fence to stay on the bull, or fouls by the bull, such as dragging the rider across the fence.

If an appeal is successful, the $500 is returned to the competitor filing the request. If the appeal is unsuccessful, the $500 is forfeited and sent to PBR charties such as the Resistol Relief Fund to assist injured bull riders.

Other sports

Instant replay has made inroads into other major sports, although it is not used in official capacities for the most part.

NASCAR has instant replay rules for use in to determine if a car had crossed the pit entrance before the pit was closed for a yellow flag, and to determine final race positions when a race ends with a caution because the flag waved on the final lap, or when the flag waves during the final two-lap sprint. Jeff Burton (99), Elliott Sadler (38), Ricky Rudd (21), Dale Jarrett (88), Sterling Marlin (40), Jimmie Johnson (48), and Casey Mears (41) practice for the 2004 Daytona 500 The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of motorsports in the United States. ...

Instant replay has been used at least once in a high school quiz bowl game. During a round of 16 playoff game at a tournament at Michigan State University in 2003, Rufus King High School (WI) needed to score 30 points on the final bonus to defeat Corunna High School (MI). After correctly answering the first two questions, the moderator prompted for the answer on the third question. Rufus King's captain gave the correct answer and was awarded the win but Corunna protested that the moderator had allowed more than a natural pause. The Tournament Director, who was moderating a game in another room, was summoned to the room where he noticed that a parent of one of the players had used a video camera to record the game. He viewed the disputed answer and determined that it should have been disallowed, giving Corunna the win by five points. Quizbowl (or Quiz-bowl or quiz bowl) is a family of games of questions and answers on all topics of human knowledge, commonly played in high school and college. ... Michigan State University (MSU) is a co-educational public research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. Founded in 1855, it was the pioneer land-grant institution and served as a model for future land-grant colleges in the United States under the 1862 Morrill Act. ...

References