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Encyclopedia > Institute for Historical Review
Logo/Banner of the Institute for Historical Review (Acronym IHR)
Logo/Banner of the Institute for Historical Review (Acronym IHR)

The Institute for Historical Review (IHR), founded in 1978, is an American Holocaust denial[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] organization which describes itself as a "public-interest educational, research and publishing center dedicated to promoting greater public awareness of history." Critics have accused the it of being an antisemitic "pseudo-academic body" with links to neo-Nazi organizations, and assert that its primary focus is denying key facts of Nazism and the genocide of Jews and others.[8][9][10][11] It has been described as the "world's leading Holocaust denial organization."[12] [13] IHR published the non-peer-reviewed Journal of Historical Review. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 84 pixel Image in higher resolution (1109 × 116 pixel, file size: 27 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Logo/Banner of Organization for Fair UseLudvikus 07:59, 16 December 2006 (UTC) This is a logo of an organization, item, or event... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 84 pixel Image in higher resolution (1109 × 116 pixel, file size: 27 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Logo/Banner of Organization for Fair UseLudvikus 07:59, 16 December 2006 (UTC) This is a logo of an organization, item, or event... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... National Socialism redirects here. ...

Contents

History

The IHR was originally founded by Dave McCalden (also known as Lewis Brandon), a former member of the extreme right-wing National Front, and Willis Carto, the head of the now-defunct Liberty Lobby. Dave McCalden left the IHR, and Willis eventually lost control of it, in an internal power struggle. Liberty Lobby was an anti-Semitic organization best known for publishing The SPOTLIGHT, now reorganized as the American Free Press. The current head of the IHR is Mark Weber. William David McCalden (20th September 1951-15th October 1990) was a figure in the British far right who went on to become a leading international Holocaust denier. ... In the United Kingdom, the British National Front (most commonly called the National Front or NF) is a far right-wing political party that had its heyday during the 1970s and 80s. ... Willis Allison Carto (born July 17, 1926 in Indiana) is a longtime figure on the far right wing of American politics. ... Liberty Lobby was a right-wing political advocacy organization which existed in the United States between 1955 and 2001. ... The Spotlight was a weekly newspaper in the United States, published from 1975 to 2001 by a now-defunct organization called Liberty Lobby. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... External links Meet Mark Weber ...


Beginning in 1979, IHR publicly offered a reward of $50,000 for verifiable "proof that gas chambers for the purpose of killing human beings existed at or in Auschwitz." This money (and an additional $40,000) was eventually paid in 1985 to Auschwitz survivor Mel Mermelstein, who sued the IHR for breach of contract for initially ignoring his evidence (a signed testimony of his experiences in Auschwitz). As a result of Mermelstein's case, a U.S. Superior Court in California declared the Holocaust an indisputable legal fact. For the song by the Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ... // For other uses, see Gas chamber (disambiguation). ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mel Mermelstein is a Hungarian-born Jew, sole-survivor of his familys extermination at Auschwitz concentration camp who defeated the Institute for Historical Review in an American court and had the occurrence of gassings in Auschwitz during the Holocaust declared a legally incontestable fact. ... Breach of contract is a legal concept in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other partys performance. ... In law and in religion, testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter. ... This article is about witnesses in law courts. ...


The IHR has featured in its conferences and publications figures such as David Irving, Robert Faurisson, Ernst Zündel, Fred Leuchter, Arthur Butz, Joseph Sobran, Pete McCloskey, Bradley R. Smith, Carlo Mattogno, Jürgen Graf and Radio Islam founder Ahmed Rami. David Irving, 2003 David John Cawdell Irving (born March 24, 1938) is a British writer specializing in the military history of World War II. He is the author of 30 books, including The Destruction of Dresden (1963), Hitlers War (1977), Uprising (1981), Churchills War (1987), and Goebbels — Mastermind... Robert Faurisson Robert Faurisson (born January 25, 1929) is a French holocaust-denier who generated controversy over various articles he published in the Journal of Historical Review and elsewhere, as well as various letters he has sent in to French newspapers (especially Le Monde) over the years which denied the... Ernst Christof Friedrich Zündel (born April 24, 1939 in Bad Wildbad) is a German Holocaust denier and pamphleteer who was jailed several times in Canada for publishing literature which is likely to incite hatred against an identifiable group and for being a threat to national security, in the United... Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. ... Image:Butz. ... Joseph Sobran Joseph Sobran (born February 23, 1946, Michigan) is an American journalist and writer, formerly with National Review and currently a syndicated columnist. ... Paul Norton Pete McCloskey Jr. ... Did Six Million Really Die? by Richard Harwood (also known as Richard Verrall). ... Carlo Mattogno (born in 1951 in Orvieto, Italy) is an Italian Holocaust denier. ... Jürgen Graf (born August 15, 1951, Basel) is a Swiss holocaust-denier. ... Radio Islam, was a Swedish radio channel, now a website, which is dedicated to the liberation struggle of the Palestinian people against Israel. The EUs racism monitoring organization has called it one of the most radical anti-Semitic homepages on the net, and Radio Islam also espouses Holocaust denial... Ahmed Rami (born December 12, 1946) is a Swedish writer and Holocaust denier. ...


Holocaust denial

Although the Institute for Historical Review comments on a variety of subjects, it is most noted (and criticized) for its Holocaust denial.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Critics have accused the Institute of anti-Semitism and having links to neo-Nazi organizations, and assert that its primary focus is denying key facts of Nazism and the genocide of Jews and others. [8][9][10] Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... National Socialism redirects here. ...


In the news, the United Kingdom's Channel 4 describes the IHR as a "pseudo-academic body based in the United States which is dedicated to denying that the Holocaust happened,"[11] while the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called the IHR a "blatantly anti-Semitic assortment of pseudo-scholars".[14] The Daily Star, the leading English language paper in Lebanon, in response to a planned IHR meeting in the country called the IHR "loathsome pseudo-historians" and an "international hate group," and reported "as one former PLO official has put it, 'with friends like that, we don't need enemies'."[15] It has been suggested that Channel Four Television Corporation be merged into this article or section. ... The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the PG, is the largest daily newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... The Daily Star is an English language newspaper based in Lebanon. ...


IHR has insisted that they do not deny the Holocaust, claiming that, "The Institute does not 'deny the Holocaust.' Every responsible scholar of twentieth century history acknowledges the great catastrophe that befell European Jewry during World War II. All the same, the IHR has over the years published detailed books and numerous probing essays that call into question aspects of the orthodox Holocaust extermination story, and highlight specific Holocaust exaggerations and falsehoods."[16]


Commentators have argued, however, that the avowals by the IHR that they do not deny the Holocaust are misleading. Paul Rauber writes that: Paul Rauber is a Senior Editor at the Sierra Club magazine, an American environmental organization founded by conservationist pioneer John Muir in 1892. ...

The question [of whether the IHR denies the Holocaust] appears to turn on IHR's Humpty-Dumpty word game with the word Holocaust. According to Mark Weber, associate editor of the IHR's Journal of Historical Review [now Director of the IHR], "If by the 'Holocaust' you mean the political persecution of Jews, some scattered killings, if you mean a cruel thing that happened, no one denies that. But if one says that the 'Holocaust' means the systematic extermination of six to eight millions Jews in concentration camps, that's what we think there's not evidence for." That is, IHR doesn't deny that the Holocaust happened; they just deny that the word 'Holocaust' means what people customarily use it for. [17]

According to British historian of Germany Richard J. Evans: Professor Richard Evans (born 1947) is a British historian of Germany. ...

Like many individual Holocaust deniers, the Institute as a body denied that it was involved in Holocaust denial. It called this a 'smear' which was 'completely at variance with the facts' because 'revisionist scholars' such as Faurisson, Butz 'and bestselling British historian David Irving acknowledge that hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed and otherwise perished during the Second World War as a direct and indirect result of the harsh anti-Jewish policies of Germany and its allies'. But the concession that a relatively small number of Jews were killed was routinely used by Holocaust deniers to distract attention from the far more important fact of their refusal to admit that the figure ran into the millions, and that a large proportion of these victims were systematically murdered by gassing as well as by shooting.[18]

Criticism of methods

The IHR is not regarded as conducting historical research by mainstream historians and academics, but rather as conducting pseudo-science aimed at proving that the Holocaust did not happen. The editorial board of one of the leading historical journals, the Journal of American History, wrote, "We all abhor, on both moral and scholarly grounds, the substantive arguments of the Institute for Historical Review. We reject their claims to be taken seriously as historians."[19] The Journal of American History (sometimes abbreviated as JAH), is the official journal of the Organization of American Historians. ...


The Independent wrote of an IHR meeting: "The Institute for Historical Review insists in all its publicity material that they are 'objective historians' who are only interested in discovering 'the truth about the Holocaust and other controversial historical events'. That claim seems implausible within ten minutes of the conference starting. The audience reacts with whoops to waves of anti-semitic claims and slander."[20] The Independent is a British compact newspaper published by Tony OReillys Independent News & Media. ...


The conspiracy theory satire site The Mad Revisionist, taking at face value the IHR's claims of having no agenda other than the search for historical truth through free discussion, attempted to enlist their aid in critically examining the Irish Potato Famine in the same manner as the IHR examines the Holocaust. "While at first supporting The Mad Revisionist's right to freedom of opinion ... Mr. O'Keefe upon viewing the nature of The Mad Revisionist's conclusions, suddenly becomes hostile, calling The Mad Revisionist crazy and implying — without even having received the full submission — that The Mad Revisionist's theories are not even worthy of scholarly debate!"[21] Claiming a similarity between the theory and methodology of "Holocaust revisionism" and "Irish Potato Famine revisionism", The Mad Revisionist continues the parallel by suggesting that Mr. O'Keefe's loyalty to his heritage is blinding him to even considering "the possibility that his ancestors were liars, and that those who share his ethnic background are engaged in a sinister and elaborate plot against the interests of America and the world." An 1849 depiction of Bridget ODonnell and her two children during the famine. ...


In 2001, Eric Owens, a former employee, revealed that Mark Weber and Greg Raven from the IHR's staff had been planning to sell their mailing lists to the Anti-Defamation League. Eric Owens is an american singer and far right activist. ... The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an advocacy group founded by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ...


In April, 2004, following a complaint by The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, The Nation magazine refused to accept advertising from the IHR, stating "[T]here is a strong presumption against censoring any advertisement, especially if we disagree with its politics. This case, however, is different. Their arguments are 'patently fraudulent.'"[22] 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Nation logo The Nation is a weekly left-liberal periodical devoted to politics and culture. ...


Journal of Historical Review

The IHR published the non-peer reviewed Journal of Historical Review, which its critics (including the ADL, the Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide studies, and other scholars, such as Robert Hanyok, a National Security Agency historian,[23] accused of being pseudo-scientific. When Noam Chomsky defended an author who wrote articles for the journal (Dr. Robert Faurisson), it led to great controversy, though Chomsky insisted he was defending Faurisson's right to free speech rather than any specific claims made in his articles. The National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) is the U.S. governments cryptologic organization. ... Phrenology is regarded today as a classic example of pseudoscience. ... Avram Noam Chomsky, Ph. ... Robert Faurisson Robert Faurisson (born January 25, 1929) is a French holocaust-denier who generated controversy over various articles he published in the Journal of Historical Review and elsewhere, as well as various letters he has sent in to French newspapers (especially Le Monde) over the years which denied the... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ...


The journal, History Teacher, wrote of the Journal of Historical Review that the "magazine is shockingly racist and anti-Semitic: articles on 'America's Failed Racial Policy' and anti-Israel pieces accompany those about gas chambers... They clearly have no business claiming to be a continuation of the revisionist tradition, and should be referred to as 'Holocaust Deniers'." [24]


The journal has halted publication since 2002 however, due to "lack of staff and funding", according to the organization's website.


Alleged links to Islamic antisemitism

In an article published in Hitlist Magazine in 2002, author Kevin Coogan wrote that there have recently been attempts to forge ties between American and European Holocaust-denial groups such as the IHR and radical Middle Eastern extremists. According to Coogan, Ahmed Rami, a former Moroccan military officer who founded Radio Islam to disseminate anti-Semitic, Holocaust denial, and pro-Nazi propaganda, teamed up with the IHR to organize conference in a Hezbollah-controlled section of Beirut, Lebanon.[12] For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Kevin Coogan is an American investigative journalist. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Ahmed Rami (born December 12, 1946) is a Swedish writer and Holocaust denier. ... Radio Islam, was a Swedish radio channel, now a website, which is dedicated to the liberation struggle of the Palestinian people against Israel. The EUs racism monitoring organization has called it one of the most radical anti-Semitic homepages on the net, and Radio Islam also espouses Holocaust denial... For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation). ... There is also a drinking game alternately refered to as Beirut or Beer Pong. ...


References

  1. ^ a b Carlos C. Juerta and Dafna Shiffman-Huerta "Holocaust Denial Literature: Its Place in Teaching the Holocaust", in Rochelle L. Millen. New Perspectives on the Holocaust: A Guide for Teachers and Scholars, NYU Press, 1996, ISBN 0814755402, p. 189.
  2. ^ a b "While denial of the Holocaust's very occurence had emerged already during the early postwar period, it gained new prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s. During this period denial attempted to leave the lunatic fringe and set out for the mainstream in both the United States and Europe, as figures such as Arthur Butz, Bradley Smith, and Robert Faurisson, together with organizations like the Institute for Historical Review, attempted to lend academic credibility to Holocaust Denial." Gavriel D. Rosenfeld "The politics of uniqueness: reflections on the recent polemical turn in Holocaust and genocide scholarship" in David Cesarani, Sarah Kavanaugh. Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0415275091, p. 376.
  3. ^ a b "In recent years, Holocaust denial has become a propaganda mainstay of organized racism. It is promulgated by racist groups and by organizations like the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), which publishes the scientific-looking Journal of Historical Review." Kathleen M. Blee. Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement, University of California Press, 2003, ISBN 0520240553, p. 92.
  4. ^ a b "The pseudo-scholarly guise of Holocaust deniers is epitomised by the Institute for Historical Review - established in the United States in the late 1970s - and its journal, the Journal of Historical Review, which have provided the core of the more contemporary Holocaust denial movement (Stern 1995)." Lydia Morris. Rights: Sociological Perspectives", Routledge (UK), 2006, ISBN 0415355222 p. 238 note 1.
  5. ^ a b "The chief organization promoting Holocaust denial is the Institute for Historical Review, a California organization founded in 1978 by Willis Carto, who also founded the extreme right-wing Liberty Lobby." Suzanne Pharr. Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash, South End Press, 1995, ISBN 0896085236, p. 252.
  6. ^ a b "Denial is an international phenomena with deniers active across the globe. This is not an incidental occurrence, but rather is the result of organized international networking. Organizations such as the California-based Institute for Historical Review (IHR) have played the pivotal role in this process by organizing regular international conferences since 1979 in America." Konrad Kwiet, Jürgen Matthäus. Contemporary Responses to the Holocaust, Praeger/Greenwood, 2004, ISBN 0275974669, p. 141.
  7. ^ a b "A growing number of white nationalist and white supremacy groups have adopted innocuous-sounding names such as the Euro-American Student Union, the Institute for Historical Review (a Holocaust denial group), ..." Carol M. Swain. The New White Nationalism in America: its challenge to integration, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0521808863, p. 28.
  8. ^ a b Extremism in America: Institute for Historical Review, Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  9. ^ a b Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen. Holocaust Denial:The Institute for Historical Review, The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2002. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  10. ^ a b Jack R. Fischel. "The New Anti-Semitic Axis: Holocaust Denial, Black Nationalism, and the Crisis on Our College Campuses", The Virginia Quarterly Review, Spring 1995. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  11. ^ a b Other Holocaust deniers: Institute for Historical Review (IHR), Channel 4. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  12. ^ a b "Earlier this year, Huber and three of his closest collaborators, the NPD's Horst Mahler, Jürgen Graf (a leading Swiss Holocaust denier who fled to Iran to avoid serving a 15-month jail sentence for his activities), and the Swedish-based Ahmed Rami, a former Moroccan military officer who in 1987 founded Radio Islam to disseminate anti-Semitic, Holocaust denial, and pro-Nazi propaganda, teamed up with the California-based Institute for Historical Review (IHR) -- the world's leading "Holocaust denial" organization -- to organize an IHR-sponsored conference that was scheduled to take place in late March in a Hezbollah-controlled section of Beirut, Lebanon." Kevin Coogan, "The mysterious Achmed Huber: Friend to Hitler, Allah and Ibn Ladin?", HITLIST magazine, April/May 2002.
  13. ^ Insight, CNN, March 5, 2002. Retrieved February 28, 2007. Similar descriptions are used by the David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, the Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, National Review (April 7, 2003), Michael Shermer, Alex Grobman, Denying History, University of California Press, 2002, Suzanne Pharr. Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash, South End Press, 1995.
  14. ^ Dennis Roddy. "The woman who defended history", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette p. J-1, May 29, 2005.
  15. ^ "Don't tolerate hate", Daily Star, March 24, 2001.
  16. ^ About the IHR
  17. ^ Paul Rauber, East Bay Express, January 17, 1992, page 4.
  18. ^ Richard J. Evans. Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial, Verso, 2002, ISBN 1859844170, p. 151.
  19. ^ Journal of American History, Vol 80, No. 3, p. 1213.
  20. ^ Johann Hari. "Undercover with the Holocaust Deniers", The Independent, January 7, 2003, page 18.
  21. ^ Revisionism
  22. ^ www.wymaninstitute.org
  23. ^ www.nsa.gov
  24. ^ History Teacher, Vol 28, No.4, p 526.

The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an advocacy group founded by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jack R. Fischel is professor emeritus of history at Millersville University of Pennsylvania. ... The Virginia Quarterly Review, is one of the more venerable literary periodicals in the United States. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Channel Four Television Corporation be merged into this article or section. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Kevin Coogan is an American investigative journalist. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... National Review (NR) is a biweekly magazine of political opinion, founded by author William F. Buckley Jr. ... The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the PG, is the largest daily newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... The Daily Star is an English language newspaper based in Lebanon. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (84th in leap years). ... Paul Rauber is a Senior Editor at the Sierra Club magazine, an American environmental organization founded by conservationist pioneer John Muir in 1892. ... The East Bay Express (founded 1978) is an Emeryville-based weekly newspaper serving the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. ... January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Professor Richard Evans (born 1947) is a British historian of Germany. ... The Journal of American History (sometimes abbreviated as JAH), is the official journal of the Organization of American Historians. ... Johann Hari (born 1979) is a British journalist and writer. ... The Independent is a British compact newspaper published by Tony OReillys Independent News & Media. ... January 7 is the seventh day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

David Irving, 2003 David John Cawdell Irving (born March 24, 1938) is a British writer specializing in the military history of World War II. He is the author of 30 books, including The Destruction of Dresden (1963), Hitlers War (1977), Uprising (1981), Churchills War (1987), and Goebbels — Mastermind... Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. ... David Leslie Hoggan (March 23, 1923-August 7, 1988) was an American historian whose work was the subject of much controversy. ... The Nizkor (Hebrew: we will remember) Project is an ongoing Internet-based project run by Ken McVay which is dedicated to countering Holocaust revisionism. ... Ernst Christof Friedrich Zündel (born April 24, 1939 in Bad Wildbad) is a German Holocaust denier and pamphleteer who was jailed several times in Canada for publishing literature which is likely to incite hatred against an identifiable group and for being a threat to national security, in the United... Norman Lowell (born July 29, 1946[citation needed]) is the founder and leader of Imperium Europa, a Maltese political party which contested the July 2004 European Parliament Elections. ...

External links


  Results from FactBites:
 
Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Institute for Historical Review (317 words)
The Institute for Historical Review (IHR) is an organization founded in the 1970s dedicated to historical revisionism.
The Institute for Historical Review was originally founded by Willis Carto, the head of the now-defunct Liberty Lobby, who eventually lost control of the IHR in an internal takeover struggle.
IHR spokespersons have been reported to be meeting with Arabic figures who have been suspected to have ties to known terrorist groups.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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