Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI), literally National Institute of Industry, was a Spanish state-owned industrial holding. It was legally created on September 25, 1941, with the objective to promote the development of Spanish industry and the self-sufficiency of Spanish economy. is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...

INI included an impressive set of companies, from heavy and basic industries to "soft" services, most of them with E.N., standing for Empresa Nacional (National Corporation), in their acronyms. Among them were Ensidesa (steel), Enasa (trucks), Seat (cars), Ence (cellulose), Endasa (aluminium), Iberia (airline), Endesa (power), EN Calvo Sotelo (petrochemical), EN Bazán (military shipyards), Aesa (non-military shipyards), EN Santa Bárbara (weapons), EN Elcano (merchant shipowner), Atesa (tour operator) and many more. ENASA (Empresa Nacional de Autocamiones S.A.) was a Spanish - state owned vehicle manufacturing consortium. ... SEAT (IPA: ) is a Spanish automobile manufacturer founded in 1950 and now subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. ... Airbus A321-200 Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España, S.A., (IBEX-35:IBLA) (Iberia Airlines of Spain in English), usually shortened to Iberia, is the largest airline of Spain, based in Madrid and is the Spanish flag carrier. ... Endesa, S.A. (NYSE: ELE), (IBEX-35:ELE) is the largest electric utility company in Spain. ...

On the contrary, Spanish State monopolies impossed by law, such as Campsa (gas stations), RENFE (railways), Tabacalera (tobacco), or Telefonica (telecommunications) were never part of INI. RENFE is Spains national railway operator. ... Tabacalera is a Spanish cigarette producer. ... Telefónica S.A. (NYSE: TEF) (TYO: 9481) is the national telephone network operator (telco) in Spain. ...

Despite its inefficiencies and some strategic mistakes, INI was indeed instrumental in move the underdeveloped primary-sector-based closed Spain of the 40s to the booming Spain of the early 70s (the so-called Spanish miracle). A white SEAT 600, an icon of the Spanish Miracle The 1957 built, 142m high, Torre de Madrid somehow heralded the advent of the Spanish Miracle The Spanish miracle (Spanish: Desarrollo económico de España) was the name given to the Spanish economic boom between 1959 and 1973. ...

Nevertheless, its success was too its sentence: when Spanish economy fully opened to the international trade and specially to the European Economic Community, INI lost any real reason to exist. Therefore almost all its companies were privatized along the 80s and early 90s. In this process Ensidesa was taken over by Arcelor, Seat by Volkswagen, Enasa by Iveco, Calvo Sotelo by Repsol, and so on; while others, like Endesa or Iberia have kept their independence. The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... Arcelor S.A. (Euronext: LOR) is the worlds largest steel producer in terms of turnover and the second largest in terms of steel output, with a turnover of 30. ... Volkswagen AG (ISIN: DE0007664005), or VW, is an automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Germany. ... Iveco is a European truck, bus, and diesel engine manufacturer, based in Turin, Italy. ... Repsol YPF is an integrated oil and gas company with operations in 29 countries, principally Spain and Argentina. ...

The remains of INI are presently called SEPI and are confined to Hunosa (coal mining), doomed to close, and a few other. Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales is large Spanish holding company. ...