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Encyclopedia > Instructions per second

Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions and even applications, some of which take longer to execute than others. The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because of these problems, researchers created standardized tests such as SPECint to (maybe) measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse. This article is about the machine. ... The hierarchical arrangement of storage in current computer architectures is called the memory hierarchy. ... SPECint is a computer benchmark specification for CPUs integer processing power. ...


The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value such as thousand instructions per second (kIPS), million instructions per second (MIPS), or Million Operations per Second (MOPS).

Contents

Thousand instructions per second

A thousand instructions per second (kIPS) is rarely used, as most current microprocessors can execute several million instructions per second. The thousand means 1000 not 1024.


kIPS is also a common joke name for 16 bit microprocessor designs developed in undergraduate computer engineering courses that use the text Computer Organization and Design by Patterson and Hennessy (ISBN 1-55860-428-6), which explains computer architecture concepts in terms of the MIPS architecture. Such architectures tend to be scaled down versions of the MIPS R2000 architecture. A MIPS R4400 microprocessor made by Toshiba. ...


Million instructions per second

 In Linux and UNIX circles MIPS are often referred to as bogoMIPS. MIPS are not comparable between CPU architectures.

The floating-point arithmetic equivalent of MIPS Million Instructions per second, is FLOPS, to which the same cautions apply. This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... BogoMips (from bogus and MIPS) is an unscientific measurement of CPU speed made by the Linux kernel when it boots, to calibrate an internal busy-loop. ... To a large extent, the design of a CPU, or central processing unit, is the design of its control unit. ... For other uses, see Flop. ...


In the 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using VAX MIPS, where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX 11/780 that was marketed as a "1 MIPS" machine. (The measure was also known as the "VAX Unit of Performance" or VUP. Though orthographically incorrect, the "S" in "VUPs" is sometimes written in upper case.) This was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158-3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS. VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i. ... VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... IBM logo The IBM System/370 (often: S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 as the successors to the System/360 family. ...


Most 8-bit and early 16-bit microprocessors have a performance measured in kIPS (thousand instructions per second), which equals 0.001 MIPS. The first general purpose microprocessor, the Intel i8080, ran at 640 kIPS. The Intel i8086 microprocessor, the first 16-bit microprocessor in the line of processors made by Intel and used in IBM PCs, ran at 800 kIPS. Early 32-bit PCs (386) ran at about 3 MIPS. 8-bit refers to the number of bits used in the data bus of a computer. ... In computer science, 16-bit is an adjective used to describe integers that are at most two bytes wide, or to describe CPU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. ... Microprocessors, including an Intel 80486DX2 and an Intel 80386 A microprocessor (abbreviated as µP or uP) is an electronic computer central processing unit (CPU) made from miniaturized transistors and other circuit elements on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) (aka microchip or just chip). ... KIPS is an abbreviation of thousands (not 1024s) of instructions per second, by analogy with MIPS. It is rarely used, as most current microprocessors can execute several million instructions per second. ... Look up one thousand in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single semiconducting integrated circuit (IC). ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ... 32-bit is a term applied to processors, and computer architectures which manipulate the address and data in 32-bit chunks. ...


zMIPS refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers (zSeries and System z9). For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... For other uses, see Mainframe. ... Since December, 2001, IBM designates all its mainframes with the name eServer zSeries, with the e depicted in IBMs well-known red trademarked symbol. ... IBM System z9 System z9 is the newest and most powerful line of IBM mainframes. ...


Timeline of instructions per second

 This article does not cite any references or sources. (July 2006)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Processor IPS IPS/MHz Year Source
Pencil and paper (for comparison) 0.0119 IPS n/a 1892 [1]
Intel 4004 92 kIPS at 740 kHz[1] 0.124 1971
IBM System/370 model 158-3 1 MIPS ? 1972
Intel 8080 640 kIPS at 2 MHz 0.320 MIPS/MHz 1974
VAX 11/780 500 kIPS ? 1977
Motorola 68000 1 MIPS at 8 MHz 0.125 MIPS/MHz 1979
Intel 386DX 8.5 MIPS at 25 MHz 0.340 MIPS/MHz 1988
Intel 486DX 54 MIPS at 66 MHz 0.818 MIPS/MHz 1992
PowerPC 600s (G2) 35 MIPS at 33 MHz 1.06 MIPS/MHz 1994
Intel Pentium Pro 541 MIPS at 200 MHz 2.705 MIPS/MHz 1996 [2]
ARM 7500FE 35.9 MIPS at 40 MHz 0.897 MIPS/MHz 1996
PowerPC G3 525 MIPS at 233 MHz 2.253 MIPS/MHz 1997
Zilog eZ80 80 MIPS at 50 MHz 1.6 MIPS/MHz 1999 [3]
Intel Pentium III 1354 MIPS at 500 MHz 2.708 MIPS/MHz 1999
AMD Athlon 3561 MIPS at 1.2 GHz 2.967 MIPS/MHz 2000
AMD Athlon XP 2400+ 5935 MIPS at 2.0 GHz 2.967 MIPS/MHz 2002
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 9726 MIPS at 3.2 GHz 3.039 MIPS/MHz 2003
ARM Cortex A8 2000 MIPS at 1.0 GHz 2.0 MIPS/MHz 2005 [4]
Xbox360 IBM "Xenon" Triple Core 6400 MIPS at 3.2 GHz 2.0 MIPS/MHz 2005
P.A. Semi PA6T-1682M 8800 MIPS at 2.0 GHz 4.4 MIPS/MHz 2007 [5]
AMD Athlon FX-57 12000 MIPS at 2.8 GHz 4.285 MIPS/MHz 2005
AMD Athlon 64 3800+ X2 (Dual Core) 14564 MIPS at 2.0 GHz 7.282 MIPS/MHz 2005 [6]
AMD Athlon FX-60 (Dual Core) 18938 MIPS at 2.6 GHz 7.283 MIPS/MHz 2006 [7]
Intel Core 2 X6800 27079 MIPS at 2.93 GHz 9.242 MIPS/MHz 2006 [8]
IBM Cell one SPE 25600 MIPS (MFLOPS) at 3.2 GHz 8.0 MIPS/MHz 2006
IBM Cell one PPE 51200 MIPS (38400 MFLOPS) at 3.2 GHz 16.0 MIPS/MHz 2006
IBM Cell BE (1PPE + 8SPEs) 256000 MIPS (MFLOPS) at 3.2 GHz 80.0 MIPS/MHz 2006
SONY PS3 (1PPE + 7SPEs) 230400 MIPS (217600 MFLOPS) at 3.2 GHz 72.0 MIPS/MHz 2006
Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 57063 MIPS at 3.33 GHz 17.136 MIPS/MHz 2006 [9]
Intel Polaris Prototype * 1800000 MIPS (MFLOPS) at 5.8 GHz 310.4 MIPS/MHz 2007

* wiki javaScript is unable to sort large numbers Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. ... The IBM System/370 (often: S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 as the successors to the System/360 family. ... AMD clone NEC 8080AF (2nd-source). ... VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i. ... The Motorola 68000 is a 16/32-Bit [1] CISC microprocessor core designed and marketed by Freescale Semiconductor (formerly Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector). ... The Intel386[1] is a microprocessor which was used as the central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers from 1986 until 2007. ... The Intel486[1] brand refers to Intels family of i486 (incl. ... PowerPC is a RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. Originally intended for personal computers, PowerPC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. ... The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor by Intel originally intended to replace the Pentium Classic in a full range of applications, but later reduced to a more narrow role as a server and high-end desktop chip. ... The Acorn Network Computer was a network computer designed and manufactured by Acorn Computers Ltd. ... 300 MHz Motorola PowerPC 750 processor with off-die L2 cache on the CPU module of a PowerMac G3. ... The ZiLOG eZ80 is an 8-bit microprocessor which is essentially an updated version of the companys earlier Z80 8-bit microprocessor. ... The Pentium III is an x86 (more precise - i686) architecture microprocessor by Intel, introduced on February 26, 1999. ... Athlon is the brand name applied to a series of different x86 processors designed and manufactured by AMD. The original Athlon, or Athlon Classic was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and, in a first, retained the initial performance lead it had over Intels competing processors for a significant... Athlon is the brand name applied to a series of different x86 processors designed and manufactured by AMD. The original Athlon, or Athlon Classic was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and, in a first, retained the initial performance lead it had over Intels competing processors for a significant... The Pentium 4[1] brand refers to Intels single-core mainstream desktop and laptop CPUs introduced on November 20, 2000[2] (August 8, 2008 is the date of last shipments of Pentium 4s[3]). They had the 7th-generation architecture - called NetBurst - which was the companys first all... The ARM architecture (previously, the Advanced RISC Machine, and prior to that Acorn RISC Machine) is a 32-bit RISC processor architecture developed by ARM Limited that is widely used in a number of embedded designs. ... Xenon (or Waternoose by IBM) is the type of CPU used in the Microsoft Xbox 360. ... PWRficient is the name of a series of microprocessors designed by P.A. Semi. ... The Athlon 64 is an eighth-generation, AMD64 architecture microprocessor produced by AMD, released on September 23, 2003. ... Athlon 64 X2 Logo Athlon 64 X2 E6 3800+ The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual-core desktop CPU manufactured by AMD. It is essentially a processor consisting of two Athlon 64 cores joined together on one die with additional control logic. ... Athlon 64 X2 Logo Athlon 64 X2 E6 3800+ The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual-core desktop CPU manufactured by AMD. It is essentially a processor consisting of two Athlon 64 cores joined together on one die with additional control logic. ... The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intels consumer 64-bit dual-core and MCM quad-core CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set, and based on the Intel Core microarchitecture, which derived from the 32-bit dual-core Yonah laptop processor. ... Layout of the IBM Cell die Cell is a microprocessor architecture jointly developed by a Sony, Toshiba, and IBM alliance known as STI. The architectural design and first implementation were carried out at the STI Design Center over a four-year period beginning March 2001 on a budget reported by... Layout of the IBM Cell die Cell is a microprocessor architecture jointly developed by a Sony, Toshiba, and IBM alliance known as STI. The architectural design and first implementation were carried out at the STI Design Center over a four-year period beginning March 2001 on a budget reported by... Layout of the IBM Cell die Cell is a microprocessor architecture jointly developed by a Sony, Toshiba, and IBM alliance known as STI. The architectural design and first implementation were carried out at the STI Design Center over a four-year period beginning March 2001 on a budget reported by... Layout of the IBM Cell die Cell is a microprocessor architecture jointly developed by a Sony, Toshiba, and IBM alliance known as STI. The architectural design and first implementation were carried out at the STI Design Center over a four-year period beginning March 2001 on a budget reported by... Core 2 Duo brand logo Core 2 Extreme brand logo Core 2 is an eighth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor produced by Intel and based on the Intel Core microarchitecture. ... Teraflops Research Chip (also called Polaris) is a processor prototype developed by Intel and demonstrated in 2007. ...


See also


  Results from FactBites:
 
Instructions Per Cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (484 words)
In computer architecture, Instructions Per Clock (Instruction Per Cycle or IPC) is a term used to describe one aspect of a processor's performance: the average number of individual assembler instructions executed for each clock cycle.
The number of instructions per second for a processor can be derived by multiplying the instructions per clock and the clock speed (measured in cycles per second or Hz) of the processor in question.
The number of instructions executed per clock is not a constant for a given processor; it depends on how the particular software being run interacts with the processor, and indeed the entire machine, particularly the memory hierarchy.
Instructions per second - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (518 words)
Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed.
A thousand instructions per second (kIPS) is rarely used, as most current microprocessors can execute several million instructions per second.
Though orthographically incorrect, the "S" in "VUPs" is sometimes written in upper case.) This was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158-3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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