This article is about literature in Insubric language. Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... Western Lombard is a Lombard language spoken in Italy, in Lombard provinces of Milan, Monza, Varese, Como, Lecco, Sondrio, little part of Cremona (except Crema and neighbours), Lodi and Pavia, and Piedmont provinces of Novara, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and little part of Vercelli (Valsesia), and Switzerland (Canton Ticino and part...

Brief history

The Insubric poet Caecilius Statius came from Milan, capital city of Insubres, and wrote in Latin, being one of the best Latin comedians, with Plautus and Terence. Caecilius Statius, or Statius Caecilius (died 168 (or 166) BC) was a Roman comic poet. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... The Insubres or Insubri were a Celtic population who settled in Insubria, in what is now Lombardy. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Titus Macchius Plautus, generally referred to simply as Plautus, was a playwright of Ancient Rome. ... Publius Terentius Afer, better known as Terence, was a comic playwright of the Roman Republic. ...

In all XIII century the activity of Cisalpine poets in Langue d'oc continues; in Mantua, Sordello da Goito compounds the Sirventese lombardesco in local language, of Lombard group, the only trobadoric text in a Northern-Italian local language; in Bologna, Gallo-Italic language land too, in 1254 Rayna possentissima is compounded, lauda of the Servi della Vergine, the older lauda we know. In the same city, the notary registers are founded (known as Memoriali bolognesi) for the transcription of public acts, during two centuries: in the white spaces, in order to avoid illegal addings, some folk or cultured poems are written. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Northern Italy encompasses nine of the countrys 20 autonomous regions: Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Liguria Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Trentino-Alto Adige Valle dAosta Veneto Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige and Valle dAosta are regions with a special statute. ... OC redirects here. ... Mantua (in Italian Mantova, in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo language Mantua) is an important city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province with the same name. ... The term Lombard refers to a group of related dialects spoken mainly in Northern Italy (most of Lombardy and some areas of neighbouring regions), in Southern Switzerland (Ticino and Graubünden). ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, BulÃ¥ggna in Emiliano-Romagnolo) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ... Gallo-Italic is a language family within the Gallo-Romance languages. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ...

Bonvesin da la Riva is with no doubt the most important Northern-Italian writer of XIII century. Born in Milan between 1240 and 1250, secular friar belonging to the 3rd order of Umiliati, is aknowledged as doctor in gramatica, title that few people had. His most important work is the Book of the three texts (Libro delle tre scritture), epic poem in quatrains in Old Insubric language, in which he describe the underworld realms. The book is divided into three parts, different for style and atmosphere, in which Hell, Christ's Passion and Paradise are represented. The anticipation of Dante's Divina Commedia is evident, with an attentive use of language, with lexical and rhetoric ability. This work of art is a sort of screenplay of the afterlife, of considerable historic value and of hard poetical suggestion. The Essay on the months in form of apologue and the Vulgare de elymosinis, raw description of terrible maladies, similar to the realism of Jacopone da Todi, are also very important. A sort of Medieval etiquette is the treaty De quinquaginta curialitatibus ad mensam, lively and realistic representation inserted in the manualistic tradition of the time. The Contrasti are other poems, series of disputies, enriched by skillful alternance of decriptive tones -grotesque and soft, meditated and exemplar- like the Disputatio rosae cum viola, in which the humble bourgeois virtues of the violet prevail on the aristocratic ones of the rose. In religious works the most precious are The passion of Job, The life of Saint Alexey and overall, between Laudes de Virgine Maria, the legend of Frate Ave Maria, of touching religious intensity because inspirated by a strong Christian devotion. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... // April 30 - King Louis IX of France released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta. ... Western Lombard is a Lombard language spoken in Italy, in Lombard provinces of Milan, Monza, Varese, Como, Lecco, Sondrio, little part of Cremona (except Crema and neighbours), Lodi and Pavia, and Piedmont provinces of Novara, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and little part of Vercelli (Valsesia), and Switzerland (Canton Ticino and part... For other uses, see Hell (disambiguation). ... The Passion is the theological term used for the suffering, both physical and mental, of Jesus in the hours prior to and including his trial and execution by crucifixion. ... Paradise, by Jan Bruegel The word paradise is derived from the Avestan word pairidaeza (a walled enclosure), which is a compound of pairi- (around), a cognate of the Greek peri-, and -diz (to create, make), a cognate of the English dough. ... DANTE is also a digital audio network. ... ... An apologue (from the Greek: απολογος, a statement or account) is a brief fable or allegorical story with pointed or exaggerated details, meant to serve as a pleasant vehicle for some moral doctrine or to convey some useful lesson without explicitly stating it. ... A modern collection of Jacopones Laudi, with a portrait. ...

Of 1274 are the Sermons in verses, in a Lombard language, of Pietro da Pescapè, the sole work with precise date in the Cisalpine didactic-religious literature, which gave noticeable texts with Lombards Girardo Patecchio from Cremona, with the Book of Uguccione da Lodi, with the masterpiece of Bonvesin de la Riva and with that of Giacomino da Verona. Events May 7 - In France the Second Council of Lyons opens to consider the condition of the Holy Land and to agree to a union with the Byzantine church. ... The term Lombard refers to a group of related dialects spoken mainly in Northern Italy (most of Lombardy and some areas of neighbouring regions), in Southern Switzerland (Ticino and Graubünden). ... Northern Italy encompasses nine of the countrys 20 autonomous regions: Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Liguria Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Trentino-Alto Adige Valle dAosta Veneto Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige and Valle dAosta are regions with a special statute. ... Cremona is a city in Northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left shore of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura padana (Po valley). ... Bonvesin de la Riva (sometimes spelt Bonvesino or Buonvicino) (born c. ...

The written use of Insubric resumes in Milan under the House of Visconti, such as in the case of Lancino Curti and Andrea Marone. The written testimoniances of Quattrocento (XV century) are still indecisive in orthography; Dei, in this century, composes the first Milanese glossary. In XVI century, Gian Paolo Lomazzo founds the Academy of Val di Blenio, which furnishes information also about other dialects of the period. In 1606 G.A. Biffi with his Prissian de Milan de la parnonzia milanesa tried a first codification of orthography, regarding vowel length and sound /ö/ for which he found the solution ou; Giovanni Capis elaborates the first embryo of dictionary; Fabio Varese, anticlassicist poet, realizes some thirty of humouristic-veristic sonnets in Milanese (with a answer for every sonnet in which he blames himself). Carlo Maria Maggi, great dramaturge, at the end of XVII century definitively codifies the writing of Milanese dialect introducing French oeu, so founding the classical Milanese orthography that will be retouched in the centuries till the present version of Circolo Filologico Milanese. At the end of XVIII century you assist at some changing in the linguistic structures, such as the abolition of no (mening "not") preposed to the verb, on behalf of postposed nò or minga, or the abolishing of past perfect, which you can yet find in Balestrieri and in Maggi. Insubric (or Western Lombard for its collocation in Lombardy region) is officially a Lombard language variety spoken in Italy and Switzerland (Canton Ticino), but its so different from Orobic (or Eastern Lombard), that its often considered as another language. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Coat of Arms of the Visconti family. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill Premier Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... Look up humour in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Verism Verism is the artistic preference of contemporary everyday materials instead of the heroic or legendary. ... Milanese (milanes, milanées, meneghin, meneghìn) is a variety of Lombard spoken in the city of Milan and in its province. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700 in the Gregorian calendar. ... Milanese (milanes, milanées, meneghin, meneghìn) is a variety of Lombard spoken in the city of Milan and in its province. ... The classical Milanese orthography is the orthography used for the Insubric language, in particular for Milanese dialect, from the major poets and writers of this literature, such as Carlo Porta, Carlo Maria Maggi, Delio Tessa etc. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

Bosinada is a poetic form of popular composition, written in Insubric on loose sheets, told by storytellers (bositt, sing. bosin) and with often satyric contents. The first essays of the genre are at the end of XVI century. One of the first bositt is Gaspare Fumagalli, whose we know nine bosinad of the 1723. Also greater poets such as Carlo Porta liked describing theirself as bositt, even if their poems were much more meditative than popular ones. Bosinada didn't have a rigid form: the metre could be of various sizes (lame verses were a frequent characteristic), from eight to eleven syllables long, often in rhyming couplets, in long stanzas. Insubric (or Western Lombard for its collocation in Lombardy region) is officially a Lombard language variety spoken in Italy and Switzerland (Canton Ticino), but its so different from Orobic (or Eastern Lombard), that its often considered as another language. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ... Statue of Carlo Porta. ...

Carlo Maria Maggi (born in 1630), Milanese, rector of Latin and Greek at the Scholae Palatinae, secretary of the Milanese Senate, superintendent at the University of Pavia, is considered as the father of modern Insubric literature. Between the works in Italian language there is a book of affection poems, cosidered by someone of the time as a good renovation, by someone else as transgressive (Accademia della Crusca denied his Lombard-origin terms); probably Maggi undertook the local language stream in antagonism to the arrogance of Tuscan conformists. His production in Milanese consists in verses and comedies. The verses are especially occasion poems that describe moments of bourgeois life. But Maggi is reminded overall as comediograph: he wrote Il manco male, Il Barone di Birbanza, I consigli di Meneghino, Il falso filosofo, Il Concorso de' Meneghini, with autonomous interludes dell'Ipocondria, per una tragedia, delle Dame sugli spassi del Carnevale, Beltramina vestita alla moda, dell'Ambizione. The keys of his theatral work are the reconciliation of the theatre with the Church (not fingering like Molière but proposing positive values), the criticism against Protestant ethics (for which success would be sign of the divine approval), the nonconformism and the patriotic idealism. It was Carlo Maria Maggi that introduced to theatre the popular mask of Meneghin, who got the personification of the Milanese people, humble, frank and honest, full of wisdom and common sense, loud in the adversities, sensitive and generous worker and cont el coeur in man, with the hearth in the hand. He died in 1699 and he's buried in San Lazzaro. Events February 22 - Native American Quadequine introduces Popcorn to English colonists. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... The University of Pavia is a university in Pavia, Italy. ... Italian ( , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people,[1] primarily in Italy and Switzerland. ... The Accademia della Crusca is an Italian institution that brings together scholars and experts in Italian linguistics and philology. ... Milanese (milanes, milanées, meneghin, meneghìn) is a variety of Western Lombard spoken in the city of Milan and in its province. ... Molière, engraved on the frontispiece to his Works. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ...

In the XVIII century the greater protagonists of Insubric poetry, actually limited to Milan, are Domenico Balestrieri, then very appreciated by Carlo Porta, Carl'Antonio Tanzi, Girolamo Birago, Giuseppe Parini, Pietro Verri, Francesco Girolamo Corio. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Insubric (or Western Lombard for its collocation in Lombardy region) is officially a Lombard language variety spoken in Italy and Switzerland (Canton Ticino), but its so different from Orobic (or Eastern Lombard), that its often considered as another language. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Giuseppe Parini (Bosisio, now in Lecco province, May 23, 1729 - Milan, 1799) was an Italian satirist and poet. ...

Carlo Porta (1775-1821) is the main poet in Milanese. The bulk of his production can be divided into three sections: against the religious hypocrisy of the time (e.g. in Fraa Zenever, Fraa Diodatt, On Miracol, La mia povera nonna la gh'aveva); descriptive of lively popular Milanese personage (probably the masterpieces of Porta: Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee, Olter desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee, El lament del Marchionn di gamb'avert and most of all La Ninetta del Verzee, the monologue of a prostitute); the political genre, in which he shows he ardently hopes in the independence of Lombardy, yet tolerating the French rule (Paracar che scappee de Lombardia, E daj con sto chez-nous ma sanguanon, Marcanagg i politegh secca ball, Quand vedessev on pubblegh funzionari). There are also sonnets in defence of Milanese language (I paroll d'on lenguagg car sur Gorell) and of Milan (El sarà vera fors quell ch'el dis lu), besides purely humouristic poems. The prevalent poetic form is sonnet, but there are also epigrams, canzoni, bosinad etc. Porta declares Milanese as lengua del minga e del comè and appoints as school of the true languages of the people the Verzee, the greens market of the city. In 1816 he founds in his house, with his dearest friends (Grossi, Berchet, Visconti etc.), the so-called Camaretta, which immediately links itself with Alessandro Manzoni and later with the romantic group of Il Conciliatore, while in the latter years the antinobiliar spirit raises. He dies for gout at 46 years old and in the peak of the fame. Statue of Carlo Porta. ... Year 1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Milanese (milanes, milanées, meneghin, meneghìn) is a variety of Western Lombard spoken in the city of Milan and in its province. ... Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia, Lombard: Lumbardìa) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... Francesco Petrarca, or Petrarch, one of the best-known early Italian sonnet writers. ... Milanese (milanes, milanées, meneghin, meneghìn) is a variety of Western Lombard spoken in the city of Milan and in its province. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Francesco Petrarca, or Petrarch, one of the best-known early Italian sonnet writers. ... An epigram is a short poem with a clever twist at the end or a concise and witty statement. ... Literally song in Italian, a canzone (plural: canzoni) (cognate with English to chant) is an Italian or Provençal song or ballad. ... Milanese (milanes, milanées, meneghin, meneghìn) is a variety of Western Lombard spoken in the city of Milan and in its province. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Tommaso Grossi (January 20, 1791 - December 10, 1853), Lombard poet and novelist, was born at Bellano, on the Lake of Como. ... Alessandro Manzoni Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Manzoni (March 7, 1785–May 22, 1873) was an Italian poet and novelist. ... Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. ...

Other Insubric poets of the XIX century are Alessandro Manzoni (one of the greatest wirters in Italian language), Tommaso Grossi (author besides of In morte di Carlo Porta ["In death of Carlo Porta"] and of Sogn or La Prineide), Vespasiano Bignami, Giovanni Rajberti, Giuseppe Rovani, Emilio De Marchi, Speri Della Chiesa Jemoli... In this century many journals in various dialect of Insubric language were born. Insubric (or Western Lombard for its collocation in Lombardy region) is officially a Lombard language variety spoken in Italy and Switzerland (Canton Ticino), but its so different from Orobic (or Eastern Lombard), that its often considered as another language. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alessandro Manzoni Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Manzoni (March 7, 1785–May 22, 1873) was an Italian poet and novelist. ... Italian ( , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people,[1] primarily in Italy and Switzerland. ... Tommaso Grossi (January 20, 1791 - December 10, 1853), Lombard poet and novelist, was born at Bellano, on the Lake of Como. ... Western Lombard is a Lombard language spoken in Italy, in Lombard provinces of Milan, Monza, Varese, Como, Lecco, Sondrio, little part of Cremona (except Crema and neighbours), Lodi and Pavia, and Piedmont provinces of Novara, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and little part of Vercelli (Valsesia), and Switzerland (Canton Ticino and part...

Carlo Bertolazzi (1870-1916) was a comediograph from Rivolta d'Adda, verist, who wrote in Milanese and analized with a bitter popular vein the condition of underprivileged ones of Milan in the end of XIX century. He was lawyer, notary and theatral critic. After some dramas in Italian language, he undertook Insubric playwriting, in which he hit the highlight of his art. Chorality and epicity dominate the representation, in which several individual vicissitudes are born: in this sense Giorgio Strehler has been his carefullest interpreter. His production didn't attract the attention of his contemporaries, though a moral and social sense full of modernity were in it. Between his works we remind El nost Milan, La gibigianna, L'egoista, Lulù. 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 29. ... Verismo was an Italian literary movement born approximately between 1875 and 1895. ... Milanese (milanes, milanées, meneghin, meneghìn) is a variety of Western Lombard spoken in the city of Milan and in its province. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Italian ( , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people,[1] primarily in Italy and Switzerland. ... Insubric (or Western Lombard for its collocation in Lombardy region) is officially a Lombard language variety spoken in Italy and Switzerland (Canton Ticino), but its so different from Orobic (or Eastern Lombard), that its often considered as another language. ... Giorgio Strehler (14 August 1921 – 25 December 1997) was one of the most influential directors of Italian opera and theatre. ...

Delio Tessa (nato nel 1886) is one of the greatest Milanese poets in XX century. Graduated in Law, he preferred him to devote himself to literature, theatre and cinema. Antifascist, he rimained aloof from official culture, devoting himself to local sphere. Tranne la raccolta di poesie L'è el dì di mort, alegher!, tutte le sue opere sono state pubblicate postume. I temi della sua poetica sono il dramma della prima guerra mondiale e della vita quotidiana degli emarginati, rielaborati in maniera personale e curando al massimo la sonorità dei versi. Spesso è presente il tema della morte, con un pessimismo e una sfiducia di origine personale e culturale (scapigliatura, decadentismo, romanzo russo, espressionismo). L'inquietudine si riflette nella tensione del linguaggio, usato come lingua popolare e fortemente frammentata. Morì nel 1939 d'ascesso, fu sepolto per sua volontà in un campo comune di Musocco, ma nel '50 il Comune lo trasferì al Famedio. Delio Tessa (1886 - 1939) was an Italian poet from Milan. ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideology, organization, or government, on all levels. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Altri poeti insubri del Novecento sono Giovanni Barrella (attore, commediografo, poeta, pittore, epigono della scapigliatura, sente l'unità dell'arte e traduce così in scrittura pennellate potenti di colore), Edoardo Ferravilla, Emilio Guicciardi, Luigi Medici, Franco Loi... Movie poster for 1900 1900 (also called Novecento) is a 1976 epic film starring Robert de Niro, Gérard Depardieu, Donald Sutherland, and Burt Lancaster, directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. ...