The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program is a worldwide initiative to add information and communications technology to transport infrastructure and vehicles. It aims to manage factors that are typically at odds with each other such as vehicles, loads, and routes to improve safety and reduce vehicle wear, transportation times and fuel consumption. Information technology (IT) or information and communication technology (ICT) is the technology required for information processing. ... The Trikke is a Human Powered Vehicle (HPV) Automobiles are among the most commonly used engine powered vehicles. ... For other uses, see Fuel (disambiguation). ...

Background

Interest in ITS comes from the problems caused by traffic congestion worldwide and a synergy of new information technologies for simulation, real-time control and communications networks. Traffic congestion has been increasing world-wide as a result of increased motorization, urbanization, population growth and changes in population density. Congestion reduces efficiency of transportation infrastructure and increases travel time, air pollution and fuel consumption. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Category: Information technology ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... A small variety of cars, the most popular kind of automobile. ... Theoretical Human population increase from 10,000 BC – 2000 AD. Population growth is the change in population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Air pollution is a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. ... Fuel efficiency relates the efficiency of converting energy contained in a carrier fuel to kinetic energy or work. ...

The United States, for example, saw large increases in both motorization and urbanization starting in the 1920s that led to migration of the population from the sparsely populated rural areas and the densely packed urban areas into suburbs. The industrial economy replaced the agricultural economy leading the population to move from rural locations into urban centers. At the same time, motorization was causing cities to expand because motorized transportation could not support the population density that the existing mass transit systems could support. Suburbs provided a reasonable compromise between population density and access to a wide variety of employment, goods and services that were available in the more densely populated urban centers. Further, suburban infrastructure can be built quickly, supporting a rapid transition from a rural/agricultural economy to an industrial/urban economy. The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China An artists rendering of an aerial view of the Maryland countryside: Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank, 1918-1986), Aerial Series: Ploughed Fields, Maryland, 1974, acrylic and mixed materials on apertured double canvas, 52... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... Illustration of the backyards of a surburban neighbourhood Suburbs are inhabited districts located either on the outer rim of a city or outside the official limits of a city (the term varies from country to country), or the outer elements of a conurbation. ... Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. ... // The United States of America, in World War I, was a great supplier to other Allied nations of armaments, supplies, and food. ... In the United States of America, transit describes local area common carrier passenger transportation configured to provide scheduled service on fixed routes on a non-reservation basis. ...

Recent governmental activity in the area of ITS—specifically in the USA—is further motivated by the perceived need for Homeland Security. Many of the ITS systems proposed also involve surveillance of the roadways, which is a priority of homeland security. Funding of many systems comes either directly through homeland security organizations or comes with their approval. Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid mass evacuation of people in urban centers after mass casualty events or as a result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels that needed for homeland security. For the NBC TV Movie starring Tom Skeritt, see Homeland Security (film). ... Emergency evacuation is the movement of persons from a dangerous place due to the threat or occurrence of a disastrous event. ...

In the Developing World, the migration of people from rural to urbanized habitats has progressed differently. Many areas of the Developing World have urbanized without significant motorization and the formation of suburbs. In areas like Santiago, Chile a high population density is supported by a multimodal system of walking, bicycle transportation, motorcycles, buses and trains. A small portion of the population can afford automobiles, but the automobiles greatly increase the congestion in these multimodal transportation systems. They also produce a considerable amount of air pollution, pose a significant safety risk and exacerbate feelings of inequities in the society. For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: , Region Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government  - Mayor Raúl Alcaíno Lihn Area 1  - City 22. ... Multimodal technology describes any technologies that allow using more than one mode of input and output on a cell phone, computer or PDA. It is commonly researched as human-computer interaction (or HCI) in academia. ... For other uses, see Bicycle (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Motorcycle (disambiguation). ... “Autobus” redirects here. ... This article is about trains in rail transport. ...

Other parts of the Developing World such as China remain largely rural, but are rapidly urbanizing and industrializing. In these areas a motorized infrastructure is being developed alongside motorization of the population. Great disparity of wealth means that only a fraction of the population can motorize, and therefore the highly dense multimodal transportation system for the poor is cross-cut by the highly motorized transportation system for the rich. In these areas the urban infrastructure is being rapidly developed, providing an opportunity for building new systems incorporating ITS from the beginning.

Intelligent transportation technologies

Intelligent transportation systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systems such as car navigation, traffic light control systems, container management systems, variable message signs or speed cameras to monitoring applications such as security CCTV systems, and then to more advanced applications which integrate live data and feedback from a number of other sources, such as Parking Guidance and Information systems, weather information, bridge de-icing systems, and the like. Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed, to allow advanced modeling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of the constituent technologies typically implemented in ITS are described in the following sections. A taxi in Kyoto, equipped with GPS navigation system An automotive navigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in automobiles. ... “Traffic Signal” redirects here. ... A red-light camera in use in Beaverton, Oregon A road-rule enforcement camera is a system including a camera and a vehicle-monitoring device used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a road rule or road rules. ... CCTV can stand for: China Central Television Closed-circuit television This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Parking Guidance and Information variable-message sign Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems, or Car Park Guidance Systems, present drivers with dynamic information on parking within controlled areas. ...

In the period from 1992 to around 1995 the ITS sector was known as Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). At the time it was recognized that all forms of transport could benefit from the application of information and communications technologies (ICT). However the term ICT had not yet been described in popular vernacular. The global leaders in ITS at the time then determined that there needed to be a term to describe the application of ICT to transport and coined the term Intelligent Transportation Systems.

Wireless communications

Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for intelligent transportation systems. Short-range communications (less than 500 yards) can be accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols, specifically WAVE or the Dedicated Short Range Communications standard being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America and the United States Department of Transportation. Theoretically the range of these protocols can be extended using Mobile ad-hoc networks or Mesh networking. IEEE 802. ... 802. ... DSRC or Dedicated Short Range Communications is a short to medium range wireless protocol specifically designed for automotive use. ... Intelligent Transportation Society of America ITS America was created in 1991 to be an advocate for the development and deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the United States. ... The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transportation. ... A mobile ad-hoc network (MANet) is a kind of wireless ad-hoc network, and is a self-configuring network of mobile routers (and associated hosts) connected by wireless links – the union of which form an arbitrary topology. ... Image showing mesh network layout Mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes. ...

Longer range communications have been proposed using infrastructure networks such as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or 3G. Long-range communications using these methods are well established, but, unlike the short-range protocols, these methods require extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment. There is lack of consensus as to what business model should support this infrastructure. Official WiMax logo WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. ... The IEEE 802. ... The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. ... 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology, after 2G. It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the International Mobile Telecommunications programme, IMT-2000. 3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving...

Computational technologies

Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led to a move toward fewer more capable computer processors on a vehicle. A typical vehicle in the early 2000s would have between 20 and 100 individual networked microcontroller/Programmable logic controller modules with non-real-time operating systems. The current trend is toward fewer more costly microprocessor modules with hardware memory management and Real-Time Operating Systems. The new embedded system platforms allow for more sophisticated software applications to be implemented, including model-based process control, artificial intelligence and ubiquitous computing. Perhaps the most important of these for Intelligent Transportation Systems is artificial intelligence. A router, an example of an embedded system. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with embedded microprocessor. ... PLC & input/output arrangements A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC, or Programmable Controller is a digital computer used for automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines. ... // An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer. ... A microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single semiconducting integrated circuit (IC). ... Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. ... A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a multitasking operating system intended for real-time applications. ... A router, an example of an embedded system. ... In computing, a platform describes some sort of framework, either in hardware or software, which allows software to run. ... Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... Process control is an engineering discipline that deals with architectures, mechanisms, and algorithms for controlling the output of a specific process. ... Bold text[[Link title]] “AI” redirects here. ... Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp, or sometimes ubiqcomp) integrates computation into the environment, rather than having computers which are distinct objects. ... Bold text[[Link title]] “AI” redirects here. ...

Floating car data; floating cellular data (FCD)

Virtually every car contains one or more mobile phones. These mobile phones routinely transmit their location information to the network – even when no voice connection is established. These cellular phones in cars are used as anonymous traffic probes. As the car moves, so does the signal of the mobile phone. By measuring and analyzing triangulation network data – in an anonymized format – the data is converted into accurate traffic flow information. The more congestion, the more cars, the more phones and thus more probes. In metropolitan areas the distance between antennas is shorter and, thus, accuracy increases. No infrastructure need be built along the road - only the mobile phone network is leveraged. The FCD technology provides great advantages over existing methods of traffic measurement: - much less expensive than sensors or cameras - more coverage: all locations and streets - faster to set up (no work zones) and less maintenance - works in all weather conditions, including heavy rain Triangulation can be used to find the distance from the shore to the ship. ...

See also Floating Car Data

Floating Car Data or FCD is a method to determine the traffic speed on the road network. ...

Sensing technologies

State-of-the-art sensor technologies have greatly enhanced the technical capabilities and safety benefits awaiting Intelligent transportation systems around the world. Sensing systems for ITS can be either infrastructure based or vehicle based systems, or both - see, for example, Intelligent vehicle technologies. Infrastructure sensors are devices that are installed or embedded on the road, or surrounding the road (buildings, posts, and signs for example). These sensing technologies may be installed during preventive road construction maintenance or by sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment of road in-ground sensors. While vehicle sensors are those devices installed on the road or in the vehicle, new technology development has also enabled cellular phones to become anonymous traffic probes, such as floating car data. Intelligent Vehicle Technologies telematics comprise electronic, electromechanical, and electromagnetic devices - usually silicon micromachined components operating in conjunction with computer controlled devices and radio transceivers to provide precision repeatability functions (such as in robotics artificial intelligence systems) emergency warning validation performance reconstruction. ... This page is related to transport; you may be looking for the 2002 Bollywood movie Road. ... Floating Car Data or FCD is a method to determine the traffic speed on the road network. ...

Inductive loop detection

Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass over the loop by measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds in the United States) that pass over the loop, while more sophisticated sensors estimate the speed, length and weight of vehicles and the distance between them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes, and they work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high-speed. An induction loop is a simple coil wire transceiver. ...

Video vehicle detection

Traffic flow measurement and Automatic Incident Detection using video cameras is another form of vehicle detection. Since video detection systems do not involve installing any components directly into the road surface or roadbed, this type of system is known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic detection. Video from black-and-white or color cameras is fed into processors that analyze the changing characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass. The cameras are typically mounted on poles or structures above or adjacent to the roadway. Most video detection systems require some initial configuration to "teach" the processor the baseline background image. This usually involves inputting known measurements such as the distance between lane lines or the height of the camera above the roadway. A single video detection processor can detect traffic simultaneously from one to eight cameras, depending on the brand and model. The typical output from a video detection system is lane-by-lane vehicle speeds, counts and lane occupancy readings. Some systems provide additional outputs including gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection and wrong-way vehicle alarms. A camera is a device used to take images (usually photographs), either singly or in sequence, with or without sound, such as with video cameras. ... A CPU The processor sub-system of a data processing system processes received information after it has been encoded into data by the input sub-system. ... The word lane has two meanings: a portion of a paved roadway which is intended for a single line of vehicles and is marked by white or yellow lines. ...

Intelligent transportation applications

Electronic toll collection

Electronic toll collection (ETC) makes it possible for vehicles to drive through toll gates at traffic speed, reducing congestion at toll plazas and automating toll collection. Originally ETC systems were used to automate toll collection, but more recent innovations have used ETC to enforce cordon zones in city centers and ETC Lanes. Many ETC systems use transponders like this one to electronically debit the accounts of registered cars without their stopping Transponder used in some Chilean expressways Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), an adaptation of military identification friend or foe technology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads. ... Many ETC systems use transponders like this one to electronically debit the accounts of registered cars without their stopping Transponder used in some Chilean expressways Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), an adaptation of military identification friend or foe technology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads. ...

Until recent years most ETC systems were based on using radio devices in vehicles that would use proprietary protocols to identify a vehicle as it passed under a gantry over the roadway. More recently there has been a move to standardize ETC protocols around the Dedicated Short Range Communications protocol that has been promoted for vehicle safety by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America, ERTICO and ITS Japan. A Gantry is an overhead crane, usually stradling (a support foot on either side) the payload to be lifted. ... DSRC or Dedicated Short Range Communications is a short to medium range wireless protocol specifically designed for automotive use. ... Intelligent Transportation Society of America ITS America was created in 1991 to be an advocate for the development and deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the United States. ...

Whilst communication frequencies and standards do differ around the world there has been a broad push toward Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) around the 5.9GHz frequency (802.11.x WAVE) Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) is the ongoing development of technology which directly links vehicles with the infrastructure. ...

ITS Australia also facilitated via its National Electronic Tolling Committee representing all jurisdictions and toll road operators interoperability of toll tags in Australia for the multi lane free flow tolls roads.

Other systems that have been used include barcode stickers, license plate recognition, infrared communication systems and Radio Frequency Identification Tags (see M6 Toll tag). Wikipedia encoded in Code 128 Wikipedia encoded in Code 93 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia encoded in the DataMatrix 2D barcode For the taxonomic method, see DNA barcoding. ... The system must be able to deal with different styles of licence plates Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read the licence plates on vehicles. ... For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). ... An EPC RFID tag used for Wal-Mart Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. ... An M6 Toll tag is an electronic toll collection device attached to a vehicles windscreen, which records the vehicles passage through toll plazas on the M6 Toll road, in order to charge an account for use of the M6 Toll. ...

Emergency vehicle notification systems

Cordon zones

Cordon zones are used primarily in urban centers where mass transit is an alternative to driving. Drivers entering a cordon zone are charged a toll that exceeds the cost of mass transit In the United States of America, transit describes local area common carrier passenger transportation configured to provide scheduled service on fixed routes on a non-reservation basis. ...

Cordon zones have been implemented in Singapore, Stockholm and in London where a special toll is collected (Congestion Charge) when entering a congested city center using Electronic Toll Collection, licence plate For other uses, see Stockholm (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The white-on-red C marks all entrances to the congestion charge zone although in some areas the charge zone is poorly signed, and accidental journeys into the zone can occur The London congestion charge is a fee for some motorists entering the Central London area. ...

See also

• Driverless car
• Intelligent vehicle technologies
• Traffic estimation and prediction system
• Map database management
• National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol (NTCIP)
• Parking Guidance and Information
• Telematics
• Traffic Message Channel
• Vehicular communication systems
• Vehicle Infrastructure Integration

The driverless car is an emerging family of technologies, ultimately aimed at a full taxi-like experience for car users, but without a driver. ... Intelligent Vehicle Technologies telematics comprise electronic, electromechanical, and electromagnetic devices - usually silicon micromachined components operating in conjunction with computer controlled devices and radio transceivers to provide precision repeatability functions (such as in robotics artificial intelligence systems) emergency warning validation performance reconstruction. ... Traffic estimation and prediction system (TrEPS) have the potential to improve traffic conditions and reduce travel delays by facilitating better utilization of available capacity. ... Navigation units are becoming more common in automotive vehicles (see Automotive navigation system). ... The National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol (NTCIP) is a family of standards designed to achieve interoperability and interchangeability between electronic traffic control equipment from different manufacturers. ... Parking Guidance and Information variable-message sign Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems, or Car Park Guidance Systems, present drivers with dynamic information on parking within controlled areas. ... The term telematics is used in a number of ways: The integrated use of telecommunications and informatics, also known as ICT (Information and Communications Technology). ... Traffic Message Channel (TMC) is a technology for delivering traffic and travel information to drivers. ... Vehicular Communication Systems are systems that allow motorists to communicate freely and safely with others while driving. ... Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) is the ongoing development of technology which directly links vehicles with the infrastructure. ...

External links

ITS Societies

• ITS America - This is a public/private ITS policy setting group
• ITS Australia
• ITS Austria
• ITS Brazil
• ITS Canada - National organization for groups and individuals interested in ITS
• ITS Chile
• ITS Denmark
• ITS France
• TTS Italia
• ITS Netherlands (Connekt)
• ITS Norway
• ITS South Africa
• ITS Spain
• ITS Sweden
• ITS Switzerland
• ITS UK
• ERTICO - ITS Europe
• Network of National ITS Associations
• IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society

ITS Government

• U.S. DOT's ITS website
• Australian ITS Source - 1 terabyte library website ITS research
• Japanese Government ITS Program

ITS News & information

• Telematics Update (news, analysis, events)
• Telematics Wire Industry News and Links
• Transportation Communications Newsletter
• ITS Report (aggregated ITS news from 1000s of sources worldwide)

ITS Education

• University of Oklahoma ITS Lab
• Professor Jerry Schneider at the University of Washington - links to innovative transportation projects worldwide
• Cooperative traffic systems lab of Rutgers, Princeton, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology
• The Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute at the University of Minnesota
• Transportation Research Institute
• The UK ITS Registry, following the ISO 14871 approach
• TPEG Draft Specifications
• Master's Programme in Intelligent Transport Systems, Linköpings universitet
• Laboratory for Intelligent and Safe Automobiles, University of California, San Diego

“Rutgers” redirects here. ... Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ... New Jersey Institute of Technology is a public research university in Newark, New Jersey. ... The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) program is an initiative of the United States Department of Transportation to add information technology to transportation infrastructure and vehicles. ...

Related journals & Magazines

• Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems
• International Journal of Sustainable Transportation
• IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
• Traffic Technology International
• ITS International
• Vial