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The Intercolonial Railway of Canada (IRC or ICR), also referred to as the Intercolonial Railway, was a historic Canadian railway. As the railway was also completely owned and controlled by the federal government, the Intercolonial is also one of Canada's first Crown corporations. Intercolonial Railway of Canada herald. ...
Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages None (English,French,Gaelic) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Myra Freeman Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 12th 55,283...
Motto: Spem reduxit (Hope restored) Official languages English, French Capital Fredericton Largest city Saint John Lieutenant-Governor Herménégilde Chiasson Premier Bernard Lord (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 10 10 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 11th 72 908 km² 71 450 km² 1 458 km...
Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Flower White garden lily Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total - Land - Water (% of total) Ranked 2nd 1,542,056 km² 1,183...
1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
Rail gauge is the distance between two rails of a railroad. ...
A foot (plural: feet) is a non-SI unit of distance or length, measuring around a third of a meter. ...
Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch An inch is an Imperial and U.S. customary unit of length. ...
A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ...
As railways developed and expanded one of the key issues to be decided was that of the rail gauge (the distance between the two rails of the track) which should be used. ...
Moncton (46°6′ N 64°46′ W) is the second largest city in the Canadian province of New Brunswick and is at the heart of the fastest growing urban area in the province. ...
In Commonwealth countries a Crown corporation is a state-controlled company or enterprise (a public corporation). ...
History
The idea of a railway connecting Britain's North American colonies arose as soon as the railway age began in the 1830s. In the decades following the War of 1812 and ever-mindful of the issue of security, the colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and to a lesser extent Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland, wished to improve land-based transportation with Upper and Lower Canada (later the Province of Canada after 1840). A railway connection among the colonies would serve both economic and military purposes during the winter months when the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River were frozen and shipping was impassable. Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria...
The War of 1812 (in Britain, the American War of 1812 to 1815), was fought between the United States and British Empire from 1812 to 1815, on land in North America and at sea around the world. ...
Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages None (English,French,Gaelic) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Myra Freeman Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 12th 55,283...
Motto: Spem reduxit (Hope restored) Official languages English, French Capital Fredericton Largest city Saint John Lieutenant-Governor Herménégilde Chiasson Premier Bernard Lord (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 10 10 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 11th 72 908 km² 71 450 km² 1 458 km...
Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti (Latin: The small under the protection of the great) Official languages None Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Lieutenant-Governor J. Léonce Bernard Premier Pat Binns (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 4 4 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 13th 5,660 km...
Newfoundland (French: Terre-Neuve; Irish: Talamh an Éisc (literally, Land of the Fish [singular]); Latin: Terra Nova) is a large island off the northeast coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ...
Map of Upper Canada (orange) Upper Canada was a British territory in what is now the Canadian province of Ontario. ...
Lower Canada was a British colony in North America, at the downstream end of the Saint Lawrence River in the southern portion of the modern-day province of Quebec. ...
Note: for information about Canadas present-day provinces, see Provinces and territories of Canada. ...
1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the worlds largest estuary, is the outlet of North Americas Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. ...
The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ...
Significant surveys were conducted throughout the 1830s-1850s and funding talks were established between the various colonial administrations and the British government, however progress remained slow and little was accomplished beyond talk. Railway construction came to the Maritime provinces as early as the mid-1830s with the opening of the Albion Railway, a coal mining railway in Nova Scotia's Pictou County and the second railway to open in British North America. Construction in the 1850s saw two important rail lines opened in the Maritimes to connect cities on the Atlantic coast with steamship routes in the Northumberland Strait and Gulf of St. Lawrence: Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria...
// Events and Trends Technology Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Science Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution...
The Maritimes or Maritime provinces are a region of Canada on the Atlantic coast, consisting of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. ...
Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria...
Pictou County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ...
British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ...
// Events and Trends Technology Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Science Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution...
The Northumberland Strait (French: détroit de Northumberland) is a strait in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in eastern North America. ...
The Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the worlds largest estuary, is the outlet of North Americas Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. ...
- The European and North American Railway (E&NA) was a line that was envisioned to extend the New England rail network eastward through the Maritimes to an ice free harbour closer to the shipping routes to Europe. The first portion of the E&NA built was between the Bay of Fundy port city of Saint John, via "The Bend" (of the Petitcodiac River, this area is today known as the city of Moncton) to the Northumberland Strait port town of Shediac. The Saint John-Shediac line opened on August 20, 1857 and eventually other companies built separate sections of railway linking Saint John west through Maine to the New England network, however the E&NA remained solely a Saint John-Shediac connection and never reached a port in Nova Scotia.
An intercolonial rail system in the British North American colonies was never far from the minds of government and civic leaders and in an 1851 speech at a Mason's Hall in Halifax, local editor of the Nova Scotian newspaper, Joseph Howe spoke these words: The Nova Scotia Railway was incorporated March 31, 1853 to build railway lines from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Pictou, Nova Scotia by way of Truro, Nova Scotia, from Halifax to Victoria Beach (near Digby, Nova Scotia by way of Windsor, Nova Scotia, and from Truro, Nova Scotia to the border...
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of the earths surface. ...
Please read first: This article is about the Nova Scotia community. ...
One of Truros tree sculptures Truro (2001 population 11,457; area population 44,276) is a town in central Nova Scotia, Canada. ...
The town of Westville is one of five towns comprising the major population centres of Pictou County, Nova Scotia, Canada; the other four being the towns of Pictou, New Glasgow, Trenton and Stellarton. ...
Stellarton is a town located in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, Canada at a latitude of 45°34 North and longitude of 62°40 West. ...
New Glasgow (2001 population 9,432; area population 36,735) is the largest town in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, Canada. ...
Trenton, Nova Scotia is one of the five towns of Pictou County, the others being Pictou, New Glasgow, Stellerton, and Westville. ...
Pictou is a small town on the northern coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in Pictou County. ...
The Pride of Rotterdam, One of the P&O Ferriess Flagships operating the Hull-Rotterdam Route A ferry is a boat or a ship carrying passengers, and sometimes their vehicles, on scheduled services. ...
Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti (Latin: The small under the protection of the great) Official languages None Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Lieutenant-Governor J. Léonce Bernard Premier Pat Binns (PC) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 4 4 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 13th 5,660 km...
Windsor is a small town located in central Nova Scotia at the junction of the Avon and St. ...
The Bay of Fundy (French: baie de Fundy) is a bay located on the Atlantic coast of North America, on the northeast end of the Gulf of Maine between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. ...
Annapolis Valley is a valley in western Nova Scotia, formed by a trough between two parallel mountain ranges along the shore of the Bay of Fundy. ...
The European and North American Railway (E&NA) is the name for three historic Canadian and American railways which were built in New Brunswick and Maine. ...
The states of New England are Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ...
A warm water port is a port where the water does not freeze (rendering it unusable) in the winter. ...
Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ...
Saint John is the second largest city in the province of New Brunswick and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. ...
The Petitcodiac River is located in southeastern New Brunswick,Canada, originating in the Caledonia Highlands and eventually courses through the city of Moncton before emptying into Shepody Bay on the Bay of Fundy. ...
Moncton (46°6′ N 64°46′ W) is the second largest city in the Canadian province of New Brunswick and is at the heart of the fastest growing urban area in the province. ...
The worlds largest lobster sculpture located in Shediac Shediac (46°13′N 64°32′W, AST) is a town located in Shediac Parish, Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada on the Northumberland Strait, about 20 km from the city of Moncton. ...
August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
A mason is a worker in brick or stone, now most commonly involved in building walls, but previously also arches and vaults. ...
The Honourable Joseph Howe, PC (December 13, 1804 – June 1, 1873) was born the son of John Howe and Mary Edes at Halifax, Nova Scotia. ...
- I am neither a prophet, nor the son of a prophet, yet I will venture to predict that in five years we shall make the journey hence to Quebec and Montreal, and home through Portland and St. John, by rail; and I believe that many in this room will live to hear the whistle of the steam engine in the passes of the Rocky Mountains, and to make the journey from Halifax to the Pacific in five or six days.
But a rail connection between the Maritime colonies and the Province of Canada was not to be for another quarter century. Central Canada's dominant railway player in the 1850s was the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) and its profit-driven business model chose the U.S. Atlantic port of Portland, Maine over a much longer journey to a Maritime port. As a result, Portland boomed during the winter months when Montreal's shipping season was closed. // Events and Trends Technology Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Science Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution...
Grand Trunk Railway logo or herald The Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) was a historic railway system headquartered in Montreal, Quebec which operated in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, as well as the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. ...
Location Location in Cumberland County, Maine Government Counties Cumberland County Mayor Jim Cohen Geographical characteristics Area - City - Land - Water 52. ...
Official language(s) None Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 39th 33,414 sq mi 86,542 km² 190 miles 305 km 320 miles 515 km 13. ...
Nevertheless, the geopolitical instability in North America resulting from the American Civil War led to increased nervousness on the part of British North American colonies, particularly wary of the large Union Army operating south of their borders. The demands for closer political and economic ties between colonies led to further calls for an "Intercolonial Railway". An 1862 conference in Quebec City led to an agreement on financing the railway with the Maritime colonies and Canada splitting construction costs and Britain assuming any debts, however the deal fell through within months. Combatants United States of America Union Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties Killed in action: 110,000 Total dead: 360,000 Wounded: 275,200 Killed in action: 93,000 Total dead: 258,000...
Map of the division of the states during the Civil War. ...
1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (Gift of God shall make prosper) Area: 547. ...
It is speculated that this failure to achieve a deal on the Intercolonial in 1862, combined with the ongoing concerns over the American Civil War, led to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, and eventually to Confederation of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (Ontario and Quebec) in 1867. 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Delegates of the Charlottetown Convention The Charlottetown Conference was a conference in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island for representatives from the colonies of British North America to discuss Canadian Confederation. ...
1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...
We dont have an article called Canadian-confederation Start this article Search for Canadian-confederation in. ...
1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
The British North America Act (BNA Act) of 1867 formally established an agreement calling for the construction of the Intercolonial Railway in Section 145: The British North America Acts 1867–1975 are a series of Acts of the British Parliament dealing with the government of Canada. ...
1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
- 145. Inasmuch as the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have joined in a Declaration that the Construction of the Intercolonial Railway is essential to the Consolidation of the Union of British North America, and to the Assent thereto of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and have consequently agreed that Provision should be made for its immediate Construction by the Government of Canada; Therefore, in order to give effect to that Agreement, it shall be the Duty of the Government and Parliament of Canada to provide for the commencement, within Six Months after the Union, of a Railway connecting the River St. Lawrence with the City of Halifax in Nova Scotia, and for the Construction thereof without Intermission, and the Completion thereof with all practicable Speed.
Despite being enshrined in the BNA Act of 1867, it would still be another decade before a route was finally selected and construction was completed, however as a start, the federal government assumed the operations of the NSR and E&NA which were to be wholly absorbed into the IRC. The route connecting the NSR and the E&NA was not contestable as the line had to cross the Cobequid Mountain range and the Isthmus of Chignecto where options were limited by the local topography. In New Brunswick, it was a different story, as the choice was narrowed to three options. A commission of engineers, headed by Sandford Fleming had been unanimously appointed in 1863 to consider the following: 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
The Isthmus of Chignecto is an isthmus bordering the Maritime provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia which connects the mainland portion of Nova Scotia with North America. ...
Surface of the Earth Topography, a term in geography, has come to refer to the lay of the land, or the physiogeographic characteristics of land in terms of elevation, slope, and orientation. ...
Sir Sandford Fleming Sir Sandford Fleming (January 7, 1827 - July 22, 1915) was a prolific Canadian engineer and inventor, known for the introduction of Universal Standard Time, Canadas first postage stamp, a huge body of surveying and map making, engineering much of the Intercolonial Railway and the Canadian Pacific...
1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ...
- The "Frontier Route" - surveyed in 1836 by Captain Yule (Royal Engineers) from Saint John, via Fredericton, up the Saint John River valley to Canada East, not far from the International Boundary which had been recently decided in favour of the United States during the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842.
- The "Central Route" - surveyor unknown, running north from a point near Sussex, passing near Grand Lake, and north to Canada East.
Despite pressure from commercial interests in the Maritimes and New England who wanted a rail connection closer to the border, the Chaleur Bay routing was chosen, amid the backdrop of the American Civil War, as it would keep the Intercolonial far from the boundary with Maine. Charles Darwin 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually just called the Royal Engineers (RE), and commonly known as the Sappers, is one of the corps of the British Army. ...
The St. ...
Canada East (French: Canada-Est) was the eastern portion of the Province of Canada. ...
Canada and the United States of America share the longest common border among any two countries that is not militarized or actively patrolled. ...
Headline text The Webster-Ashburton Treaty, signed August 9, 1842, settled the dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada as well as the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains and...
1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
Sussex is a town in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada, located about seventy kilometres north-north-east of Saint John. ...
Canada East (French: Canada-Est) was the eastern portion of the Province of Canada. ...
Chaleur Bay (baie des Chaleurs in French) is an arm of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence separating Quebecs Gaspé Peninsula from New Brunswicks North Shore. The wide mouth of the Restigouche River is formed at the western-most (upper) end of the bay. ...
// Events and Trends Technology First use of general anesthesia in an operation, by Crawford Long The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844 from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.. War, peace and politics First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) on February...
Newcastle, New Brunswick was a former town on the Miramichi River in east central New Brunswick, Canada. ...
The Miramichi River is a Canadian river located in the central-eastern part of the province of New Brunswick. ...
Bathurst (2001 population 12,924) is a city at the mouth of the Nepisiguit River on the Baie des Chaleurs in Gloucester County in northeastern New Brunswick, Canada. ...
The Restigouche River showing the J.C. Van Horne Bridge running between Campbellton and Pointe-à -la-Croix, Québec Campbellton (2001 population 7,798) is the smallest of the eight officially incorporated cities in New Brunswick, Canada. ...
Canada East (French: Canada-Est) was the eastern portion of the Province of Canada. ...
NASA satellite image of the Gaspé Peninsula. ...
The Matapédia River is a world renowned salmon fishing river in the Gaspé region of Quebec. ...
The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ...
Rivière-du-Loup (pop. ...
Construction Fleming was appointed "Engineer in Chief" of the IRC project by the federal government. The majority of the construction was to be tendered to local contractors, with engineering oversight to be provided by Fleming's staff, however political interference and contractor negligence (or incompetence) led to escalating costs on some of the contracts, forcing Fleming to assume some of the direct contractor duties as violators were discovered and purged from the project.
Perhaps the greatest case of cost overruns was caused by political interference during construction of the section of new line between the NSR trackage at Truro and the E&NA trackage near Moncton. The section running from the interprovincial boundary near the towns of Amherst and Sackville northwest to Moncton was diverted further west to run into the Memramcook River valley to service the village of Dorchester at the insistence of a politically influential local senator and former Father of Confederation. A less-severe case of interference also occurred at Londonderry (west of Truro) where the line was diverted for several miles to run near a local iron ore mine at the foot of the Cobequid Mountains. Amherst is a town in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, Canada, approximately 194 kilometres northwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia. ...
Sackville Waterfowl Park Sackville (45°54′N 64°22′W, AST) is a town in Westmorland County, located in South-Eastern New Brunswick, Canada, only eight km from the Nova Scotia border and 45 km from the regional city of Moncton. ...
The old Bell Inn in Dorchester, New Brunswick was an inn between 1820 and 1860. ...
Londonderry is an unincorporated community located in Colchester County, Nova Scotia, Canada. ...
To Fleming's credit, he insisted upon a high quality of workmanship in designing the route, using fills several metres higher than the surrounding landscape, where possible, to prevent snow accumulation, and mandated the installation of iron bridges over streams and rivers rather than the cheaper wooden structures that many railways of the time favoured. This latter decision proved extremely far-sighted as the strength of the bridges and their material saved the line from lengthy closures on numerous occasions in the early years during forest fire seasons. General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...
Fire in San Bernardino, California Mountains (image taken from the International Space Station) A wildfire, also known as a forest fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, or bushfire (in Australasia), is an uncontrolled fire in wildland often caused by lightning; other common causes are human carelessness and arson. ...
Sections of the railway opened as follows:
- Truro to Moncton in November 1872. A major obstacle involved crossing the Cobequid Mountains with the Intercolonial's route running through the Wentworth Valley.
- Rivière-du-Loup to Ste-Flavie (now Mont-Joli) in August 1874. This portion of the route is entirely in the lower St. Lawrence River valley.
- Campbellton to Ste-Flavie on July 1, 1876. The main obstacle involved running the line through the Matapedia River valley where deep cuts would prove to be a problem for years during the winter months. Problems with clearing snow in some of these areas were resolved with the construction of extensive snow sheds - the only ones in eastern Canada.
The IRC was initially built to broad gauge of 1,676 mm (5 feet 6 inches) to be compatible with other railways in British North America, namely its component systems, the NSR and the E&NA, as well as its western connection at Rivière-du-Loup, the GTR. Before the construction was even complete, Fleming had the IRC re-gauged to standard gauge in 1875, following the trend of standardization sweeping U.S. and Canadian railways at the time. Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...
Mont-Joli is a city in the La Mitis Regional County Municipality within the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec. ...
August is the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...
1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
The Restigouche River showing the J.C. Van Horne Bridge running between Campbellton and Pointe-à -la-Croix, Québec Campbellton (2001 population 7,798) is the smallest of the eight officially incorporated cities in New Brunswick, Canada. ...
1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
The Miramichi River is a Canadian river located in the central-eastern part of the province of New Brunswick. ...
Newcastle, New Brunswick was a former town on the Miramichi River in east central New Brunswick, Canada. ...
July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ...
1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday. ...
Great Western Railway broad gauge steam locomotives awaiting scrapping in 1892 after the conversion to standard gauge. ...
A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ...
A foot (plural: feet) is a non-SI unit of distance or length, measuring around a third of a meter. ...
Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch An inch is an Imperial and U.S. customary unit of length. ...
British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ...
Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails which make up a railway track. ...
As railways developed and expanded one of the key issues to be decided was that of the rail gauge (the distance between the two rails of the track) which should be used. ...
1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
Operation and Expansion In 1879, the IRC purchased the GTR line between Rivière-du-Loup and Levis, opposite from Quebec City. 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Lévis (officially Ville de Lévis) is a city in eastern Quebec, Canada. ...
In 1884, the IRC built a branch from its mainline east of Campbellton to service the port and forest industry town of Dalhousie. 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Dalhousie is a town in northern New Brunswick, Canada, where the Restigouche River flows into the Baie des Chaleurs. ...
In the late 1880s, the IRC received running rights over the GTR main line between Levis and Montreal, allowing passengers and cargo from the Maritimes to Canada's then-largest city to transit without interchanging. // Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ...
In 1890, the IRC completed construction of what had begun as the Cape Breton Eastern Extension, with a line running from its former NSR terminus at New Glasgow eastward to the Strait of Canso at the port of Mulgrave where railcar ferries operated a 1-mile route across the deep waters to Point Tupper and thence onward to the port of North Sydney (with ferry and steamship connections to Port aux Basques, Newfoundland) and terminating in the port of Sydney itself. 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ...
The Strait of Canso (also Gut of Canso or Canso Strait), is located in northeastern North America in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ...
Mulgrave is a town on the Strait of Canso in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Canada; immediately across from the town of Port Hawkesbury. ...
North Sydney, Nova Scotia Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia North Sydney is a town located in Nova Scotias Cape Breton Regional Municipality. ...
Port aux Basques and the other Marine Atlantic ferry ports Channel-Port aux Basques (also Port aux Basques) is a town at the extreme southwestern tip of the island of Newfoundland fronting on the eastern end of the Cabot Strait. ...
Downtown Sydney, Nova Scotia Sydney, Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island Sydney is a community and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada, and is located on its namesake harbour in eastern Cape Breton County. ...
In 1904, the IRC purchased the Canada Eastern Railway, giving it a connection to the Fredericton area. 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The Canada Eastern Railway, originally known as the Northern and Western Railway, was a railway line operating in New Brunswick, Canada, running from Newcastle (now part of Miramichi), to Devon (opposite Fredericton). ...
For the Canadian federal electoral district of the same name, see Fredericton (electoral district) Fredericton, population 47,560 (greater Fredericton 81,346, both per 2001 census), is the capital of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. ...
Moncton became the headquarters for the company and extensive shops and yard facilities were built, as well as a grand station, built to rival the Canadian Pacific Railway station in McAdam. Following a February 24, 1906 fire, the Moncton shops were relocated to a new facility northwest of downtown and the former shops location was converted into yard facilities. The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR; AAR reporting marks CP, CPAA, CPI), known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a Canadian Class I railway operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. ...
McAdam is a village located in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada. ...
February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
As a result of the IRC with its subsidized freight-rate agreements, as well as the National Policy of prime minister Sir John A. MacDonald, the industrial revolution struck Maritime towns quickly. The IRC was the perfect vehicle for transporting raw ore such as iron ore and coal to steel plants in Trenton, Sydney Mines and Sydney, as well as finished and semi-finished products to other Maritime and central Canadian locations. This led to foundries and factories of various industries springing up throughout Nova Scotia and New Brunswick along the IRC main line and branch lines. The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A. Macdonalds Conservative Party in 1879 after it returned to power. ...
The Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, GCB, QC (January 11, 1815 - June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada from July 1, 1867 - November 5, 1873 - and - October 17, 1878 - June 6, 1891. ...
Sydney Mines is a town located in Nova Scotias Cape Breton Regional Municipality. ...
Passenger Trains Passenger trains on the IRC operated between all points on the system which included the following major sections: - Halifax - Truro
- Truro - Pictou County - Sydney
- Truro - Moncton
- Saint John - Moncton
- Moncton - Newcastle - Bathurst - Campbellton - Rivière-du-Loup - Levis - Montreal
Several "name trains" were started by the IRC, including the Scotian, Maritime Express, and the longest-enduring "name" passenger train in Canada to this very day, the Ocean Limited. The Ocean is a Canadian passenger train operated by VIA Rail between Montreal, Quebec and Halifax, Nova Scotia. ...
First World War As a government-owned railway and the only operator of a rail connection to the port of Halifax and the extensive defence establishment there, the IRC became a lifeline for the Canadian and British war effort throughout the First World War, particularly since the CPR line to Saint John ran through the state of Maine on its eastward route from Montreal, thereby any war shipments on CPR would violate the United States' neutrality. Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian deaths: 3 million Total of dead: 8 million Military dead: 4 million Civilian deaths: 3 million Total dead: 7 million The First...
Saint John is the second largest city in the province of New Brunswick and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. ...
Halifax grew in importance, particularly as Germany introduced use of submarines for the first time to a large-scale conflict, requiring the Royal Canadian Navy and the Royal Navy to institute the use of convoys for protecting ships. Halifax's protected harbour allowed ships to load and form up into convoy formations under protection due to torpedo nets strung across the harbour entrance. The IRC swelled in its ranks of employees and equipment as it struggled to carry the burden of war materiel from Central Canada to the Atlantic Coast. An equally important connection was the line from Cape Breton where the largest private employer in Canada, the Dominion Steel and Coal Company (through its predecessors) produced vast quantities of steel and coal for the war effort, much of which was carried by the IRC westward to other industrial centres, before returning via Halifax for shipment overseas. The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) was the navy of Canada from 1911 until 1968 when the three branches of the Canadian military were merged into the Canadian Armed Forces. ...
The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services being the oldest of its three branches. ...
The tragedy of the Halifax Explosion on December 6, 1917 destroyed much of the IRC's infrastructure in the Richmond neighbourhood of north-end Halifax. The IRC's North Street station was heavily damaged and its Richmond Yard and shipping terminals were destroyed or rendered unusable, severely hampering war-time operations at the port and disaster recovery efforts in the city as a whole. Construction that had begun on a second route using a vast rock cut through the south end of the Halifax peninsula to a new "Ocean Terminal" was accelerated and the IRC abandoned the North Street station as a result. The Halifax Explosion occurred on Thursday December 6, 1917 at 9:04:35 a. ...
December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...
Legacy The IRC was Canada's first national railway (although some might argue the case for the GTR), having pre-dated the CPR by nine years, and it was also the first significant Crown corporation. The IRC was a pervasive and ubiquitous presence in the Maritimes, with the company employing thousands of workers, purchasing millions of dollars in services, coal, and other local products annually, operating ferries to Cape Breton Island at the Strait of Canso, and carrying the Royal Mail. The IRC was the face of the federal government in many communities in a region that was still somewhat hostile to what many believed was a forced Confederation (anti-Confederation organizers remained active in Nova Scotia and particularly New Brunswick into the 1880s. In Commonwealth countries a Crown corporation is a state-controlled company or enterprise (a public corporation). ...
Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada Cape Breton Island (French: île du Cap-Breton, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Mikmaq: Unamakika, simply: Cape Breton) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. ...
// Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ...
In 1915 the IRC, together with the federally-owned National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) and the Prince Edward Island Railway (PEIR), as well as several bankrupt or defunct shortlines in New Brunswick, were grouped under the collective banner of the Canadian Government Railways (CGR) for funding and administrative purposes, although each company continued to operate independently. 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
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The Prince Edward Island Railway (PEIR) was a historic Canadian railway. ...
Canadian Government Railways (CGR) was the descriptive name used between 1915_1918 for all federal government-owned railways in Canada. ...
On September 6, 1918, the bankrupt Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) was nationalized by the federal government. The CNoR's government-appointed Board of Management was directed to assume control of the CGR system at this time. On December 20, 1918 the federal government created the Canadian National Railways (CNR) through a Privy Council order to consolidate management of the various companies. Another bankrupt western railway system, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR), was nationalized by the federal government on March 7, 1919 and became part of the CNR system on July 12, 1920. GTPR's parent company, the GTR was also nationalized on May 21, 1920 before being included in the CNR system on January 30, 1923. This article is about the day of the year. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
The Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) is a historic Canadian railway. ...
December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
CN redirects here, as its the most common usage of the abbreviation in Canada; for more uses, see CN (disambiguation). ...
The Privy Council Office as it appeared in the 1880s The Queens Privy Council for Canada (French: Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada) is the ceremonial council of advisers to the Queen of Canada, whose members are appointed by the Governor General of Canada for life on...
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway logo or herald The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR) was a historical Canadian railway. ...
March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in leap years). ...
1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. ...
1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ...
May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ...
1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ...
January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The IRC had been called the People's Railway and this socialist slogan was similarly applied to the CNR while it remained under government ownership. Despite many claims of political interference in its construction and subsequent operation, the majority of IRC from an operations viewpoint remained economically self-sufficient. This was largely due to the fact that IRC balance books never had to contend with falling freight and passenger revenues as a result of post-Second World War highway construction and airline usage. During the 42-year life of the IRC from 1876-1918, the railway had grown to a monopoly position in land transportation. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
The IRC formed the majority of CNR's Maritimes operations and CN (acronym abbreviated post-1960) maintained Moncton as its principal regional headquarters well into the 1980s. Until the late-1970s, the IRC line through northern New Brunswick and eastern Quebec continued to host a large portion of CN's freight and the majority of its passenger traffic to Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. In 1976, a 30-mile "cutoff" was built from Pelletier, Quebec to a point on the former IRC main line west of Rivière-du-Loup, eliminating 200 miles of mountainous trackage on the former NTR to Quebec City. Following this development, the majority of freight traffic to the Maritimes shifted to the NTR's line through central New Brunswick, relegating the IRC line to secondary main line status. Following CN's privatization in 1995, the company undertook a network rationalization program which made the IRC line between Moncton and Rivière-du-Loup redundant and it was sold to a short line operator, the New Brunswick East Coast Railway, in 1998. The former IRC main line from Levis to Rivière-du-Loup, as well as the IRC lines from Moncton to Saint John and Moncton to Halifax remain with CN, except for a short section on the waterfront of Levis which was abandoned due to network rationalization. The IRC line from Truro to Sydney was sold to a short line operator, the Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway, in 1993. Despite the replacement or upgrading of bridges and track since the 19th century, the majority of Sir Sandford Fleming's route works, including the fills and rock cuts remain as they were when they were built. 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ...
MacGyver - 1980s hero The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ...
The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1971 to 1980, inclusive. ...
1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1976 calendar). ...
1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The New Brunswick East Coast Railway is a 311 mile railway operating in New Brunswick between Campbellton and Pacific Junction near Moncton with important spurs between Dalhousie Junction and Dalhousie, Nepisiguit Junction and Brunswick Mines, and Nelson to Chatham. ...
1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...
The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway (CBNS) is a 392 km (245 mile) railway operating in Nova Scotia between Sydney and Truro with spurs at Sydney, Port Hawkesbury/Point Tupper, Trenton and Stellarton. ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
VIA Rail continues to operate the Ocean passenger train between Halifax and Montreal following the route of the IRC the entire way. VIA Rail Canada (also referred to as VIA Rail and VIA; pronounced vee-ah) is an independent Crown corporation offering intercity passenger rail services in Canada. ...
The Ocean is a Canadian passenger train operated by VIA Rail between Montreal, Quebec and Halifax, Nova Scotia. ...
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