The areas all have multiple functions. The zoning includes a core area, a buffer zone and an outer transition area. The outer boundary is always flexible.
There are (in October 2004) 459 Biosphere Reserves in 97 countries.
For a full list of all Biosphere Reserves in the world, see:
I suggest that the biospherereserve model encourages the creation of 'NGO landscapes,' in which local cultural and political structures are replaced by NGO structures.
Thus, the 1974 biospherereserve model was designed to encompass a large circular area divided into a series of concentric zones--nuclear zone, multiple use zone, buffer zone--each having different ecological functions, uses, and management structures (Goodier and Jeffers 1981).
A review of biospherereserves created between 1974 and 1983 revealed that the research conducted at reserves was of an academic nature and did not address the source of environmental problems.
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