- This article is about International Development. For other forms of development, see Development (disambiguation).
International development is a concept that lacks a universally accepted definition, but it is most used in a holistic and multi-disciplinary context of human development - the development of livelihoods and greater quality of life for humans. It therefore encompasses governance, healthcare, education, gender equality, disaster preparedness, infrastructure, economics, human rights, environment and issues associated with these. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...
Development has meaning in several contexts: // Biological development of embryos in the context of developmental biology Child development (physical emphasis) or post-natal human development (pediatrics, etc) Software engineering, the methodology and process of development of computer software Technology development in industry, as in Software development New product development in...
Health care or healthcare is one of the worlds largest and fastest growing professions. ...
Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ...
Emergency operations or Emergency preparedness is a set of doctrines to prepare civil society to cope with natural or man-made disasters. ...
Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
International development is by definition a process undertaken by countries and communities with assistance from other nations' governments and communities, from international Non-Governmental Organisations (such as charities) or from intergovernmental organisations (such as the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank). As such it is distinct from development which would take place anyway, without international involvement. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ...
UN and U.N. redirect here. ...
IMF redirects here. ...
The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ...
International development is also distinct from, though conceptually related to, disaster relief and humanitarian aid. While these two forms of international support seek to alleviate some of the problems associated with a lack of development, they are most often short term fixes - they are not necessarily sustainable solutions. International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems. A truly sustainable development project is one which will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it be financial or otherwise. Emergency operations or Emergency preparedness is a set of doctrines to prepare civil society to cope with natural or man-made disasters. ...
Humanitarian aid arriving by plane at Rinas Airport in Albania in the summer of 1999. ...
Forests on San Juan Island in Washington. ...
International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects targeted at several aspects of society.
History of International Development Although International relations and international trade have existed in their current forms since the Peace of Westphalia (treaty signed in 1648), it is only in the past century that development theory emerged as a separate body of ideas[1]. More specifically, it has been suggested that 'the theory and practice of development is inherently technocratic, and remains rooted in the high modernist period of political thought that existed in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War'[2]. The Politics series Politics Portal This box: International relations (IR), a branch of political science, is the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). ...
International trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. ...
Ratification of the Treaty of Münster. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
High modernism is a particular instance of modernism, coined towards the end of modernism. ...
The era of development The second half of the 20th century has been called the 'era of development'[3]. The origins of this era have been attributed to: (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...
- the need for reconstruction in the immediate aftermath of World War II[4];
- the evolution of colonialism or "colonization" into globalization and the establishment of new free trade policies between so-called 'developed' and 'underdeveloped' nations.
- the start of the Cold War and the desire of the United States and its allies to prevent the Third World from drifting towards communism. It was also a time when the Russian allies were also feeling the trouble and effects of this change.
It has been argued that this era was launched on January 20th, 1949, when Harry S. Truman made these remarks in his inaugural address[5]: Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...
A KFC franchise in Kuwait. ...
Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ...
For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...
For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...
Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ...
For other persons named Harry Truman, see Harry Truman (disambiguation). ...
- "We must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. The old imperialism - exploitation for foreign profit - has no place in our plans. What we envisage is a program of development based on the concept of democratic fair dealing."
Before this date, however, the United States had already taken a leading role in the creation of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now part of the World Bank Group) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), both established in 1944, and in the United Nations in 1945. Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is one of the five institutions consisting the World Bank Group. ...
It has been suggested that World Bank be merged into this article or section. ...
IMF redirects here. ...
UN and U.N. redirect here. ...
The launch of the Marshall Plan was another important step in the setting the agenda for international development, combining humanitarian goals with the creation of a political and economic bloc in Europe that was allied to the U.S. This agenda was given conceptual support during the 1950s in the form of modernization theory espoused by Walt Rostow and other American economists. The changes in the 'developed' world's approach to international development were further necessitated by the gradual collapse of Western Europe's empires over the next decades; now independent ex-colonies no longer received support in return for their subjugation. Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ...
Modernization theory is a socio-economic theory, sometimes known as (or as being encompassed within) development theory, which highlights the positive role played by the developed world in modernizing and facilitating sustainable development in underdeveloped nations, often contrasted with dependency theory. ...
Walt Whitman Rostow (also known as Walt Rostow or W.W. Rostow) (October 7, 1916 - February 13, 2003) was an American economist and political thinker prominent for his staunch opposition to Communism and belief in the efficacy of capitalism and free enterprise. ...
By the late 1960s, the critics of modernization were advancing a dependency theory to explain the evolving relationship between the West and the Third World. In the 1970s and early 80's, the modernists at the World Bank and IMF adopted the neoliberal ideas of economists such as Milton Friedman or Bela Balassa, which were implemented in the form of structural adjustment programs, while their opponents were promoting various 'bottom up' approaches, ranging from civil disobedience and conscientization to appropriate technology and Rapid Rural Appraisal. Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box: Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations, that create a worldview which suggests that poor underdeveloped states of the periphery are exploited by wealthy developed nations of the centre, in order to sustain economic...
Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American Nobel Laureate economist and public intellectual. ...
Structural adjustment is a term used by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for the changes it recommends for developing countries. ...
For other uses, see Civil disobedience (disambiguation). ...
The term Conscientization comes from the Portuguese term Conscientizacão. ...
Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. ...
PRA ranking exercise being carried out by members of a Farmer Field School in Bangladesh, 2004 Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. ...
In response various parts of the UN system led a counter movement, which in the long run has proved to be successful[citation needed]. They were led initially by the ILO, influenced by Paul Streeten, then UNICEF (Andrew Cornia, Adjustment with a Human Face. Then UNDP, even though headed by a conservative US republican, put forward the concept of Human Development, thanks to Mahboub ul Haq and Amartya Sen, thus changing the nature of the development dialogue to focus on human needs and capabilities. By the 1990s, there were some writers for whom development theory had reached an impasse [6] and some academics were imagining a postdevelopment era[7]. (See also The End of History by Fukuyama) The Cold War had ended, capitalism had become the dominant mode of social organization, and UN statistics showed that living standards around the world had improved over the past 40 years[8]. Nevertheless, a large portion of the world's population were still living in poverty, their governments were crippled by debt and concerns about the environmental impact of globalization were rising. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The End of History and the Last Man is a 1992 book by Francis Fukuyama, expanding on his 1989 essay The End of History?, in which he argues the controversial thesis that the end of the Cold War signals the end of the progression of human history: What we may...
A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ...
Developing countries debt is external debt incurred by Third World countries, generally in quantities beyond that countrys ability to repay. ...
A KFC franchise in Kuwait. ...
In response to the impasse, the rhetoric of development is now focusing on the issue of poverty, with the metanarrative of modernization being replaced by shorter term vision embodied by the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, some development agencies are exploring opportunities for public-private partnerships and promoting the idea of Corporate social responsibility with the apparent aim of integrating international development with the process of economic globalization[9]. In critical theory, and particularly postmodernism, a metanarrative (sometimes master- or grand narrative) is a global or totalizing cultural narrative schema which orders and explains knowledge and experience.[1] The prefix meta means beyond and is here used to mean about, and a narrative is a story. ...
The Millenium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that 192 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. ...
Public-private partnership (PPP) is a variation of privatization in which elements of a service previously run solely by the public sector are provided through a partnership between the government and one or more private sector companies. ...
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept which encourages organizations to consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of the organizations activities on customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspects of its operations. ...
The critics have suggested that this integration has always been part of the underlying agenda of development[10]. They argue that poverty can be equated with powerlessness, and that the way to overcome poverty is through emancipatory social movements and civil society, not paternalistic aid programmes or corporate charity[11]. Social movements are broader political associations focussed on specific issues. ...
The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system) and commercial institutions. ...
While some critics have been debating the end of development others have predicted a development revival as part of the War on Terrorism. To date, however, there is limited evidence to support the notion that aid budgets are being used to counter islamic fundamentalism in the same way that they were used 40 years ago to counter communism[12]. This article is about U.S. actions, and those of other states, after September 11, 2001. ...
Historical Development Theories -
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Millennium Development Goals In the year 2000, United Nations signed the United Nations Millennium Declaration, which includes eight Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by 2015. This represented the first time that a holistic strategy to meet the development needs of the world has been established, with measureable targets and defined indicators[5]. The Millennium Declaration is a United Nations resolution, adopted at the 8th plenary meeting on September 8, 2000, with nine major development goals. ...
The Millenium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that 192 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. ...
For the video game developer, see 2015, Inc. ...
Because the MDGs are a multilateral United Nations programme, they are more removed from (but by no means independent of) individual national interests than unilateral development programmes, which are consistently subject to claims that they are used to further national economic interests or ideology, often with considerable justification.
The first seven Millennium Development Goals present measurable goals, while the eighth lists a number of 'stepping stone' goals - ways in which progress towards the first seven goals could be made.
The MDGs have catalysed a significant amount of action, including new initiatives such as Millennium Promise. Most of these initiatives however work in small scale interventions which do not reach the millions of people required by the MDGs. Millennium Promise is a non-profit organization dedicated to ending extreme poverty by 2025. ...
Recent critiscism has been that it will be impossible to meet the first seven goals without meeting the eighth by forming a Global Partnership for Development. No current organisation has the capacity to solve the enormous problems of the developing world alone - especially in cities, where an increasing number of poor people live - as demonstrated by the almost non-exist progress on the goal of improving the lives of at least 100 Million slum dwellers.
The Institution of Civil Engineers recent Engineers Without Frontiers panel and its recommendations, and the recent Brunel Lecture by the ICE's next president Paul Jowitt, are representative of a change of approach in the UK at least to start drawing together the huge capacity available to western governments, industry, academia and charity to develop such a partnership.[6][7] The Institutions headquarters Founded on 2 January 1818, the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) is an independent professional association, based in central London, representing civil engineers. ...
Development Concepts During recent decades, development thinking has shifted from modernization and structural adjustment programs to poverty reduction. Under the former system, poor countries were encouraged to undergo social and economical structural transformations as part of their development, creating industrialization and intentional industrial policy. Poverty reduction rejects this notion, consisting instead of direct budget support for social welfare programs that create macroeconomic stability leading to an increase in economic growth. Structural adjustment is a term used by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for the changes it recommends for developing countries. ...
Poverty reduction (or poverty alleviation) is any process which seeks to reduce the level of poverty in a community, or amongst a group of people or countries. ...
Poverty The concept of poverty can apply to different circumstances depending on context. In general, it applies to a lack and need of material wealth and social inclusion - often manifested in a lack of dignity. This article is about virtue. ...
Dignity Modern poverty reduction and development programmes often have dignity as a central theme. Dignity is also a central theme of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the very first article of which starts with: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (abbreviated UDHR) is an advisory declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, 10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris). ...
- "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights."
The concept of dignity in development has been extensively explored by many, and related to all of the development sectors. For example, in Development with Dignity Amit Bhaduri argues that full employment with dignity for all is both important and possible in India[13], while the UN Millinnium Project's task force on Water and Sanitation links the sector directly to dignity in the report Health, Dignity and Development: What will it take?. [8].
The Asian Human Rights Commission on July 27, 2006, released a statement claiming that "Human dignity is the true measure of human development."[9].
Participation The concept of participation is concerned with ensuring that the intended beneficiaries of development projects and programmes are themselves involved in the planning and execution of those projects and programmes. This is considered important as it empowers the recipients of development projects to influence and manage their own development - thereby removing any culture of dependency. It is widely considered to be one of the most important concepts in modern development theory, with [10][11]. The 'UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security' describes participation as one of the ends as well as one of the means of development[12]. Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box: Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations, that create a worldview which suggests that poor underdeveloped states of the periphery are exploited by wealthy developed nations of the centre, in order to sustain economic...
Development agents are generally highly literate products of highly literate cultures. But participants in development projects are generally products of oral communities. This has led to important, but as yet uncompleted, efforts to design project planning and organizational development methods that are accessible to non-literates, such as participatory rural appraisal. Orality can be defined as thought and its verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population. ...
PRA ranking exercise being carried out by members of a Farmer Field School in Bangladesh, 2004 Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. ...
See also: Participation (decision making), codevelopment, orality. Participation in social science is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economic, management or other social decisions. ...
Codevelopment is a trend of thought and a development strategy in development studies which considers migrants to be a developing factor for their countries of origin. ...
Orality can be defined as thought and its verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population. ...
Appropriate Development The concept of something being appropriate is concerned with ensuring that a development project or programme is of the correct scale and technical level, and is culturally and socially suitable for its beneficiaries. This should not be confused with ensuring something is low-tech, cheap or basic - a project is appropriate if it is acceptable to its recipients and owners, economically affordable and sustainable in the context in which it is executed. The concept of Right-financing has been developed to reflect the need for public and private financial support systems that foster and enable development, rather than hinder it. The concept of right-financing was coined by English Political Economist Dr. Peter Middlebrook to highlight the importance of adopting the appropriate policy, institutional and financial support mechanisms to maximize sustainable returns on both public and private investments over time. ...
For example, in a rural sub-Saharan community it may not be appropriate to provide a chlorinated water system because it cannot be maintained or controlled adequately - simple handpumps may be better; while in a big city in the same country it would be inappropriate to provide water with handpumps, and the chlorinated system would be the correct response.
The economist E. F. Schumacher championed the cause of appropriate technology and founded the organization ITDG (Intermediate Technology Design Group), which develops and provides appropriate technologies for development (ITDG has now been renamed Practical Action). Ernst Friedrich Fritz Schumacher (16 August 1911 – 4 September 1977) was an internationally influential economic thinker with a professional background as a statistician and economist in Britain. ...
Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. ...
Practical Action is a development charity registered in the United Kingdom which works directly in four regions of the developing world – Latin America, East Africa, Southern Africa and South Asia, with particular concentration on Peru, Kenya, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and Nepal. ...
Practical Action - the working name of Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) – is a charity registered in the United Kingdom which works directly in four regions of the developing world – Latin America, East Africa, Southern Africa and South Asia, with particular concentration on Peru, Kenya, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka...
Sustainability
 Sustainable business practices lead to economic growth and empowerment for farming communities in northern Uganda A sustainable approach to development is one which takes account of economic, social and environmental factors to produce projects and programmes which will have results which are not dependent on finite resources. Something which is sustainable will not use more natural resources than the local environment can supply, more financial resources than the local community and markets can sustain and will have the necessary support from the community, government and other stakeholders to carry on indefinitely. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Forests on San Juan Island in Washington. ...
Economics (deriving from the Greek words οίκω [okos], house, and νÎμω [nemo], rules hence household management) is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. ...
Social refers to human society or its organization. ...
An environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. ...
It is one of the key concepts in international development, and is critical in removing dependency. Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box: Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations, that create a worldview which suggests that poor underdeveloped states of the periphery are exploited by wealthy developed nations of the centre, in order to sustain economic...
Capacity Building Capacity building is concerned with increasing the ability of the recipients of development projects to continue their future development alone, without external support. It is a parallel concept to sustainability, as it furthers the ability of society to function independently in its own microcosm. Capacity building is assistance which is provided to entities, usually developing country governments, which have a need to develop a certain skill or competence, or for general upgrading of performance ability. ...
For the definition of the word microcosm, see here. ...
 Transformational Development in northern Uganda == Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Measuring Development The judging of how developed a country or a community is highly subjective, often highly controversial, and very important in judging what further development is necessary or desirable. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1357x628, 19 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Third World Developing country First World Human Development Index List of countries by Human Development Index ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1357x628, 19 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Third World Developing country First World Human Development Index List of countries by Human Development Index ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1357x628, 29 KB) Based on HDImap2006. ...
There are many different measures of human development, many of them related to the different sectors above. Some of them are:
This article is about the ability to read and write. ...
This article is about the measure of remaining life. ...
Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ...
Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ...
Migration and Remittances Migration has throughout history also led to significant international development (See codevelopment). As people move, their culture, knowledge, skills and technologies move with them. Migrants' ties with their past homes and communities lead to international relationships and further flows of goods, capital and knowledge. The value of remittances sent home by migrants in modern times is much greater than the total in international aid given.[13] Codevelopment is a trend of thought and a development strategy in development studies which considers migrants to be a developing factor for their countries of origin. ...
Remittance advertising in Oxford Street, London with Russian slogans. ...
Sectors International development and disaster relief are both often grouped into sectors, which correlate with the major themes of international development (and with the Millennium Development Goals - which are included in the descriptions below). There is no clearly defined list of sectors, but some of the more established and universally accepted sectors are further explored here. The sectors are highly interlinked, illustrating the complexity of the problems they seek to deal with.
Water & Sanitation In development, this is the provision of drinking water and sanitary provision (toilets, bathing facilities, a healthy environment) of sufficient quantity and quality to supply an acceptable standard of living. This is different to a relief response, where it is the provision of water and sanitation in sufficient quantity and quality to maintain life [14].
The provision of water and sanitation is primarily an engineering challenge, but also often includes an education element and is closely connected with shelter, politics and human rights. Engineering is the discipline of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ...
The seventh Millennium Development Goal is to Ensure environmental sustainability, including reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and achieving significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020
Examples of organisations specialising in Water & Sanitation are:
Oxfam International logo Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working with over 3000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice. ...
Current logo, introduced in 2006 Old logo WaterAid is an international non-profit organisation dedicated to helping people escape the poverty and disease caused by living without safe water and sanitation. ...
Health This is provision of access to quality healthcare to the population in an efficient and consistent manner and according to their needs. The standard and level of provision that is acceptable or appropriate depends on many factors and is highly specific to country and location. For example, in large city (whether in a 'developing' country or not), it is appropriate and often practical to provide a high standard hospital which can offer a full range of treatments; in a remote rural community it may be more appropriate and practical to provide a visiting healthworker on a periodic basis, possibly with a rural clinic serving several different communities.
The provision of access to healthcare is both an engineering challenge as it requires infrastructure such as hospitals and transport systems and an education challenge as it requires qualified healthworkers and educated consumers.
The fourth Millennium Development Goal is to reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five.
The fifth Millennium Development Goal is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio.
The sixth Millennium Development Goal is to halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and to halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
Reaching these goals is also a management challenge. Health services need to make the best use of limited resources while providing the same quality of care to every man, woman and child everywhere. Achieving this level of services requires innovation, quality improvement and expansion of public health services and programs. The main goal is to make public health truly public.
See also: Public health, Family planning Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...
Oral contraceptives. ...
Education The provision of education often focusses on providing free primary level education, but also covers secondary and further education. A lack of access to education is one of the primary limits on human development, and is related closely to every one of the other sectors. Almost every development project includes an aspect of education as development by its very nature requires a change in the way people live.
The second Millennium Development Goal is to Provide universal primary education.
The provision of education is itself an education challenge, as it requires qualified teachers who must be trained in higher education institutions. However, donors are unwilling to provide support to higher education because their policies now target the MDG. The result is that students are not educated by qualified professionals and worse, when they graduate from primary school they are inducted into a secondary school system that is not able to accommodate them. This cycle extends to trade-schools and universities nullifying any gains made from universal primary education.
Shelter The provision of appropriate shelter is concerned with providing suitable housing for families and communities. It is highly specific to context of culture, location, climate and other factors. In development, it is concerned with providing housing of an appropriate quality and type to accommodate people in the long-term. This is distinct from shelter in relief, which is concerned with providing sufficient shelter to maintain life[14].-1...
Examples of organisations specialising in shelter are:
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN–HABITAT) is the United Nations agency for human settlements. ...
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ...
[Shelter Centre] is a British NGO which works to support all organisations which provide shelter to populations displaced by conflict or natural disaster. ...
Human Rights The provision of human rights is concerned with ensuring that all people everywhere receive the rights conferred on them by International human rights instruments[14]. There are many of these, but the most important are: International human rights instruments can be classified into two categories: declarations, adopted by bodies such as the United Nations General Assembly, which are not legally binding although they may be politically so; and conventions, which are legally binding instruments concluded under international law. ...
Human rights covers a huge range of topics. Some of those more relevant to international development projects include rights associated with gender equality, justice, employment, social welfare and culture. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (also UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, December 10, 1948), outlining basic human rights. ...
The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb and adopted by the International Save the Children Union, Geneva, 23 February 1923 and endorsed by the League of Nations General Assembly on 26 November 1924: By the present declaration of the Rights of the Child, commonly known...
Original document. ...
The third Millennium Development Goal is to promote gender equality and empower women by eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferaably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
See also: *Gender and development (in the article on gender)
Livelihoods This is concerned with ensuring that all people are able to make a living for themselves and provide themselves with an adequate standard of living, without compromising their human rights and while maintaining dignity.
The first Millennium Development Goal is to reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day and reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
See also: *Sustainable agriculture It has been suggested that Small-scale agriculture be merged into this article or section. ...
Finance
 Startup capital, which is represented by resources and financial investments, are allocated to communities by development agencies based on the specific needs of the communities as voiced by members of the communities. The two parties cooperate closely to achieve a goal set by the community. Combined with existing resources, capital provided by development agencies is utilized by communities to improve their quality of life. Several organisations and initiatives exist which are concerned with providing financial systems and frameworks which allow people to organise or purchase services, items or projects for their own development (see the concept of Right-financing. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 838 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a photo of representatives from villages in northern Uganda and development agencies in North America. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 838 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a photo of representatives from villages in northern Uganda and development agencies in North America. ...
The concept of right-financing was coined by English Political Economist Dr. Peter Middlebrook to highlight the importance of adopting the appropriate policy, institutional and financial support mechanisms to maximize sustainable returns on both public and private investments over time. ...
The 2006 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank, which he founded, for their work in providing microcredit to the poor. The Grameen Bank (Bangla: গà§à¦°à¦¾à¦®à§€à¦£ বà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦‚ক) is a microfinance organization and community development bank started in Bangladesh that makes small loans (known as microcredit) to the impoverished without requiring collateral. ...
Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to the unemployed, to poor entrepreneurs and to others living in poverty who are not considered bankable. ...
See also:
Microfinance is a term for the practice of providing financial services, such as microcredit, microsavings or microinsurance to poor people. ...
The concept of right-financing was coined by English Political Economist Dr. Peter Middlebrook to highlight the importance of adopting the appropriate policy, institutional and financial support mechanisms to maximize sustainable returns on both public and private investments over time. ...
Concerns about Development However, even the terms "developed" and "developing" (or "underdeveloped"), have proven problematic in forming policy as they ignore issues of wealth distribution and the lingering effects of colonialism. Some theorists see development efforts as fundamentally neo-colonial, in which a wealthier nation forces its industrial and economic structure on a poorer nation, which will then become a consumer of the developed nation's goods and services. Post-developmentalists, for example, see development as a form of Western cultural imperialism that hurts the people of poor countries and endangers the environment to such an extent that they suggest rejection of development altogether. Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national Gini coefficient. ...
It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...
Neocolonialism is the term describing international economic arrangements wherein former colonial powers maintained control of colonies and dependencies after World War II. Neocolonialism can obfuscate the understanding of current colonialism, given that some colonial governments continue administrating foreign territories and their populations in violation of United Nations resolutions[1] and...
Consumers refers to individuals or households that purchase and use goods and services generated within the economy. ...
Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, artificially injecting of the culture or language of one nation in another. ...
See also: Development criticism Development criticism refers to far-reaching criticisms of modernization and its central aspects : modern technology, industrialization, capitalism and economic globalization . ...
See also - Further information: Category:Development
- Further information: Category:International development stubs
Image File history File links Sustainable_development. ...
Developing countries debt is external debt incurred by Third World countries, generally in quantities beyond that countrys ability to repay. ...
Debt relief is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations. ...
Trade is a key factor in economic development. ...
The Monterrey Consensus was adopted by Heads of State and Government on 22 March 2002 at the United Nations International Conference on Financing for Development (see: http://www. ...
A rural infrastructure differs in many ways from urban infrastructure. ...
Rural community development encompasses a range of approaches and activities that aim to improve the welfare and livelihoods of people living in rural areas. ...
Urbanization is the degree of or increase in urban character or nature. ...
Slum Networking is a holistic approach for improving urban infrastructure, developed by Himanshu Parikh[1] of Ahmedabad, India. ...
A slum is an overcrowded and squalid district of a city or town usually inhabited by the very poor. ...
Map of countries by population density (See List of countries by population density. ...
Development geography is the study of the Earths geography and its relationship with economic development. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Aid. ...
OECD Statistics on Public Foreign Aid by country Development aid (also development assistance, international aid, overseas aid or foreign aid) is aid given by developed countries to support economic development in developing countries. ...
Development Communication refers to a spectrum of communication processes, strategies and principles within the field of international development, aimed at improving the conditions and quality of life of people struggling with underdevelopment and marginalization. ...
Development management deals with the coordination and management processes of international development programs and projects. ...
Development studies is the multi-disciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to developing nations. ...
The Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) is a methodology that seeks to uncover and highlight the strengths within communities as a means for sustainable development. ...
Agencies engaged in international development For a full list of unilateral government agencies and multilateral agencies see List of development aid agencies. This is a list of aid agencies which provide regional and international development aid or assistance, divided between national and international organizations. ...
For other organisations, see Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), especially Development charities. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ...
Subcategories There is 1 subcategory to this category. ...
Development thinkers - Further information: Category:Development specialists
Amy Chua (born 1962) is the John M. Duff, Jr. ...
Norman Ernest Borlaug (born March 25, 1914) is an American agricultural scientist, humanitarian, Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the Green Revolution. ...
Ester Boserup (1910 - September 24, 1999), born Børgesen, was a Danish economist and writer who studied economical and agricultural development. ...
Lester Russell Brown (born 1934) is an environmental analyst who has written several books on global environmental issues. ...
Robert Chambers (10 July 1802 – 17 March 1871), Scottish author and publisher, was born in Peebles. ...
Arturo Escobar V. (born in Manizales, Colombia) is a Kenan Distinguished Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. ...
Paulo Freire (Recife, Brazil September 19, 1921 - São Paulo, Brazil May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and is a highly influential theorist of education. ...
John Kenneth Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith (October 15, 1908–April 29, 2006) was an influential Canadian-American economist. ...
Dr. David C. Korten is an author and leader within the anti-globalization movement. ...
Manfred Max-Neef (b. ...
Gunnar Myrdal (December 6, 1898 – May 17, 1987) was a Swedish economist and politician. ...
Helena Norberg Hodge is the founder and director of the International Society for Ecology and Culture, a non-profit organisation concerned with the protection of both biological and cultural diversity, and education for action: moving beyond single issues to look at the more fundamental influences that shape our lives. ...
Walt Whitman Rostow showing President Lyndon B. Johnson a model of the Khe Sanh area, 1968 Walt Whitman Rostow, October 7th, 1968 Walt Whitman Rostow (also known as Walt Rostow or W.W. Rostow) (October 7, 1916 – February 13, 2003) was an American economist and political theorist who served as...
Jeffrey Sachs Jeffrey David Sachs (born November 5, 1954 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American economist known for his work as an economic advisor to governments in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Asia, and Africa. ...
Dr. Wolfgang Sachs is a German researcher and author with many books including Fair Future, Environment and Human Rights, and Joburg Memo. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Vandana Shiva 2007 in Cologne, Germany Vandana Shiva (b. ...
Sulak Sivaraksa Sulak Sivaraksa (Thai สุลัà¸à¸©à¸“์ ศิวรัà¸à¸©à¹Œ, born March 27, 1933 in Thailand) is founder and director of the Thai NGO Sathirakoses-Nagapradeepa Foundation“. Besides being the initator of a number of social, humanitarian, ecological and spiritual movements and organizations in Thailand, like the College SEM (Spirit in Education Movement) Sulak Sivaraksa...
Ernst Friedrich Fritz Schumacher (16 August 1911 – 4 September 1977) was an internationally influential economic thinker with a professional background as a statistician and economist in Britain. ...
Joseph Stiglitz (born February 9, 1943) is an American economist, author and winner of Nobel Prize for economics ( 2001). ...
Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (Tamil: ) is an Indian agriculture scientist, born August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, The second of four sons of a surgeon. ...
Mohammad Yunus can refer to: Mohammad Yunus, the founder of Bangladeshs Grameen Bank Mohammad Yunus (diplomat) , a career Indian diplomat and Special Envoy of Indira Gandhi Category: ...
William Easterly is Professor of Economics at New York University, joint with Africa House, and Co-Director of NYU’s Development Research Institute. ...
Paul Collier is a Professor of Economics, and the Director for the Centre for the Study of African Economies at The University of Oxford. ...
References - ^ Worsley, P.(1999) Culture and Development Theory, in Skelton, T. and Allen, T. 'Culture and Global Change', Routledge. ISBN 0415139163
- ^ Bartlett, A.(2007) Plans or People: What are our Priorities for Rural Development?, Rural Development News 1/2007, Agridea [1]
- ^ Thomas, A.(2000) Poverty and the end of development, in Allen, T. and Thomas, A. 'Poverty and development into the 21st century', OUP. ISBN 0198776268
- ^ Browne, S. (1990) Foreign aid in practice, New York Uni.Press ISBN 0861877233
- ^ Esteva, G. (1992) Development, in Sachs, W (ed.) 'The Development Dictionary:a guide to knowledge as power', Zed Books. ISBN 1856490440
- ^ Schuurman, F.J. (1993) Beyond the impasse: new directions in development theory, Zed Books. ISBN 1856492109
- ^ Escobar, A. (1995) Encountering development: the making and unmaking of the third world", Princeton. ISBN 0691034095
- ^ Wroe, M and Doney, M, The rough guide to a better world, Rough Guides and the Department for International Development, UK [2]
- ^ Utting, P. (2003) Promoting Development through Corporate Social Responsibility - Does it Work?, UNRISD [3]
- ^ Korten, D. (1995) When corporations rule the world, Kumaria Press
- ^ Parfitt, T. (2002), The end of development? Modernity, Post-Modernity and Development, Pluto press. ISBN 0745316379
- ^ Moss, T., Roodman, D. and Standley, S. (2005) The Global War on Terror and U.S. Development Assistance, Center for Global Development[4]
- ^ Bhaduri, Amit: Development With Dignity, 2005, National Book Trust, ISBN 8123745966
- ^ a b [[Sphere Handbook, The Sphere Project, 2004|http://www.sphereproject.org/content/view/27/84/lang,English/]]
External links Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
Multilateral Agencies The United Nations Development Programe (UNDP), the United Nations global development network, is the largest multilateral source of development assistance in the world. ...
UN and U.N. redirect here. ...
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ...
UN and U.N. redirect here. ...
Bilateral Agencies
Academic Institutions and Sources
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