NationMaster - Encyclopedia: International response to the Darfur conflict

While there is a general consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred, there has been debate in some quarters about whether genocide has taken place. In May 2006, the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur organized by United Nations "concluded that the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide ... [though] international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."^[1] Eric Reeves, a researcher and frequent commentator on Darfur, has questioned the methodology of the commission's report.^[2] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1544x1024, 148 KB) From: http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1544x1024, 148 KB) From: http://www. ... Combatants factions of the SLA Justice & Equality Movement Janjaweed Sudan Minnawi-faction of the SLA Commanders SLA: SalaBob and Sulaiman Gamos JEM: Ibrahim Khalil Janjaweed: ? Sudan: Omar al-Bashir SLA: Minni Minnawi Casualties 300,000 civilians killed (est. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... May 2006 : â† - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- â†’ May 1, 2006 (Monday) Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association outraged Vatican by planning to ordain another bishop, Liu Xinhong in Anhui Province. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Eric Miller Reeves is a Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the states sixteenth Senate district, including constituents in Wake county. ...

The United States governments as well as NGOs and individual world leaders have chosen to use the word "genocide" for what is taking place in Darfur. (See Declarations of Genocide, below) Most notably, in passing the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act of 2006, the US government codified specific economic NGO is an abbreviation or code for: Non-governmental organization Nagoya Airport (IATA code) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Dead animals lie in the middle of a burned and looted village in Darfur Main article: Darfur conflict While there is a general consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred, there has been debate in some quarters about... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ...

and legal sanctions on the government of Sudan as a result of its findings of genocide. AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... The recorded history of Darfur begins in the 14th century with the establishment of a Tunjur sultanate. ... IDP mother and malnourished child in North Darfur This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. ...

Declarations of Genocide

The following notable individuals and institutions have declared the conflict in Darfur a genocide (organized chronologically by first statement): Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or...

The following institutions have not declared the conflict in Darfur a genocide (related statements included): The International Association of Genocide Scholars is the major body of scholars who study genocide in North America and Europe. ... February 19 is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from 14th St. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... -1... The 109th United States Congress meets from January 4, 2005, to January 1, 2007. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ... Russell Dana Feingold (born March 2, 1953) is an American politician and has been a U.S. senator from Wisconsin since 1993. ... July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Save Darfur Coalition logo The Save Darfur Coalition (also known as Save Darfur or savedarfur. ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Jewish World Watch is an NGO based out of Southern California, a coalition of synagogues and Jewish groups with the objective of educating, advocating, and donating in order to combat genocide and other human rights violations all over the world. ... // 1400 - Owain GlyndÅµr declared Prince of Wales by his followers. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rabbi Harold M. Schulweis is a world-famous Rabbi, author, and a longtime Spiritual Leader at Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, CA. Though he is affiliated with the Conservative Movement he is considered one of the greatest authorities and theologians of Reconstructionist Judaism today. ... Al Gore (born December 11, 1943) is a Vietnam Veteran and the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts. ... // 1400 - Owain GlyndÅµr declared Prince of Wales by his followers. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Joseph Isadore Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is a Jewish-American Democratic politician and a current U.S. senator from Connecticut. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... William Harrison Bill Frist, Sr. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œObamaâ€ redirects here. ... July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947), was First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, as the wife of President Bill Clinton. ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Philippe Douste-Blazy at the United Nations summit on September 16, 2005 Philippe Douste-Blazy (b. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) is an organization that promotes health by protecting human rights. ... Africa Confidential is a fortnightly newsletter covering events in Africa. ... An exterior view of the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial museum in Jerusalem. ... Genocide Watch is an international organization based in the United States which attempts to predict, prevent, limit, eliminate, and punish genocides throughout the world through reporting, public awareness campaigns, and judicial or quasi-judicial follow-up. ...

The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ... MÃ©decins Sans FrontiÃ¨res ( (helpÂ· info)) (English: Doctors Without Borders) is a secular humanitarian-aid non-governmental organisation best known for its projects in war-torn regions and developing countries facing endemic disease. ...

Peacekeeping and Military Response

Although African Union military forces are present in the form of the African Union Mission in Sudan, they have been largely ineffective at stopping the violence, and lack the logistical support and expertise to be an effective deterrent. Because of this, there have been international calls for Western European military forces under the United Nations to be deployed to Darfur, as well as American military forces who also would fall under the United Nations, to help stabilize the country. ^[25] Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... Western Europe is distinguished from Central Europe and Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ...

Prior to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the United Nations called the Darfur conflict the world's worst current humanitarian crisis.^[26] The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake,[1] was a great undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004 with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. ...

On 16 May 2006, the UN unanimously passed a resolution allowing a peacekeeping assessment team to deploy to Sudan to prepare for the United Nations to take control of an African Union-led peacekeeping mission now in Darfur. The resolution came two days after the African Union agreed to transfer authority for its 7,300-member peacekeeping force in Darfur to the United Nations by the end of September or earlier if the U.N. is ready. The Security Council urged groups that haven't signed the peace agreement to do so immediately. It said it would "consider taking, including in response to a request by the African Union, strong and effective measures ... against an individual or group that violates or attempts to block" the peace deal.^[27] May 16 is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

On 31 August 2006, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution calling for a UN peacekeeping force to expand from Southern Sudan into Darfur, with the permission of the government of Sudan.^[28] The resolution passed with 12 votes in favor and three abstentions, by China, Russia and Qatar. The government of Sudan immediately announced its opposition to the expansion of the peacekeeping force.^[29] Since that time the African Union peacekeepers have agreed to stay on, and in October the United States passed the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act which, among other provisions, provides additional support for the AU forces. August 31 is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Southern Sudan is a region of Sudan. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ...

United States force deployments in Iraq and elsewhere make intervention by the US itself a difficult proposition, and not one often suggested. The United States also faces difficulty stemming from its commitment to the peace process ending the Second Sudanese Civil War, which it fears may be derailed. If the US did get involved, it would likely be engaged in setting up No-Fly Zones, which are logistically difficult considering the remoteness of Darfur, the lack of infrastructure in potential airbase neighbors, and the issue of airspace rights for flyovers to Darfur from other neighbors. Combatants Sudanese Government (North Sudan) Sudan Peoples Liberation Army Commanders Gaafar Nimeiry Sadiq al-Mahdi Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir John Garang Casualties Not Released 1. ... A No-Fly Zone is a territory over which aircraft generally or certain unauthorized aircraft are not permitted to fly. ...

In the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, a strong lobby exists opposed to intervention in countries whose internal strife is not clearly related to the nation's own interest. Therefore intervention by any of these countries or NATO is unlikely, though not impossible. NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ...

According to the UN report on Darfur, those who have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity in the region will be held accountable,^[30] one reason the government of Sudan opposes the expansion of the UN force authorized on 31 August 2006. The UN has not declared whether prosecution would commence in the International Criminal Court or a provisional tribunal, such as the one used after the ethnic conflicts in Rwanda and in the Balkans. The Bush administration has stated its opposition to the ICC, but in the 2006 Darfur Peace and Accountability Act nonetheless supported the ICC's investigation in Darfur. August 31 is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ... The Bush administration includes President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard Cheney, Bushs Cabinet, and other select officials and advisors. ... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ...

The Sudanese army on March 28, 2007 denied reports circulated over raids carried out by French paratroopers against the Darfur village Khartoum.^[31] March 28 is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

Senegal honoured on April 12, 2007 five of its soldiers killed in Sudan's Darfur and said it could quit the African Union peacekeeping force there unless it was better equipped and protected.^[32] April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005...

Timeline

2003 to mid-2004

March 2003: Fighting breaks out in Darfur between government forces and rebels. Refugees start fleeing into Chad

January 2004: Aid agencies' response begins in earnest to help thousands of displaced

April 2: UN says "scorched-earth" campaign of ethnic cleansing by Janjaweed militias against Darfur's black African population is taking place

May 4: UN officials describe Darfur as one of the worst humanitarian crises in the world

May 7: Two human rights reports find Sudanese government and Arab militias carrying out massive human rights violations which "may constitute war crimes and/or crimes against humanity"

July 2004

In early July 2004, Annan and then-United States Secretary of State Colin Powell visited Sudan and the Darfur region, and urged the Sudanese government to stop supporting the Janjaweed militias. Annan described the trips as constructive. Seal of the United States Department of State. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ...

The African Union (AMIS) and European Union have sent monitors ^[33] (as of 5 July 2004) to observe the cease-fire signed on 8 April 2004; ^[34] however, the Janjaweed's attacks have not stopped, as noted by the United States ^[35] and more recently Human Rights Watch. ^[36] AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ...

According to the BBC in July, ^[37] analysts estimate that at least 15,000 soldiers would be needed to put an end to the conflict. The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GBÂ£4 billion. ...

On 22 July 2004, the United States Senate and House of Representatives passed a joint resolution declaring the armed conflict in the Sudanese region of Darfur to be genocide and calling on the Bush administration to lead an international effort to put a stop to it. July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Seal of the U.S. Senate Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal Senate composition following 2006 elections The United States Senate is... The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. ... Darfur (Arabic: , lit. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

On 30 July, the United Nations gave the Sudanese government 30 days to disarm and bring to justice the Janjaweed, in UN Security Council Resolution 1556; if this deadline is not met in 30 days, it "expresses its intention to consider" sanctions. ^[38] The Arab League asked for a longer term and warned that Sudan must not become another Iraq. Resolution 1556 also imposed an arms embargo on the Janjaweed and other militia. ^[39] July 30 is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Largest cities Alexandria, Baghdad, Cairo, Casablanca, Damascus, Khartoum Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders - Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001) - Council of the Arab League Sudan - Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment - Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945 Area - Total 13... This article deals with the post-invasion period in Iraq and its occupation. ... An arms embargo serves one or more purposes. ...

From the Sudanese government's point of view, the conflict is simply a skirmish. The Sudanese president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, said, "The international concern over Darfur is actually a targeting of the Islamic state in Sudan." Sudan has warned Britain and the United States not to interfere in the internal affairs of the East African country saying it will reject any military aid, while asking for logistic support. This page contains a list of presidents and other heads of state of Sudan. ... Omar al-Bashir Lieutenant General Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (born January 1, 1944) is the president of Sudan. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ...

August 2004

In August 2004, the African Union sent 150 Rwandan troops in to protect the ceasefire monitors; however, "their mandate did not include the protection of civilians." ^[40] Rwandan President Paul Kagame declared that "if it was established that the civilians are in danger then our forces will certainly intervene and use force to protect civilians"; however, such an effort would certainly take more than 150 troops. They were joined by 150 Nigerian troops later that month. ^[41] ^[42] Download high resolution version (1500x1500, 878 KB)Map of Darfurian villages destroyed in the Darfur conflict, Sudan of 2 August 2004. ... Download high resolution version (1500x1500, 878 KB)Map of Darfurian villages destroyed in the Darfur conflict, Sudan of 2 August 2004. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This page contains a list of presidents of Rwanda. ... Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the current President of Rwanda and the founder of the Rwandan Patriotic Front. ...

Peace talks, which had previously fallen apart in Addis Ababa on July 17, were resumed on August 23 in Abuja. The talks reopened amid acrimony, with the SLA accusing the government of breaking promises ^[43] that it made for the little-respected April ceasefire. For the long-distance runner, see Addis Abebe. ... July 17 is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria, with an estimated population of 1. ...

The UN's 30 day deadline expired on August 29, after which the Secretary General reported on the state of the conflict. According to him, the situation "has resulted in some improvements on the ground but remains limited overall". In particular, he notes that the Janjaweed militias remain armed and continue to attack civilians (contrary to Resolution 1556), and militia disarmament has been limited to a "planned" 30% reduction in one particular militia, the Popular Defense Forces. He also notes that the Sudanese government's commitments regarding their own armed forces have been only partially implemented, with refugees reporting several attacks involving government forces. ^[44] He concludes that: August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... A large number of international organizations and other bodies have a secretary general or secretary-general as their chief administrative officers or in other administrative capacities. ...

and advises "a substantially increased international presence in Darfur" in order to "monitor" the conflict. However, he did not threaten or imply sanctions, which the UN had expressed its "intention to consider" in Resolution 1556.

September 2004

On September 9, 2004, then-US Secretary of State Colin Powell declared to the US Senate that genocide was occurring in Darfur, for which he blamed the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed. This position was strongly rejected by the Sudanese foreign affairs minister, Najib Abdul Wahab. The United Nations, like the African Union and European Union, have not declared the Darfur conflict to be an act of genocide. If it does constitute an act of genocide, international law is considered to allow other countries to intervene. September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Sudanese foreign affair minister ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states. ...

Also on September 9, 2004, the US put forward a UN draft resolution threatening Sudan with sanctions on its oil industry. This was adopted, in modified form, on September 18, 2004 as Resolution 1564 (see below.) Download high resolution version (1632x1224, 430 KB)Picture of IDP camp in Sudan resulting from the Darfur conflict. ... Download high resolution version (1632x1224, 430 KB)Picture of IDP camp in Sudan resulting from the Darfur conflict. ... Tailor in Labuje IDP camp in Uganda An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border. ... Binomial name Tragelaphus angasii Gray, 1849 Male nyala. ... South Darfur South Darfur (Janub Darfur) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... International sanctions are actions taken by countries against others for political reasons, either unilaterally or multilaterally. ... The Oil industry brings to market what is currently considered the lifeblood of nearly all other industry, if not industrialized civilization itself. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On September 13, 2004, WHO published a Darfur mortality survey, which was the first reliable indicator about deaths in Darfur. It reported that 6,000–10,000 people were dying each month in Darfur. Many were related to diarrhoea, but the most significant cause of death was violent death for those aged 15–49. The Darfur mortality rates were significantly higher than the emergency threshold, and were from 3 to 6 times higher than the normal African death rates. ^[39] September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Diarrhoea is the correct way to spell the word Diarrhoea. ...

On September 18, 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1564, pressuring the Sudanese government to act urgently to improve the situation by threatening the possibility of oil sanctions in the event of continued noncompliance with Resolution 1556 or refusal to accept the expansion of African Union peacekeepers. ^[45] Resolution 1564 also established an International Commission of Inquiry to look into human rights violations, and to determine whether genocide was occurring. ^[39]In the wake of this resolution, the peacekeeper force was to be expanded to 4,500 troops. ^[46] September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Security Council Resolution 1564 was a U.N. Security Council Resolution regarding the Darfur conflict passed on September 18, 2004. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005...

On September 30, 2004, during the first of three U.S. presidential debates, Jim Lehrer, the moderator, asked why neither candidate had discussed committing troops to Darfur. Senator John Kerry replied that "one of the reasons we can't do it is we're overextended," but agreed that he'd use American forces "to some degree to coalesce the African Union." President Bush cited aid committed to the region and agreed that action should be taken through the African Union. Both candidates agreed that what was happening in Darfur was genocide. ^[47] September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... (Redirected from 2004 U.S. presidential election debates) The 2004 United States Presidential Election Debates were sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) and concluded October 13, nearly three weeks before election scheduled for November 2, 2004. ... James Charles Lehrer (pronounced ) (born May 19, 1934) is the news anchor for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer on PBS. Lehrer is also an acclaimed author, writing both non-fiction and fiction which draws on his life experiences and his interests in history and politics. ... Al Gore (born December 11, 1943) is a Vietnam Veteran and the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or...

October 2004

On October 15, 2004 World Health Organization official David Nabarro estimated that 70,000 people had died of disease and malnutrition in Darfur since March. October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On October 17, 2004 in a meeting between leaders of Libya, Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria and Chad, the idea of foreign intervention was rejected. They stated that they believe it to be a purely African matter. Egyptian presidency spokesman Magued Abdel Fattah said that the international community should "provide Sudan with assistance to allow it to fulfil its obligations under UN resolutions (on Darfur) rather than putting pressure on it and issuing threats." October 17 is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The African Union had expected to have 3,000 additional troops in place in the region sometime in November, but cited lack of funds and 'logistical difficulties' in delaying this deployment, waiting on the AU's Peace and Security Council to meet on October 20 and decide on the expanded duties and numbers of the force. It was decided that these AU troops, from both Nigeria and Rwanda, will be deployed by October 30. From http://www. ... From http://www. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... The Peace and Security Council of the African Union is the organ in charge of enforcing Union decisions. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 62 days remaining. ...

The United Nations pledged $100 million dollars to support the force, about half of the $221 million cost to keep them deployed for a year. The European Union mobilised the remainder, an additional EUR 80 million on October 26 from their African Peace Facility to support the deployment and operations of the 3144-strong AU observer mission which will monitor the implementation of the cease-fire agreement. ^[48] â€œEURâ€ redirects here. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 66 days remaining. ...

Peace talks between Sudan and Darfur rebels were scheduled to resume on October 21 in Abuja, Nigeria. However, rebels showed up late and the talks did not begin until October 25. Two more rebel groups now want in on the negotiations, and an existing cease-fire agreement is considered shaky. The talks are still in progress, but a humanitarian agreement is expected to be hammered out during the course of the talks. October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

November 2004

On November 2 the United Nations reports that Sudanese troops have raided the Abu Sharif and Otash refugee camps near Nyala in Darfur, moving a number of inhabitants and denying aid agencies access to the remaining inhabitants inside. ^[49] Meanwhile, the Abuja talks continued, with attempts made to agree on a no-fly zone over Darfur in addition to a truce on land and a disarmament of the militias. ^[50] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (802x601, 100 KB)Darfur - burned health post: A village health post destroyed by a Jingaweit militia attack [1] File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (802x601, 100 KB)Darfur - burned health post: A village health post destroyed by a Jingaweit militia attack [1] File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... Nyala is the capital of South Darfur State in the western part of the Sudan. ... Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria, with an estimated population of 1. ... A No-Fly Zone is a territory over which aircraft generally or certain unauthorized aircraft are not permitted to fly. ...

A third UN resolution is being considered, calling for a speedy end to the conflict. ^[51]

On November 9 the Sudanese government and the two leading rebel groups, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM), signed two accords aimed toward short-term progress in resolving the Darfur conflict. The first accord established a no-fly zone over rebel-controlled areas of Darfur—a measure designed to end the Sudanese military's bombing of rebel villages in the region. The second accord granted international humanitarian aid agencies unrestricted access to the Darfur region. The accords were the product of African Union sponsored peace talks in Abuja that began October 25. Delegates stated that a later round of negotiations expected to begin in mid-December would work on a longer-term political accord. The talks may have produced the breakthrough accords because of a looming meeting of the UN Security Council, which many expected would have imposed oil sanctions on the Sudanese government if progress had not been made. ^[52] ^[53] November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... A No-Fly Zone is a territory over which aircraft generally or certain unauthorized aircraft are not permitted to fly. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria, with an estimated population of 1. ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Despite the November 9 accords, violence in Sudan continued. On November 10—one day after the accords—the Sudanese military conducted attacks on Darfur refugee villages in plain sight of UN and African Union observers. ^[54] ^[55] On November 22, alleging that Janjaweed members had refused to pay for livestock in the town market of Tawila in Northern Darfur, rebels attacked the town's government-controlled police stations. The Sudanese military retaliated on November 23 by bombing the town. ^[56] November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 38 days remaining. ...

January 2005

The International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur hand their report to the Secretary General on January 25. ^[57] The Commission found that the Government of the Sudan and the Janjaweed are responsible for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law amounting to crimes under international law. But the Commission stopped short of calling it genocide. The Commission identified 51 individuals responsible for the violation of human rights and recommended immediate trial at the International Criminal Court. January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ...

March 2005

On March 7, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan spoke to the UN Security Council requesting that the peacekeeping force in Darfur be increased to support the 2000 African Union troops already deployed. ^[58] A resolution for the deployment of an additional 10,000 peacekeepers has been delayed by the failure of the Security Council to agree on the mechanism to be used to try war criminals and the application and extent of sanctions. ^[59] A number of Security Council members want war criminals to be tried by the International Criminal Court; the United States refused, however, to support that proposition. An African-run tribunal has been proposed as a countermeasure, and proposals have been made for trials to be held in Tanzania and Nigeria. The current resolution has also been criticized, as it is unclear as to whether the peacekeepers will be deployed to Darfur or to monitor peace in the south of Sudan. ^[59] On March 24 a peacekeeping force was approved to monitor peace in the south of Sudan, however the Security Council still remains deadlocked over Darfur. ^[60] March 7 is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On March 29 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1591 was passed 11–0. ^[61] The Resolution strengthened the arms embargo and imposed an asset freeze and travel ban on those deemed responsible for the atrocities in Darfur. It was agreed that war criminals will be tried by the International Criminal Court. ^[62] March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (89th in leap years). ... Resolution 1591 was adopted by the United Nations Security Council by 12 votes in favour and three abstentions (Algeria, China, and the Russian Federation) on 27 March 2005. ...

The United Nations released a new estimate of 180,000 who have died as a result of illness and malnutrition in the 18 months of the conflict. It has not attempted to estimate the number of violence-related deaths.^[63]

April 2005

On April 5 it was reported that the UN has given the ICC the names of fifty-one people suspected of war crimes. The list may include high government officials of Sudan. The Sudanese Government has said it will not hand over the suspects. April 5 is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The sealed list, presented to the International Criminal Court, was drawn up following an investigation by the UN into claims of killings, torture and rape committed by Government forces and militias in the Darfur region. Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, backed by huge protests against the UN in Sudan's capital of Khartoum, snubbed the UN resolution passed on March 29 to bring the suspects to trial before the court, adding that he "shall never hand any Sudanese national to a foreign court."

On April 29 it was reported ^[64] that the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush had forged a "close intelligence partnership" with the Sudanese government despite their presence on the U.S. list of state sponsors of international terrorism and the declaration of genocide in Darfur by that administration's former Secretary of State, Colin Powell. April 29 is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The U.S. list of state sponsors of international terrorism is a list, compiled by the U.S. State Department, of countries that the United States sees as sponsoring terrorism. ...

May 2005

Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi has somewhat championed the cause of African unity. This sentiment has led him to invite the leaders of Sudan, Nigeria, Egypt, Chad and Eritrea to a summit in Tripoli regarding the conflict in Darfur. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x1544, 474 KB) Summary From http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x1544, 474 KB) Summary From http://www. ... Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qaddafi 1 (Arabic: معمر القذافي Mu`ammar al-Qadhdhāfī) (born 1942), leader of Libya since 1970 and a controversial Arab statesman. ... Tripoli (Arabic: Ø·Ø±Ø§Ø¨Ù„Ø³ TarÄbulus) is the capital city of Libya. ...

The two main rebel groups in Darfur, the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement, announced they wanted to resume peace talks. Previous negotiations were to be disbanded in favor of new dialogue hoping to solve their differences. The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... Negotiation is the process whereby interested parties resolve disputes, agree upon courses of action, bargain for individual or collective advantage, and/or attempt to craft outcomes which serve their mutual interests. ...

It seems that a possible hinge of the negotiations is compliance or refusal of handing over war crime suspects to organizations such as the International Criminal Court in The Hague. ICC may refer to: // ICC Bank, Ireland ICC Productions, hip-hop record label International Chamber of Commerce, supporting global trade and globalisation Internet Chess Club, a commercial Internet site on which to play chess International Christian Communications Media Group International Code Council Membership association dedicated to building safety and fire... Coordinates: Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006) - Municipality 98. ...

Medecins Sans Frontieres doctor Paul Foreman was arrested by Sudanese authorities over the publication of a report detailing hundreds of rapes in Darfur. ^[65] Médecins Sans Frontières (abbreviated MSF; known as Doctors Without Borders in the United States, as Médicos Sin Fronteras in the Spanish language and as Médicos Sem Fronteiras in Portuguese language) is a nonprofit private organisation created in 1971 by a small group of French doctors led...

Claims began to surface that the Bush administration's noticeable toning down of its description of the situation in Sudan - it stopped calling the Darfur conflict a genocide, and claimed that United Nations death toll estimates may be too high - was due to increased co-operation from Sudanese officials towards the War on Terrorism. The claim asserted that Major General Salah Abdallah Gosh who is said to have been involved in training the Janjaweed, was flown to Washington for high-level talks with his United States counterparts, related to global terrorism ^[66]. The Bush administration includes President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard Cheney, Bushs Cabinet, and other select officials and advisors. ... This article is about U.S. actions after September 11, 2001. ...

June 2005

The International Criminal Court announces an investigation into crimes against humanity related to the conflict that is taking place in Darfur.

Rep. Henry Hyde (R-IL) introduces the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act in the House on June 30. Henry John Hyde (born April 18, 1924), American politician, has been a philandering member of the United States House of Representatives since 1975, representing the 6th District of Illinois (map). ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Area Ranked 25th - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 390 miles (629 km) - % water 4. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ... The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

July 2005

Security in the region is improving, according to the commander of the African Union peacekeeping force. ^[67] There have been no major conflicts since January, and the numbers of attacks on villages has been dropping. There are currently around 3,000 troops there to keep the peace, and more are due to arrive in the coming months, expecting to reach 7,000 troops in September. In keeping with a decision made by the Peace and Security Council, Nigeria sent a battalion of 680 troops on Wednesday, July 13, 2005 with two more coming soon thereafter. Rwanda will send a battalion of troops, Senegal, Gambia, Kenya and South Africa will send troops as well. Canada is providing 105 armoured vehicles, training and maintenance assistance, and personal protective equipment in support of the efforts of the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS). ^[68] The Peace and Security Council of the African Union is the organ in charge of enforcing Union decisions. ... July 13 is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ...

On July 10, Ex-rebel leader John Garang was sworn in as Sudan's vice-president. ^[69] A new constitution was adopted, and all parties should be represented more fairly. The United States Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick has applauded the political changes and the improving security. Kofi Annan and South African President Thabo Mbeki watched the ceremony. July 10 is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Deputy Secretary of State of the United States is the chief assistant to the Secretary of State who is responsible for Foreign Affairs. ... Robert B. Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (IPA: ) (born July 25, 1953) was a United States Deputy Secretary of State, resigning on July 7, 2006. ... Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born June 18, 1942) is the President of the Republic of South Africa. ...

On 21 July, Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) introduces the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act in the Senate. July 21 is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Samuel Dale Brownback (born September 12, 1956) is the senior United States senator from the U.S. state of Kansas. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ...

August 2005

On August 1, newly-elected Sudanese vice-president John Garang, a former leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), who was seen by many to be a crucial element of a Sudan that is free of genocide, died in a helicopter crash. This has sparked renewed concerns ^[70] throughout the international community, of Sudan's ability to unite in the face of genocide. John Garang, August 2004 John Garang de Mabior (June 23, 1945 â€“ July 30, 2005) was the vice president of Sudan and former leader of the rebel Sudan Peoples Liberation Army. ...

The long-term implications of Garang's death are still unclear; and, despite the recently improved security, talks between the various rebels in the Darfur region are going slowly, with no sight of a final peace agreement.

September 2005

On September 15, a series of African Union mediated talks began in Abuja, Nigeria. Representatives of the Sudanese government and the two major rebel groups are participating in the talks, however the Sudan Liberation Movement faction refused to be present and according to a BBC reporter the SLM "will not recognise anything agreed at the talks". ^[71] Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria, with an estimated population of 1. ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GBÂ£4 billion. ...

October 2005

After a government-supported Janjaweed militia attacked the Aro Sharow refugee village on September 28, killing at least 32, the African Union on October 1 accused both the Sudanese government and rebels of violating the ceasefire agreement. ^[72] Associated Press reports the African Union as condemning the government's "acts of 'calculated and wanton destruction' that have killed at least 44 people and displaced thousands over two weeks." A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ...

On October 9, a rebel group abducted 18 members of an African Union peacekeeping team, but released most of them after negotiations. ^[73] ^[74] October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following an increase in fighting in the region, on October 13 the UN announced that it will withdraw all non-essential staff from Darfur. West Darfur is reportedly too dangerous for aid-agencies to operate. ^[75] October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

November 2005

Attacks on African Union peacekeepers by rebels led to the Sudanese government approving the deployment of 105 Grizzly armored personnel carriers donated by Canada to aid African Union peacekeeping forces in the western region of Darfur. ^[76] Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... Peacekeeping is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. ... A pair of Canadian Cougars The AVGP (Armoured Vehicle General Purpose) is a series of three armoured fighting vehicles purchased by the Canadian military in the late 1970s. ... East German BRDMs on parade during celebrations of the 40th anniversary of East Germany in 1989 Armoured personnel carriers (APCs) are light armoured fighting vehicles for the transport of infantry. ...

On 18 November, the United States Senate passes the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act by unanimous consent. November 18 is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Seal of the U.S. Senate Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal Senate composition following 2006 elections The United States Senate is... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ...

The seventh round of peace talks began on November 21. November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

December 2005

An attack on the Chadian town of Adre near the Sudanese border led to the deaths of three hundred rebels. Sudan was blamed for the attack, which was the second in the region in three days. ^[77] The escalating tensions in the region led to the government of Chad declaring its hostility toward Sudan and calling for Chadian citizens to mobilise themselves against the "common enemy". ^[78] (See Chad-Sudan conflict) Adre can refer to: Enochian angels Adre, Chad, the place of a massacre that happened on December 18, 2005 This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A strong executive branch headed by President Deby dominates the Chadian political system. ... Combatants Sudan, United Front for Democratic Change rebel alliance Chad Commanders Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Sudan), Mohammed Nour (UFDC) Idriss Deby Strength ~120,000 est. ...

On 24 December, the United States Congress rejected Condoleezza Rice's request to restore $50 million in aid to the African Union that human rights groups say had been cut from the budget in November. December 24 is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives United States Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, D since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of November 7, 2006 elections) Democratic Party Republican... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ...

January 2006

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations called for $40 million to support its agricultural relief and recovery activities in Sudan in 2006, stressing that humanitarian assistance needs to be coupled with longer- term development aid to ensure lasting peace in the country. The appeal is part of the 2006 Work Plan for Sudan, which outlines the activities to be carried out by the UN and its partners in the country in the coming year. "FAO's role is particularly crucial given the importance of agriculture in the country," said Anne M. Bauer, Director, FAO Emergency Operations and Rehabilitation Division.

The Save Darfur Coalition, representing over 160 humanitarian, faith-based, advocacy, and human rights organizations, launches its "Million Voices for Darfur" campaign to urge President Bush for a larger, more robust multinational peacekeeping force in Darfur. Save Darfur Coalition logo The Save Darfur Coalition (also known as Save Darfur or savedarfur. ...

February 2006

On February 3, 2006, as the United States began its month-long presidency of the United Nations Security Council, the U.S offered a motion to begin plans to send UN peacekeepers to Darfur. The Security Council agreed unanimously to begin the planning process to send the troops, with a final decision to come later. It called for a 12,000 to 20,000 troop presence in Darfur with the 7,000 African Union troops already there being given new weapons and being incorporated into the UN mission. Furthermore, they would have a greater mandate to protect civilians. Nevertheless, difficulties are expected to arise in finding states willing to contribute troops to the UN mission. Although the United States offered the motion, the U.S is not expected to contribute troops to the mission. Also, Omar al-Bashir, the leader of Sudan who is widely believed to be backing the Janjaweed militias in Darfur, has also frequently stated his opposition to UN peacekeepers in Sudan further complicating the problem. Assuming these problems are overcome, UN troops are still not likely to appear in Darfur for nearly a year. February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... â€œUNSCâ€ redirects here. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... Peacekeeping is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. ... In international law, a mandate is a binding obligation issued from an inter-governmental organization like the United Nations to a country which is bound to follow the instructions of the organization. ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: Ø¹Ù…Ø± ØØ³Ù† Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø´ÙŠØ± ; born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese military leader and politician. ...

April 2006

On 5 April, the House passes the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act in a vote of 416 to 3. April 5 is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ...

A series of rallies^[79] were held to call for more aid and an increased role for international peacekeepers. The largest one was held on 30 April in Washington D.C. on the National Mall, sponsored by the Save Darfur Coalition, American Jewish World Service, the Genocide Intervention Network, Students Taking Action Now: Darfur and dozens of others, where celebrities and lawmakers came together with nearly a hundred-thousand protesters. Students from at least 46 states attended the rally in Washington DC.^[80] April 30 is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Save Darfur Coalition logo The Save Darfur Coalition (also known as Save Darfur or savedarfur. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ...

Dr. Eric Reeves released a report arguing that the number of deaths in Darfur had likely surpassed 450,000.^[81] Eric Miller Reeves is a Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the states sixteenth Senate district, including constituents in Wake county. ...

Osama bin Laden condemned peacekeepers in Darfur, claiming they conducted atrocities against Muslims. The government of Sudan distanced themselves from his statements, but continued their vociferous condemnations of any potential deployment of UN troops.^[82] Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: â€Ž; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ...

In a speech commemorating the victims of the Holocaust, Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick connected the victims of Nazi aggression with those who died in Rwanda and continue to suffer in Darfur.^[83] ... Robert B. Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (IPA: ) (born July 25, 1953) was a United States Deputy Secretary of State, resigning on July 7, 2006. ... National Socialism redirects here. ...

US Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton presented a draft resolution calling for sanctions imposed on four people implicated in the continuing genocide in Darfur. China and Russia blocked the proposal.^[84] John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948), an attorney and an American diplomat in several Republican administrations, served as the interim[1] U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations with the title of ambassador, from August 2005 until December 2006, on a recess appointment. ... International sanctions are actions taken by countries against others for political reasons, either unilaterally or multilaterally. ...

May 2006

On May 5, 2006, the government of Sudan signed an accord with the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA). However, the agreement was rejected by two other, smaller groups, the Justice and Equality Movement and a rival faction of the SLA. ^[85] The accord was orchestrated by the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick, Salim Ahmed Salim (working on behalf of the African Union), AU representatives, and other foreign officials operating in Abuja, Nigeria. The accord calls for the disarmament of the Janjaweed militia, and for the rebel forces to disband and be incorporated into the army. ^[86]^[87] But the agreement, signed in Abuja, was rejected by a smaller SLM faction and the rebel Justice and Equality Movement. May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Sudan Liberation Army or SLA is a band of armed insurgents based in southern Sudan. ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... The Deputy Secretary of State of the United States is the chief assistant to the Secretary of State who is responsible for Foreign Affairs. ... Robert B. Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (born July 25, 1953), appointed United States Trade Representative, assumed office on February 7, 2001. ... Dr. Salim Ahmed Salim, born on January 23, 1942 on the island of Zanzibar in Tanzania. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria, with an estimated population of 1. ... A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted The Janjaweed (Arabic: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆÙŠØ¯; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ...

Research by the UN indicated that violence in Darfur after the signing of the Darfur Peace Agreement actually increased. Within days of the deal, most sides continued hostilities reaching new levels of violence.^[88]

The African Union expressed willingness for the United Nations to replace them in peacekeeping duties in Darfur. The under-funded mission acknowledged the potential effectiveness of a fully-equipped UN force. However, there was no indication from Sudan’s government there would be permission for the entry of UN peacekeepers.^[89]

The humanitarian activist and rock singer Bono visited Darfur with an NBC reporter to raise awareness among the general public about the crisis. Paul David Hewson, KBE[1] (born 10 May 1960), known as Bono (IPA pronunciation: ), is the Academy Award nominated and Grammy winning lead singer and principal lyricist of the Irish rock band U2. ... NBC (a former acronym for National Broadcasting Company) is an American television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ...

June 2006

One critic of United States involvement in Darfur, claims that U.S. promotion of human rights in Darfur is only intended to take attention away from Iraq, and make U.S. foreign policy appear to be more humanitarian than it actually is.^[90] Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...

On June 19, 2006, President al-Bashir insisted that he would prevent a UN peacekeeping force from entering Sudan. He stated: June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: Ø¹Ù…Ø± ØØ³Ù† Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø´ÙŠØ± ; born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese military leader and politician. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

Al Bashir further blamed Jewish participation for causing the possible UN military presence:

On June 25, 2006, the Sudanese Foreign Ministry spokesman Jamal Ibrahim announced the imposing of a partial ban on UN operations in Darfur, after accusing the UN of violating an agreement on its mandate by giving the rebel leader Suleiman Adam Jamous a helicopter ride.^[93] June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... Jamal Mohammed Ibrahim is the foreign ministry spokesman for Sudan. ...

On June 29, the Save Darfur Coalition's "Million Voices for Darfur" campaign formally ended with Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist and Senator Hillary Clinton signing the 1,000,000th and 1,000,001st postcards, which called on President Bush to support a stronger multinational peacekeeping force in Darfur. ^[94] Save Darfur Coalition logo The Save Darfur Coalition (also known as Save Darfur or savedarfur. ... William Harrison Bill Frist, Sr. ... Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947), was First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, as the wife of President Bill Clinton. ...

Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick announced his resignation from the Bush administration. He served as the most outspoken voice against the Darfur genocide within the White House. Many anti-genocide organizations were concerned that his absence would lessen the administration’s resolve in remaining proactive against the killings in Darfur.^[95] Robert B. Zoellick Robert Bruce Zoellick (born July 25, 1953), appointed United States Trade Representative, assumed office on February 7, 2001. ...

The Japanese government announced that it would send $10 million in humanitarian aid for the victims of the genocide in Darfur. The assistance would reconstruct water supply facilities and medical supplies, among other things.^[96]

July 2006

The Sudanese government launched new attacks against rebel positions in West Darfur.^[97] The attacks were significant in that they were the first overt military operation conducted by the government since they signed the Darfur Peace Agreement.^[98] West Darfur West Darfur (Gharb Darfur) is one of the 26 states of Sudan, and one of three comprising the Darfur region. ...

At the 2006 African Union summit held in Banjul, Gambia, it was decided that AU peacekeepers would remain in Darfur until the end of 2006 at the request of the United Nations; however, a request to allow UN peacekeepers into the area was refused by Omar Hassan al-Bashir. ^[99] Jan Pronk, head of the United Nations mission in Sudan, claims that fighting has worsened since a peace deal was signed two months ago, stating that "It's non-implementation of the text which is creating a problem, not the text."^[100] Location of Banjul in The Gambia Street in Banjul city Banjul (formerly Bathurst) is the capital of The Gambia. ... Omar al-Bashir Lieutenant General Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (born January 1, 1944) is the president of Sudan. ... Jan Pronk (left) with Robert Zoellick Johannes Pieter Pronk (born 16 March 1940 in The Hague), better known as Jan Pronk, is a Dutch politician. ...

Relations between Chad and Sudan worsened to the point where Sudanese officials insisted that all Chadian troops in the AU peacekeeping force leave immediately.

S. Res. 531 was introduced in the Senate by Sens. Joseph Lieberman (D-CT), Conrad Burns (R-MT) and ten other bipartisan co-sponsors. The Lieberman-Burns Envoy Resolution urged President Bush to send a Presidential Special Envoy to Sudan to fully implement the Darfur Peace Agreement.^[101] Joseph Isadore Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is a Jewish-American Democratic politician and a current U.S. senator from Connecticut. ... Conrad Ray Burns (born January 25, 1935) is the junior United States Senator from Montana. ...

Increased fighting has hampered humanitarian groups in Darfur. Oxfam temporarily closed two of its offices in Northern Darfur following the capture of one of their employees. The aid agency also cited increasing insecurity and called on the international community to strengthen the African Union force.^[102] Oxfam International is an international confederation of 13 independent non-governmental organisations founded in 1995 and dedicated to fighting poverty and related injustice around the world. ...

A Reuters poll, consisting of over 100 humanitarian experts named Sudan as the world’s most dangerous spot for children.^[103] Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pron. ...

At a UN donor conference in Brussels, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Jendayi Frazer stated that the United States would not fund the AU peacekeeping force past September 2006. This caused consternation amongst the anti-genocide movements in the United States,^[104] as the UN peacekeeping force would be deployed at the earliest in January 2007.^[105] Nickname: Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Coordinates: Country Belgium Region Brussels-Capital Region Founded 979 Founded (Region) June 18, 1989 Government - Mayor (Municipality) Freddy Thielemans Area - Region 162 kmÂ² (62. ... Dr. Jendayi Frazer Jendayi E. Frazer is the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, heading the Bureau of African Affairs. ...

At the same conference, eight humanitarian groups, including CARE International, Islamic Relief and Oxfam International, insisted that AU troops in Darfur were bound to fail unless funding was dramatically increased.^[106] Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) is one of the largest private international humanitarian organizations in the world, with programmes in over 72 countries. ... Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW) is an international relief and development organization, dedicated to alleviating the suffering of the worlds poorest people. ...

On July 31, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan proposed a UN peacekeeping force of roughly 24,000 for Darfur. In Annan's proposal, about 5,300 international police officers would deploy initially, followed by the main UN force.^[107] Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ...

August 2006

Tomo Križnar, a Slovenian special envoy to Sudan, will stand trial there on charges of espionage. He was arrested in July for not possessing the proper entry visa. He admits to entering the country illegally, but denies charges of spying.^[108] Tomo KriÅ¾nar (born 26 August 1954 in Jesenice, Slovenia) is a peace activist, writer and special envoy of the Slovene president for Darfur in Sudan. ...

The National Foreign Trade Council, a group representing more than 300 multinational companies, challenged Illinois' ban on Sudan-related investments. The Illinois law removed about $1 billion in pension funds from companies operating in or doing business with Sudan. The NFTC's lawsuit will claim that this law is unconstitutional based on a previous US Supreme Court ruling that struck down a Massachusetts ban on investments in companies operating in Burma.^[109] National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC) - a US-based business lobby group for multinational corportations. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Area Ranked 25th - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 390 miles (629 km) - % water 4. ... Investment is a term with several closely related meanings in finance and economics. ... A pension is a steady income given to a person (usually after retirement). ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area Ranked 44th - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 kmÂ²) - Width 183 miles (295 km) - Length 113 miles (182 km) - % water 13. ...

On August 17, the Genocide Intervention Network released the first Darfur congressional scorecard rating members of Congress on legislative action relating to Darfur. August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... Look up Congress in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

On 31 August, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution calling for a UN peacekeeping force to expand from Southern Sudan into Darfur, with the permission of the government of Sudan.^[28] The resolution passed with 12 votes in favor and three abstentions, by China, Russia and Qatar. The government of Sudan immediately announced its opposition to the expansion of the peacekeeping force.^[29] August 31 is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Southern Sudan is a region of Sudan. ...

October 2006

On 13 October, President Bush signed into law the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act, previously passed by the House and Senate. The bill restated the government's opinion that genocide was being committed, directed support to the African Union peacekeeping force in Darfur, endorsed assistance for the International Criminal Court investigation and imposed some economic sanctions. Bush also signed a companion executive order specifying in detail these sanctions.^[110] October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001 and re-elected in the 2004 U.S. presidential election. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Administrative center Largest city Cairo, Egypt Leaders - Chairperson John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Membership 53 African states Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st2) sq mi Population - 2005... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ... An executive order is an edict issued by a member of the executive branch of a government, usually the head of that branch. ...

April 2007

In accord with mounting national and global concern over the situation in Darfur, on April 18th President Bush gave a speech at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum criticizing the Sudanese government and threatned the use of sanctions if the situation does not improve. President Bush stated that "The time for promises is over — President Bashir must act", according to Bush failure to do so would result in sanctions barring all dollar transactions between the United States and Sudan and block interaction with 29 Sudanese businesses. ^[111] Darfur (Arabic: , lit. ... President Bush can refer to: George H. W. Bush (born 1924), the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993) and father of George W. Bush George W. Bush (born 1946), the 43rd President of the United States (2001â€“) and son of George H. W. Bush Category: ... International sanctions are actions taken by countries against others for political reasons, either unilaterally or multilaterally. ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: Ø¹Ù…Ø± ØØ³Ù† Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø´ÙŠØ± ; born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese military leader and politician. ...

May 2007

The USA imposed stiff economic sanctions against Sudan on May 30th. It has added 31 additional companies to and already existing sanctions list, barring them from any dollar transactions within the United States financial system. Of those companies, 30 are controlled by the Sudanese government, and at least one is violating an embargo against shipping arms to Darfur.^[112] The US administration also targeted three individuals by blocking their overseas assets. Two of them are Sudanese government officials, Ahmad Muhammed Harun and Awad Ibn Auf (head of Sudan's military intelligence and security). The third person, Khalil Ibrahim, is the leader of the rebel Justice and Equality Movement.^[113] Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice sought United Nations approval for an international resolution to impose a broad arms embargo against Sudan and to bar the Sudanese government from conducting any offensive military flights in Darfur.^[114]

See also

IDP mother and malnourished child in North Darfur This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. ... Sudan combines the lands of several ancient kingdoms. ... Combatants Sudan, United Front for Democratic Change rebel alliance Chad Commanders Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Sudan), Mohammed Nour (UFDC) Idriss Deby Strength ~120,000 est. ... Combatants factions of the SLA Justice & Equality Movement Janjaweed Sudan Minnawi-faction of the SLA Commanders SLA: SalaBob and Sulaiman Gamos JEM: Ibrahim Khalil Janjaweed: ? Sudan: Omar al-Bashir SLA: Minni Minnawi Casualties 300,000 civilians killed (est. ... Current cases before the International Criminal Court include three situations where the Chief Prosecutor has opened an official investigation, one other referral that has been received from a state and a number of complaints received from individuals. ... AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) â€œAMISâ€ redirects here. ... Save Darfur Coalition logo The Save Darfur Coalition (also known as Save Darfur or savedarfur. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from 16th St. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706 was a United Nations Security Council resolution intended to resolve the Darfur conflict. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ...

Notes

^ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General, United Nations International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, 18 September 2004
^ Darfur 101 by Eric Reeves (The New Republic) 5 May 2006. "... a U.N. Commission of Inquiry (COI) report on Darfur concluded in January 2005 that there was 'insufficient evidence of genocidal intent' on the part of the NIF, though the commissioners' reasoning was embarrassingly flawed and the failure to conduct forensic investigations at all sites of reported mass ethnic murders was inexcusable. In addition, the COI badly confused the issues of motive and intent, deployed evidence in conspicuously contradictory fashion, and misrepresented the consequences of genocidal violence and displacement in Darfur."
^ Darfur: Not Another Hotel Rwanda! "action alert", Institute for the Study of Genocide and the International Association of Genocide Scholars website, 19 February 2004
^ In Sudan, Staring Genocide in the Face by Jerry Fowler, Committee on Conscience, staff director, US Holocaust Memorial Museum (The Washington Post) 6 June 2004
^ U.S. Congress Terms Situation in Darfur "Genocide" by Charles W. Corey (US State Department Washington File) 23 July 2004
^ Excerpts: US Congress resolution on Darfur, BBC 23 July 2004
^ Statement of Senator Russ Feingold From the Floor of the U.S. Senate On the Situation in Darfur, Sudan, Office of Russell Feingold, 22 July 2004
^ U.S. Calls Killings In Sudan Genocide by Glenn Kessler and Colum Lynch (The Washington Post) 10 September 2004
^ President's Statement on Violence in Darfur, Sudan (The White House) 9 September 2004
^ In Break With U.N., Bush Calls Sudan Killings Genocide by Jim VandeHei (The Washington Post 2 June 2005
^ President Meets with Darfur Advocates transcript (White House) 28 April 2006
^ Chad/Sudan: A Question of Genocide by Amy Costello (PBS Frontline) 16 September 2004
^ Lieberman Calls for Sanctions on Sudan Until it Stops Darfur Genocide, Office of Joseph Lieberman, 2 March 2005
^ FRIST STATEMENT ON SHOOTING OF USAID WORKER, Office of Bill Frist, 15 April 2005
^ Darfur and the U.N., Office of Barack Obama, 22 July 2005
^ Darfur Peace and Accountability Act Passes Senate After Citizen Pressure, press release, Genocide Intervention Network, 21 November 2005
^ Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton Calls on President Bush to do More to End the Genocide in Darfur, Office of Hillary Clinton, 16 March 2006
^ French FM speaks of Darfur "genocide" for first time, Sudan Tribune 7 September 2006
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Darfur 101 by Eric Reeves (The New Republic) 5 May 2006
^ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General (PDF), United Nations, 25 January 2005
^ Position and Response of the African Union on the Darfur Crisis as being Genocide Press release of the South African Department of Foreign Affairs 4 November 2004.
^ The UN Report on Darfur: What Role for the AU? Pambazuka 20 February 2004
^ Darfur: "Too many people killed for no reason", Amnesty International, 3 February 2004.
^ "Thousands die in Sudan as world defines genocide", The Financial Times 5 July 2004, cited in "The Bush Administration, Darfur and "Genocide": Placing Votes Before Peace in Sudan," by David Hoile, Media Monitors Network, 11 September 2004.
^ An Analysis of Select Companies’ Operations in Sudan:. A Resource for Divestment (.pdf) by The Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic and The Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Project Yale Law School. December 13, 2005 (Updated 24 February, 2006)
^ [7]
^ U.N. Passes Darfur Peacekeeping Resolution by Nick Wadhams, Associated Press, 16 May 2006
^ ^a ^b Resolution 1706 (PDF) UN Security Council (file hosted on Genocide Intervention Network website), 31 August 2006
^ ^a ^b U.N. Approves Peacekeeping Force in Darfur, Despite Sudan Opposition, PBS NewsHour, 31 August 2006
^ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General,International Commission of Inquiry, 18 September 2004
^ Sudan army denies French paratroopers attack against Darfur village ,Kuwait News Agency, 28 March 2007
^ Senegal may quit AU Darfur force if it left weak,The San Diego Union-Tribune, 12 April 2007
^ Annan warns of Sudan catastrophe (BBC) 6 July, 2004
^ Sudan government and rebels sign Darfur cease-fire by Abakar Saleh, The European - Sudanese Public Affairs Council, 8 April, 2004
^ Sudan 'breaking Darfur ceasefire' (BBC) 13 April, 2004
^ Darfur: New Atrocities Disprove Khartoum’s Claims, Human Rights Watch 11 August, 2004
^ France opposes UN Sudan sanctions (BBC) 8 July, 2004
^ UN resolution on Darfur: Full text (BBC) 30 July, 2004
^ ^a ^b ^c DFID Information note on the humanitarian situation i Darfur, Sudan October 2004 British Embassy, Khartoum, October 2004
^ Rwandan soldiers arrive in Sudan (BBC) 15 August, 2004
^ Sudan refugees report new attacks (BBC) 16 August, 2004
^ Nigeria go-ahead for Darfur force (BBC) 19 August, 2004
^ Sudanese rebels will attend peace talks on Darfur (Associated Press/USA Today) 19 August, 2004
^ Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraphs 6 and 13 through 16 of Security Council Resolution 1556 (2004) (.pdf) United Nations Security Council Draft 30 August, 2004
^ Security Council declares intention to consider sanctions to obtain Sudan's full compliance with security, disarmament obligations on Darfur Adopting Resolution 1564 (2004) by Vote of 11-0-4, Calls on Secretary-General to Set Up Commission of Inquiry to Investigate Human Rights Violations. Press Release SC/8191, Security Council 5040th Meeting (PM), 18 September, 2004
^ Darfur troops to arrive week late (BBC) 17 October, 2004
^ 2004 U.S. Presidential Debate, Question 15: (WikiSource Transcript), 30 September, 2004
^ EU mobilises an additional € 80 million from African Peace Facility to support enlarged African Union observer mission in Darfur, Sudan European Union Press release IP/04/1306, 26 October, 2004
^ Sudan army 'forcing out refugees' (BBC) 3 November, 2004
^ Sudan talks halt over no-fly zone (BBC) 5 November, 2004
^ Darfur peace push in new UN text (BBC) 6 November, 2004
^ 'Breakthrough' deal for Darf (BBC) 9 November, 2004
^ Sudan, Rebels Reach Accord On Darfur — Government Approves No-Fly Zone, Access to Aid. By Emily Wax, Washington Post, Nyala, Sudan, 9 November, 2004
^ Eyewitness: Terror in Darfur (BBC) 10 November, 2004
^ After Accord, Sudan Camp Raided — Shelters Reportedly Destroyed and Residents Beaten. By Emily Wax, Washington Post, Old Al-Jeer Sureaf, Sudan, 10 November, 2004
^ Violence Fractures Cease-Fire In Sudan — Darfur Town Bombed Following Rebel Attacks. By Emily Wax, Washington Post, Khartoum, 23 November, 2004
^ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004. Geneva, 25 January, 2005
^ Annan Urges Security Council to Take Action on Darfur By Barbara Schoetzau, Voice of America, New York, 7 March, 2004
^ ^a ^b Stalemate delays Sudan peacekeeping troops — US, Europe disagree over how war crimes should be prosecuted. By Farah Stockman, Boston Globe, 17 March, 2005
^ UN to Send 10,000 Peacekeepers to Southern Sudan By Peter Heinlein, Voice of America, United Nations, 25 March, 2005
^ Text of UN Security Council Resolution 1591 from Wikisource
^ SUDAN: UN envoy tours Darfur; ICC receives list of war-crimes suspects From Integrated Regional Information Networks via Reuters, Nairobi, 5 April, 2005
^ UN's Darfur death estimate soars (BBC) 14 March, 2005
^ Official Pariah Sudan Valuable to America’s War on Terrorism — Despite once harboring Bin Laden, Khartoum regime has supplied key intelligence, officials say. Global Policy Forum. By Ken Silverstein, Los Angeles Times, 29 April, 2005
^ MSF chief arrested for Darfur report RTE News, 30 May, 2005
^ Reeves, Eric. The current Khartoum government The New Republic July 19 2005
^ Security in Darfur 'is improving' By Jonah Fisher, BBC News, el-Fashir, 20 July, 2005
^ Canada sends armoured vehicles for AU force in Sudan’s Darfur Sudan Tribune CNW Telbec, Ottawa, 28 July, 2005
^ Sudan ex-rebel joins government (BBC) 10 July, 2005
^ Garang: Rebel leader to vice-president By Humayun Chaudhry, Aljazeera, 1 August, 2005
^ Darfur talks start despite split (BBC) 15 September, 2005
^ Sudan accused over Darfur attacks (BBC) 1 October, 2005
^ Darfur rebels release AU hostages (BBC) 10 October, 2005
^ Darfur Rebels Abduct African Union Team Reuters, Khartoum, 9 October, 2005
^ UN staff withdrawn from Darfur By Jonah Fisher, BBC News, Khartoum, 13 October, 2005
^ Sudan Approves Deployment of Armored Personnel Carriers to Darfur (VOA) 16 November, 2005
^ Chad fightback 'kills 300 rebels' (BBC) 20 December, 2005
^ Chad in 'state of war' with Sudan By Stephanie Hancock, BBC News, N'Djamena, 23 December, 2005
^ [8]
^ Thousands of students rally in Washington for action on Darfur Genocide Intervention Network press release 30 April 2006
^ Quantifying genocide in Darfur Reeves, Eric. sudanreeves.org 28 April, 2006
^ Muslims in Darfur need protection not jiahd Genocide Intervention Network press release 25 April 2006
^ [9] (broken link)
^ Colum Lynch. "U.S. Seeks U.N. Sanctions Against Four in Sudan", The Washington Post, 2006, April 19.
^ Kessler, Glenn and Emily Wax. "Sudan, Main Rebel Group Sign Peace Deal", The Washington Post, 2006, May 5.
^ "Main parties sign Darfur accord", BBC News, 2006, May 5.
^ "Main points of the deal", Aljazeera.Net, 2006, May 6.
^ "Darfur conflict has reached new level of violence, says UN report", The Canadian Press, 2006, May 23.
^ African Union commended for supporting UN force in Darfur Genocide Intervention Network press release 19 May 2006
^ [10]
^ "No Western troops in Darfur - president", Thestar.co.za, 2006, June 21.
^ "Sudanese President Blames Jews for International Intervention", Arutzsheva.com, 2006, June 21.
^ "Sudan suspends UN work in Darfur", BBC, 2006, June 25.
^ [11]
^ Deputy Secretary of State, leader on Darfur, resigns post Genocide Intervention Network press release 19 June 2006
^ [12]
^ Opheera McDoom. "Sudan govt forces attack Darfur rebel bases-sources", Reuters, 2006, July 29.
^ "Darfur truce broken", BBC, 2006, July 309.
^ "African troops staying in Darfur", BBC, 2006, July 2.
^ "Sudan expels Chadian military from Darfur AU force", Reuters, 2006, July 1.
^ Bipartisan legislation calls for special envoy to Darfur Genocide Intervention Network press release 17 July 2006
^ "Oxfam closes two Darfur offices", BBC, 2006, July 10.
^ "Sudan is most dangerous place for children: poll", Reuters, 2006, July 10.
^ United States fails to support peacekeepers in Darfur Genocide Intervention Network press release 19 July 2006
^ Opheera McDoom. "INTERVIEW-No U.N. Darfur mission before Jan 2007 -official", Reuters, 2006, June 12.
^ "New aid for AU Darfur peace force", BBC, 2006, July 18.
^ Irwin Arieff. "Annan sees up to 24,000 UN peacekeepers for Darfur", Reuters, 2006, July 31.
^ "Slovene envoy on trial in Sudan", BBC, 2006, August 3.
^ "Lawsuit to challenge Illinois Sudan-investment ban", Reuters, 2006, August 2.
^ Darfur Peace and Accountability Act full entry
^ Bush Presses Sudan on Darfur, Citing possible US sanctions, New York Times, 18 April 2007
^ Bush to Tighten Fiscal Penalties Against Sudan, New York Times, 29 May 2007
^ A little extra pressure: America beefs-up sanctions against Sudan, The economist, 29 May 2007
^ Bush to Tighten Fiscal Penalties Against Sudan New Sanctions Planned Against Sudan: President Bush Will Impose New Sanctions Against Sudan For Its Role In Darfur, CBS News, 29 May 2007

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FRONTLINE is a public affairs television program of varying length produced at WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts, and distributed through the Public Broadcasting Service network in the United States. ... // 1400 - Owain GlyndÅµr declared Prince of Wales by his followers. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 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May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ... February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Financial Times building The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper printed on distinctive salmon pink broadsheet paper. ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Federation of Conservative Students (FCS) was the student wing of the British Conservative Party. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... August 31 is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... Newshour is the flagship news and current affairs radio programme of the BBC World Service. ... August 31 is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) is a news agency centered in Kuwait. ... The San Diego Union-Tribune is a daily newspaper published in San Diego, California by the Copley Press. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... USA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company. ... â€œUNSCâ€ redirects here. ... ... Nyala is the capital of South Darfur State in the western part of the Sudan. ... The Voice of America (VOA) is the official international broadcasting service of the Government of the United States. ... The Boston Globe is the most widely-circulated daily newspaper in Boston, Massachusetts and in the greater New England region. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Integrated Regional Information Networks, commonly known as IRIN, is a project of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) tasked with providing information relevant to those responding to and affected by complex emergencies, such a conflict-induced forced migration, and natural disasters, such as hurricanes and... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pron. ... Global Policy Forum, or GPF, is an organization seeking to promote accountability of international organizations such as the United Nations and strengthen international law. ... The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ; English: Radio and Television of Ireland) is the national state broadcaster of Ireland. ... The Sudan Tribune is a non profit website based in France that was launched in July 2003. ... CNW Group (CNW) is a commercial news release service established in 1960 and jointly owned by PR Newswire and The Press Association. ... Al Jazeera logo Al Jazeera (الجزيرة), meaning The Island or The (Arabian) Peninsula (whence also Algiers) is an Arabic television channel based in Qatar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pron. ... NDjamena, Â«ehn JAHM uh nuhÂ», population 721,000 (2005), is the capital of Chad. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ... The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA asks the United States government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in the Darfur conflict (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... April 18 is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... The Economist is a weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London, UK. It has been in continuous publication since September 1843. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... CBS News is the news division of American television and radio network CBS. Its current president is Sean McManus who is also head of CBS Sports. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

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