Terrorism is a controversial term with multiple definitions. One definition means a violent action targetting civilians exclusively. Another definition is the use or threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. Under the second definition, the targets of terrorist acts can be anyone, including civilians, government officials, military personnel, or people serving the interests of governments.

Through intimidation or by instilling fear, terrorism can be used as a form of For other uses, see Blackmail (disambiguation). Blackmail is threatening to reveal substantially true information about a person to the public, a family member, or associates unless a monetary demand or favor is met. This information is usually of an embarrassing or damaging nature. As the information is substantially true, revealing... blackmail to apply pressure on governments for goals the terrorists could not achieve by direct violence alone. Civilians are usually held to be "innocent" victims of terrorist violence if they are unarmed and not in uniform when it occurs. Intentional violence against civilians (noncombatants) is the type of action most widely condemned as "terrorism".

Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. Guerrilla warfare operates with small, mobile and flexible combat groups called cells, without a front line. Guerrilla warfare is one of the oldest forms of asymmetric warfare. Primary contributors... Guerrilla warfare is often confused with terrorism as a small force attempts to achieve large goals using organized acts of violence against a larger force. But in contrast to terrorism, these acts are against military targets, and civilian targets are minimized to increase public support. For this reason, it is generally considered to be a military strategy rather than terrorism.

Overview

Who is a terrorist?

Acts of terrorism can be perpetrated by individuals, groups, or states, as an alternative to an open declaration of war. They are often carried out by groups who otherwise feel powerless. Groups that sponsor or engage in the use of terrorist tactics tend to use more neutral or positive terms to describe their own actions, such as Freedom fighter is a relativistic local term for those engaged in rebellion against an established government that is held to be oppressive and illegitimate. The terms freedom and rebellion are often controversial, as often both sides in armed conflict claim to represent the popular cause of freedom. While outside (perhaps... freedom fighters, Meanings of Patriot: Patriotism The Patriot, movie The MIM-104 Patriot missile system a code word used by Nazis to signify Nazi The United States Patriot Act In the American Revolutionary War, those who supported the American cause, were called Patriots. a chess engine. See Patriot (chess). A member of... patriots, or A paramilitary is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. Paramilitary groups can serve many different functions. Some are created by governments as internal security forces. Some are formed as revolutionary groups, or engage in guerilla warfare, and may fight against opposing government paramilitaries. Some are... paramilitaries. While the targets of their activity are quicker to use terms like terrorism. According to one view, one person's terrorist is another person's Freedom fighter is a relativistic local term for those engaged in rebellion against an established government that is held to be oppressive and illegitimate. The terms freedom and rebellion are often controversial, as often both sides in armed conflict claim to represent the popular cause of freedom. While outside (perhaps... freedom fighter - but these two terms are not mutually exclusive and not all freedom fighters are considered terrorists. Likewise, not all terrorists are considered freedom fighters.

Controversial definitions

On the surface, the popular definition of 'terrorism' represents a shift from previous means of defining an enemy from territorial or The word culture comes from the Latin root colere (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor). In general, it refers to human activity; different definitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or criteria for valuing, human activity. Culture is traditionally the oldest human character, its significant traces separating Homo... cultural disputes over An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a science of ideas. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common... ideology or Religion, sometimes used interchangeably with faith, is commonly defined as belief concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine, and the practices and institutions associated with such belief. In its broadest sense some have defined it as the sum total of answers given to explain humankinds relationship with the universe. Religion... religion, to the acts of violence against the public. Many people dispute this definition however as ideological and simplistic, arguing instead that 'terrorism' is simply another in a long lists of enemy terms — that underneath any current conflict lies the same materialistic and ethnocentric reasons of which most past wars were based and now freely explained. The use of the terms terrorism and terrorist are A language construct, such as a word or a question, is said to be loaded if it carries meaning or implications beyond its strict definition (its denotation). Loaded words are words or phrases which have strong emotional overtones or connotations and which evoke strongly positive (or negative) reactions far beyond... politically weighted, and are often used to polarizing effect, where 'terrorism' becomes simply a Moral relativism is the position that moral propositions do not reflect absolute or universal truths. It not only holds that ethical judgments emerge from social customs and personal preferences, but also that there is no single standard by which to assess an ethical propositions truth. Many relativists see moral... relativist term for the violence committed by an enemy, from the point of view of the attacked. Because of the political nature of some struggles, 'terrorism' can become identified as simply any violence committed against the establishment.

State combatants

The violence, i.e., terrorism, committed by state combatants is also considered more acceptable than that of the 'terrorist,' who by definition refuses to follow the self-serving The laws of war (Jus in bello) define the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning civilians. Sources of the laws of war The laws of war are mandatory for nations bound by... laws of war, and hence cannot share in the acceptance given to establishment violence. Thus the term is impossible to apply by its rational definition — states who engage in warfare often do so outside of the The laws of war (Jus in bello) define the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning civilians. Sources of the laws of war The laws of war are mandatory for nations bound by... laws of war and often carry out violence against civilian populations, yet rarely receive the label of 'terrorist.' The common public distinction between state violence and terrorism is based on a perception that terrorism targets noncombatants as a consistent policy, and therefore more irrational than state violence, which is assumed to be more considerate of human life, or at least does not consistently pursue unarmed civilian targets with the same zeal.

History does not always bear this out, however, and language reflects this: few would question that deliberate attacks on civilian refugee columns and camps is an attempt to induce terror in the enemy population and is therefore a terrorist act. As such the most accurate definition of "terrorism" must be based in its abstract nature as a term for characterising the violence of an enemy as conforming to an immoral code of conduct.

No concern for civilian life or safety

A common characteristic of terrorism is that its perpetrators may take shelter behind the local population (either sympathetic to their cause, indifferent, or under duress) in an attempt to impede opposing state forces from retaliating. The prospect of high civilian casualties often blocks large-scale (or as state forces would claim, efficient) responses in such situations. If civilian casualties damage the state's public image and earn publicity to the terrorist cause, this can be thought as an objective indication of which side is exploiting civilian deaths and which side is impaired by them.

In this case, a finer definition will distinguish between attacks on civilian population as a primary target, in contrast to civilian casualties resulting from an attack on terrorists who intentionally retreat and live among a largely noncombatant community (as opposed to terrorists who choose to operate from jungles, deserts and other uninhabited areas). See also Collateral Damage is a 2002 action film which tells the story of a Los Angeles firefighter Gordy Brewer (played by Arnold Schwarzenegger) who looks to avenge his sons and wifes deaths at the hands of a guerrilla commando, by traveling to Colombia and facing his sons killers... collateral damage.

Whether the primary "intention" of an attack was to harm civilians or not may seem difficult to ascertain, but in reality, many actions can define a criminal act as non-terrorism: If the attackers make at least some attempt to reduce civilian casualties, such as by using BOLT-117 laser guided bomb Precision-guided munitions (smart munitions or smart bombs) are self-guiding weapons intended to maximize damage to the target while minimizing collateral damage. Because the damage effects of an explosive weapon scale as a power law with distance, quite modest improvements in accuracy (and hence... precision-guided munitions rather than weapons designed to cause maximum area damage; if civilians in the target zone are forcefully removed prior to the attack, or warned and allowed reasonable time to evacuate; if the attackers target the "system" rather than its civilian inhabitants. These actions show some concern of the attackers to civilian casualties, while attacks that lack them are more easily defined as terrorism.

For example, the Jewish organization   Irgun (ארגון), shorthand for Irgun Tsvai-Leumi (ארגון צבאי לאומי, also spelled Irgun Zvai-Leumi), Hebrew for Military-National Organization, was a Zionist rebel group that existed in the early 20th century. The Irgun... Etzel (considered by some to be a terrorist group, and often equated with contemporary Palestinian groups such as Hamas, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah (Arabic: Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas is also Arabic for zeal or courage) is a Palestinian Islamist paramilitary and political organization, regarded by some as a militant organization and by others as a terrorist group. The United States, Canada, Israel and the European... Hamas), preceded many (but not all) of its attacks on civilian targets with warnings to the British occupation authorities in Palestine, as in the bombing of the King David Hotel, 1946. The This article is about the Basque people. For the article of clothing, see basque (clothing). The Basques (Euskaldunak) are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. They are found predominantly in four provinces in Spain and three in France. This area _ the Basque Country (Basque... Basque For other meanings of ETA, see Eta. ETA logo Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, or ETA, is a Basque paramilitary group that seeks to create an independent socialist state for the Basque people, separate from Spain and France, the countries in which Basque-populated areas currently lie. ETA is considered by Spain... ETA group is also known for pre-emptive warnings. By contrast, groups who use A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death (see suicide, suicide weapons). Suicide bombings, and indeed wider terrorist tactics, are typically used by highly-committed groups that are at a disadvantage to... suicide bombing attacks against civilians (such as Hamas, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah (Arabic: Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas is also Arabic for zeal or courage) is a Palestinian Islamist paramilitary and political organization, regarded by some as a militant organization and by others as a terrorist group. The United States, Canada, Israel and the European... Hamas, Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. Built on the the mujahideen resistance movement against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, it seeks to... al-Qaida and the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades) rely on the element of surprise in order to maximize casualties, and therefore never issue warnings.

Terrorist groups sometimes arrange for secondary devices to go off at a slightly later time in order to kill emergency response personnel attempting to attend to the dead and wounded. Repeated or suspected use of secondary devices can also delay emergency response out of concern that such devices may exist. Examples include a (failed) cyanide gas device that was meant to explode shortly after the February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 308 days remaining, 309 in leap years. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin) of Ptolemys Nabonassar Era. 1266 - Battle of Benevento: French forces, under Charles of Anjou, overcome a combined German- Sicilian force. 1797 - The... February 26, 1993 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003) Events January January 1 - Czechoslovakia divides. Establishment of independent Slovakia and Czech Republic. January 3 - In Moscow, George H. W. Bush and... 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and a second car bomb that detonated 20 minutes after the December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 30 days remaining. Events 1640 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. 1822 - Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil. 1824... December 1, 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, 2001 is also the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millenium. Popular culture, however, often views the year 2000 as holding this distinction. 2001 is also the year... 2001 Ben Yehuda bombing by Hamas in Jerusalem ( Modern Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim, Biblical and trad. Sephardi Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַםִ, Arabic: القدس al-Quds, see also names of Jerusalem) is... Jerusalem.

"Lone wolf" attacks on civilians

Law enforcement agencies such as the The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). Title 28, United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to appoint officials to detect... crimes against the United States... FBI have identified a pattern of "lone wolf" terrorism resulting in unannounced attacks on civilians. These individuals appear to operate independently, but only become terrorists due to early indoctrination, training, and support by organized groups. They function under the tacit approval of the group, and protect it by operating alone. This stands in contrast to more "conventional" terrorist operations carried out by groups following a more or less consistent chain of command: not only indoctrinating, but also logistically supporting and ordering their operatives to perform attacks.

The radical Christian extremist Eric Robert Rudolph (born September 19, 1966) is a suspect in the July 27, 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, which killed Alice Hawthorne and wounded 111 others. (It also indirectly caused the death of cameraman Melih Uzunyol by heart attack as he rushed to... Eric Robert Rudolph, who launched a series of attacks against civilians in the American South, is often cited as a "lone wolf," as is the Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh Timothy James McVeigh (April 23, 1968 — June 11, 2001) was an American domestic terrorist convicted and executed for his part in the April 19, 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Hundreds were injured and 167 men, women and children died when a truck loaded with improvised explosives was detonated... Timothy McVeigh. Both had ties to reactionary groups, then distanced themselves from those groups before executing their attacks.

In February 1994, not long after the Oslo peace accords between Israel and the PLO were signed, an Israeli extremist named Baruch Goldstein opened fire without warning inside a mosque on the West Bank, killing 29 people. Goldstein had previously been associated with a terrorist group inspired by the racist doctrines of Meir David Kahane (Hebrew: מאיר דוד כהנא, Kahane being a variation on Cohen or priest) (August 1, 1932–November 5, 1990), Rabbi and member of the Israeli Knesset was famed first and foremost for his strong views and activities. Among those... Meir Kahane.

See An independent terrorist actor works outside of a command structure, and is unaccountable to the claimed collective cause of a terrorist group. This was true in the case of Vietnam, where the US government undertook a large terrorist operation to exacerbate the pre-existing civil conflict in Vietnam, unbeknownst to... independent terrorist actor for further information about "lone wolf" terrorists.

Derivation of the word "terrorist"

A terrorist' is, strictly speaking, one who is personally involved in an act of terrorism. The term "terrorism" comes from the French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. In 1999 French was the 11th most spoken language in the world being spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and... French (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. Historians will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death... 18th century word terrorisme (under The Terror could refer to: The Terror, a 1963 comedy-horror film starring Boris Karloff and Jack Nicholson and directed by Roger Corman. The Reign of Terror, or simply The Terror to Frenchmen was the stage of the French Revolution in which a highly centralized political regime originated the suspension... the Terror), based on the Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the formal language of the Roman Empire. All Romance languages are descended from Latin, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages such as English. It is said... Latin language verbs terrere (to tremble) and deterrere (to frighten from). The use of the term "terrorist" has had broader applications however, ranging in application from disgruntled citizens to common political dissidents. The term " The term eco-terrorism is a neologism which has been used to describe acts of violence (as in violence against property), sabotage and/or property damage which are ostensibly motivated by concern for the natural environment. As a pejorative term, it has also been used to describe acts of nonviolent... eco-terrorist" for example was coined to apply to those who damage or destroy property as a symbolic act of resisting economic trends and policy that impact the environment negatively.

Definition

Main article: The word terrorism has been defined in many different ways by many different sources, and is therefore a controversial term without a simple agreed meaning. Criteria Generally speaking a definition of terrorism should examine each of the four major criteria, which are as follows: Target. It is commonly held that... Definitions of terrorism

Many definitions of terrorism exist, from various locations within the A political spectrum is a way of comparing or visualizing different political positions, by placing them upon one or more geometric axes. Determining political spectra The key assumption of such a spectrum is that peoples views on many issues correlate strongly, or that one essential issue subsumes or dominates... political spectrum. Most definitions of terrorism recognize and explain four primary criteria, these being the target, the objective, the motive, and the legitimacy of the action.

In November, 2004, a UN panel described terrorism as: "Any action intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians, non-combatants when the purpose of such act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act."

History and causes

In the (1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century - other centuries) The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 99. Events Beginning of Christianity Spread of the Roman Empire Masoretes adds vowel pointings to the text of the Tanakh Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by eruption of Mount Vesuvius in... 1st century, The term Zealot, in Hebrew kanai means one who is jealous on behalf of God, meaning anyone who is overly zealous. Jewish history War with Rome Although today it means anyone who is overly enthusiastic, the origin of the word is with a Jewish political movement in the 1st century... Zealots conducted a fierce and unrelenting terror campaign against the The Roman Empire is not the Holy Roman Empire (843-1806). Roman Empire between AD 60 and 400 with major cities. During this time only Dacia and Mesopotamia were added to the Empire but were lost before 300. The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman... Roman occupiers of the eastern The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2.5 million km². Name The term Mediterranean derives from the Latin mediterraneus, inland (medius, middle + terra, land, earth). The Mediterranean Sea... Mediterranean. The Zealots enlisted Sicarii is a term applied, in the decades immediately preceding the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, to the Jewish Zealots, who attempted to expel the Romans and their partisans from Judea: When Albinus reached the city of Jerusalem, he bent every effort and made every provision to ensure peace... sicarii to strike down rich Jewish collaborators and others who were friendly to the Romans.

In the (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. Events 1000 (cca), Vikings, led... 11th century, the radical Islam ( Arabic al-islām الإسلام,  listen?) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. Etymology In Arabic, Islām means submission and is described as a Dīn, meaning way of life... Islamic sect known as the The Hashshashin (also Hashishim), or Assassins were a religious group (some would say, a cult) of Ismaili Muslims (from the Nizari sub-sect) with a militant basis, thought to be active in the 8th to 14th (?) centuries as a group of brigands on the medieval Silk Road. Their own name... Assassins employed systematic murder for a cause they believed to be righteous. For two centuries, they resisted efforts to suppress their religious beliefs and developed ritualized murder into a fine art taught through generations. Political aims were achieved through the power of intimidation. Similarly, the Christian warriors of the This article is about historical Crusades . For other uses, see Crusade (disambiguation) Historically, the Crusades were a series of several military campaigns, usually sanctioned by the Papacy, that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to capture the Holy Land from the Muslims... Crusades pursued political aims by means of genocidal assaults on A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. The word Muslim means one who submits and implies complete submission to the will of God ( Allah). Muslims believe that nature is itself Islamic, since it follows natural laws placed by God. Thus, a Muslim strives to surrender to God... Muslim civilian populations.

During the The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years... French Revolution ( 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - First nationwide United States election January 21 - The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth, is printed in Boston, Massachusetts January 23 - Georgetown College becomes the first... 1789 - 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events March 1 - Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. March 7 - Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives. March 29 - New York... 1799), the most severe period of the rule of the The Committee of Public Safety (French: le Haut Comit de la sant publique), set up by the National Convention on April 6, 1793, formed the de facto executive government of France during the Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794) of the French Revolution. Under war conditions and with national survival seemingly... Committee of Public Safety ( 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 2 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland January 9 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a balloon in the United States. January 21 - After being found guilty of treason by the French Convention, Citizen... 1793 - Events January 16 - French occupy Utrecht, Netherlands. January 20 - French troops enter Amsterdam and later proclaim Batavian Republic. January 23 - Dutch fleet freezes in IJsselmeer. February 7 - The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed. April 7 - France adopts the metre as the unit of length. April 8... 1795) was labelled " The Terror could refer to: The Terror, a 1963 comedy-horror film starring Boris Karloff and Jack Nicholson and directed by Roger Corman. The Reign of Terror, or simply The Terror to Frenchmen was the stage of the French Revolution in which a highly centralized political regime originated the suspension... The Terror" ( 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 2 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland January 9 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a balloon in the United States. January 21 - After being found guilty of treason by the French Convention, Citizen... 1793 - Events February 11 - 1st session of the United States Senate is open to the public. March 14 - Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin. March 27 - The United States Government established a permanent United States Navy and authorized the building of six vessels (in 1797 the first... 1794) and described In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794). But even while the Club still existed, the name of Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of extreme revolutionary opinions. Nowadays, in France this term refers to a centralistic... Jacobin extensive use of Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. Some jurisdictions that practice capital punishment restrict its use to a small number of criminal offences, principally... death penalty by Public guillotining in Lons-le-Saunier, 1878 The guillotine is a machine used for the application of capital punishment by decapitation. It consists of a tall upright frame (approx 4m high) from which is suspended a heavy triangular blade (approx 40kg). The blade is hauled to the top of the... guillotine. Some argue that this period is an example of State terrorism is a controversial term that is separate from the more common term state sponsored terrorism. State terrorism is defined by some as violence upon a national population committed by national governments or their proxies. State terrorism can be effected directly, at the hands of national military or security... state terrorism. Certainly, it induced fear and outrage not only in the domestic population of France, but also throughout the European Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. (The Greek origins of the word aristocracy imply the meaning of rule by the best.). This inevitably means those with the power to hold wealth, and to define who shall... aristocracy. This period is the first known use of the term "terrorism".

By the mid-19th century, The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russian The intelligentsia is a social class of intellectuals and social groups close to them (e.g. artists, school teachers), which can be also seen as a class of mental workers in opposition to non-working aristocracy or business owners on the one hand and to manual laborers on the other... intelligentsia grew impatient with the slow pace of Tsar ( Bulgarian цар, Russian царь,  listen?; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century... Tsarist reforms, and sought instead to transform peasant discontent into open revolution. This article describes a political philosophy that opposes the state, capitalism, and all forms of social hierarchy. For other uses, see anarchism (disambiguation). Anarchism is a term which encompasses a variety of political philosophies, social movements, and political ideologies that advocate the elimination of all forms of imposed authority, including... Anarchists like Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин), (May 30, 1814–June 13, 1876) was a well-known Russian anarchist contemporaneous to Karl Marx. He was... Mikhail Bakunin maintained that progress was impossible without destruction. Their objective was nothing less than complete destruction of the state. Anything that contributed to this goal was regarded as moral. With the development of sufficiently powerful, stable, and affordable explosives, the gap closed between the firepower of the state and the means available to dissidents. Organized into secret societies like the People's Will, Russian terrorists launched a campaign of terror against the state that climaxed in Events January - April January 16-24 ? Siege of Geok Tepe ? Russian troops under general Skobeleff defeat Turkomans January 25 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company February 5 - Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated. February 13 - First issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published... 1881 when Tsar Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (April 17, 1818–March 13, 1881) was the Emperor (tsar) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until his assassination. As such, he was also the Grand Duke of... Alexander II of Russia was assassinated. Also, a revolutionary Irish-American group called the Founding of The Irish Republican Brotherhood The Irish Republican Brotherhood, commonly known as Fenians, was an Irish revolutionary secret society, founded in the United States by John OMahony in 1858. OMahony, who was a Celtic scholar, named his organization after the Fianna, the legendary band of Irish warriors... Fenian Brotherhood planted explosive devices around the city of London in particular and the British mainland in general in the mid 1800's, in protest to the British occupation of Ireland. This is often seen as the first act of 'republican Terrorism'

Today, modern weapons technology has made it possible for a "super-empowered angry man" ( Thomas L. Friedman (born July 20, 1953) is an American journalist and columnist, presently working as an Op-Ed writer for the New York Times whose column concentrates on foreign affairs. He is known for advocating a compromise peace between Israel and Palestine or the Palestinians; for modernization of the... Thomas Friedman) to cause a large amount of destruction by himself or with only a few conspirators. It can be, and has been, conducted by small as well as large organizations.

Some believe that individuals or groups resort to terrorism when other avenues for change, including economics, protest, public appeal, and organized warfare, hold no hope of success (also see Categories: Stub | Riots ... rioting). Therefore some argue that one approach to reduce terrorism is to ensure that where there is a population feeling oppressed, some avenue of problem resolution is kept open, even if the population in question is in the minority.

Others, for example the American intellectual Noam Chomsky at Harvard in 2002. Getty Images/William B. Plowman Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an Institute Professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, a classification of formal languages. His works in generative linguistics contributed significantly to the... Noam Chomsky, believe that terrorism is typically sponsored by governments through the organisation, funding or training of A death squad is an extra-judicial group whose members execute or assassinate persons they believe to be politically unreliable or undesirable. Such armed groups have been employed by governments of many political ideologies to kill political opponents or anyone suspected of supporting an armed or unarmed insurgency group. Dictatorships... death squads and similar paramilitary groups, often under the banner of Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. Counter-terrorism is not specific to any one field or organization; rather, it involves entities from all levels of society. For instance, businesses have security plans and sometimes share... counter-terrorism. In his view the causes of terrorism include attempts to gain or consolidate power either by instilling fear in the population to be controlled, or by stimulating another group into becoming a hardened foe, thereby setting up a polarizing us-versus-them paradigm (also see Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. According to the theory of nationalism, the preservation of identity features, the independence in all subjects, the wellbeing, and the glory of ones own nation are fundamental values... nationalism and Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. The word fascism (uncapitalized) has come to mean any political stance or system of government resembling Mussolinis, as... fascism). ( The Republic of Nicaragua v. The United States of America was a case heard by the International Court of Justice in which it was alleged that the United States had violated international law by supporting Contra guerrillas in their war against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaraguas harbors... Nicaragua v. United States is often cited by Chomsky as an example). Iran ( Persia: ایران) is a Middle Eastern country located in southwestern Asia that until 1935 was referred to in the West as Persia. The name Iran is a modern cognate of Aryan meaning Land of the Aryans. Iran borders Pakistan (909km of border) and Afghanistan (936km... Iranian support of the Hezbollah militant Guerrilla carrying Hezbollah Flag Hezbollah (Arabic ‮حزب الله‬, meaning Party of God) is a political and military organization in Lebanon founded in 1982 to fight Israel in southern Lebanon. It is regarded by the Arab and Muslim world, and by some... Hizbullah in Lebanon is also relevant in this context.

In the absence of state funding, terrorists often rely on Organized crime is crime carried out systematically by formal criminal organizations. The Organized Crime Control Act ( U.S. - 1970) defines organized crime as: The unlawful activities of...a highly organized, disciplined association.... Some Criminal Organizations, such as terrorist organizations, are politically motivated. Mafias are criminal organizations whose primary motivation is... organized crime to fund their activities. This can include In criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away of a person against the persons will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment (confinement without legal authority) for ransom or in furtherance of another crime. In the terminology of the common law in many jurisdictions (according to Blacks... kidnapping, Retail selling Street selling is the bottom of the chain and can be accomplished through purchasing from prostitutes, through cloaked retail stores or refuse houses for users in the act located in red-light districts which often also deal in paraphernalia, dealers marketing merriment at night clubs and other events... drug trafficking, or Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation. A perpetrator of a robbery is a robber. Because violence is an ingredient of most robberies, they sometimes result in the harm or murder of their victims. Robbery is generally an urban crime. The element of force differentiates robbery... robbery. But terrorists have also found many more legitimate sources of revenue. Osama bin Laden Usāmah bin Muhammad bin `Awad bin Lādin (born March 10, 1957 or July 30, 1957) ( Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عود بن لادن), commonly known as Osama bin... Osama bin Laden, for example, invested millions in terrorism that his family made in the construction industry building luxury castles for those making their money from selling the country's Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. The name comes from Latin oleum ( olive oil). Oil is frequently used to refer to petroleum, the type of oil that is pumped up from the ground and currently serves as a major energy source and... oil. The Alternate meanings: Diamond (disambiguation) Diamond is one of the natural allotropes of carbon (the main allotrope being graphite; see also allotropes of carbon). The hardest of naturally occurring materials, diamonds cut into multi-faceted shapes are among the most prized gemstones of jewelry, and find use in industrial applications as... diamond industry emerged early in the twenty-first century as an important new source of funding for terrorism, and Islamist terrorist groups in particular have been very effective at procuring funding through a system of charitable contributions.

It should be noted that social psychologists, evolutionary psychologists, and sociologists who have studied ethnoreligious conflicts via controlled experimentation have a very different view of the etiology of terrorist violence. For them, terrorism is almost invariably the result of an interaction between genetic and environmental variables. Terrorists are most easily created when a person with a genetic predisposition to violence and to unquestioning acceptance of authority comes into contact with an ideology that dehumanizes another group of people. Given sufficiently strong ideological indoctrination (known in common parlance as Brainwashing controversies According to research and forensic psychologist Dick Anthony, the CIA invented the brainwashing ideology as a propaganda strategy to undercut communist claims that American POWs in Korean communist camps had voluntarily expressed sympathy for communism and that definitive research demonstrated that collaboration by western POWs had been caused... brainwashing ), a large segment of virtually any group of people will engage in acts of violence against civilians. Examples of this behavior include Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust refers to Nazi Germanys systematic genocide ( ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II starting in 1941 and continuing through 1945. The Jews of Europe were the main targets of the Holocaust, in what the... the Holocaust and the widespread mass-murders that have occurred in recent years in Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Sudan Sudan has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the Halaib Triangle. States Main article: States of Sudan Sudan has 26 states or wilayat: Al Jazirah, Al Qadarif, Bahr al Jabal, Blue Nile, East Equatoria, Junqali, Kassala, Khartoum, Lakes, North Bahr al... Sudan.

Terrorists often seek to demoralize and paralyze their enemy with fear. This sometimes works, but it can also stiffen the enemy's resolve.

In general, retribution against terrorists can result in escalating tit-for-tat violence. It is often felt that if the consequences of engaging in terrorism are not swift and punitive, the deterrent to other ... terrorist groups is diminished.

Terrorism relies heavily on surprise. Terrorist attacks can trigger sudden transitions into conflict or war. Frequently, after a terrorist attack, a number of unassociated groups may claim responsibility for the action; this may be considered "free publicity" for the organization's aims or plans. Because of its anonymous and sometimes self-sacrificial nature, it is not uncommon for the reasons behind the terrorist action to remain unknown or murky for a considerable period.

The existing order within countries or internationally depends on compromises and agreements between various groups and interests that were made to resolve past conflicts. Over time, these arrangements become less relevant to the current situation. Some terrorist acts seem calculated to disrupt the existing order and provoke conflicts in the expectation that it will lead to a new order more favorable to their interests. Some people considered to be terrorists, or supporters of terrorist actions, at some point in their lives have gone on to become dedicated peace activists ( Uri Avnery (Hebrew: אורי אבנרי), born September 10, 1923 in Beckum (Germany) as Helmut Ostermann, is an Israeli journalist and controversial peace activist. He was a member of the Knesset from 1965 to 1973 and again from 1979 to 1981. Earlier he was... Uri Avnery), respected statesmen ( Yitzhak Shamir (born October 15, 1915) was Prime Minister of Israel from 1983 to 1984 and again from 1986 to 1992. Born in Ruzinoy, Poland, he came to Palestine in 1935. His family name was Jazernicki but he later changed it to Shamir. Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi, one... Yitzhak Shamir) and even The Nobel Peace Prize (where Nobel is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable) is one of five Nobel Prizes bequested by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. While the Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Literature Prizes are awarded annually in Stockholm, the Peace Prize is awarded in the... Nobel Peace Prize laureates ( Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, (born 18 July 1918) is a former President of South Africa, was one of its chief anti-apartheid activists, and was also an anti-apartheid saboteur and guerrilla leader. He is now almost universally considered to be a heroic freedom fighter. He spent his childhood... Nelson Mandela, Yasser Arafat Yasser Arafat (August 4 or August 24, 1929 – November 11, 2004), born Muhammad `Abd ar-Rauf al-Qudwa al-Husayni (Arabic محمد عبد الرؤوف القدوة الحسين... Yasser Arafat). This illustrates the plasticity of the term.

Examples of terrorism

"International Terrorist Incidents, 2000" by the US The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. It is administered by the United States Secretary of State. It is headquartered in the Harry S. Truman... Department of State

The following incidents have been described as domestic and international terrorism: the Damage to the Murrah building before cleanup began. The Oklahoma City bombing was an attack against the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, a US government office complex in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. The bombing killed 168 people and was the largest domestic terrorist attack in the history of the United... Oklahoma City bombing in the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... USA ( April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). There are 256 days remaining. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of St Alphege in Greenwich, London. 1529 - At the Diet of Speyer a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt... April 19, 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the International Decade of the Worlds Indigenous People (1995- 2005): http://www.unesco.org/culture/indigenous/ Events January January 1 Austria, Finland and Sweden enter the European Union Fred West, accused... 1995); the The Omagh bombing was a car bomb attack carried out by the Real IRA on August 15, 1998, against civilians in Omagh, Northern Ireland. The Real IRA are a small splinter group of former Provisional Irish Republican Army members opposed to the peace process marked by the Good Friday Agreement... Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland is an administrative region and one of four parts of the United Kingdom. It has a land border with the Republic of Ireland in the island of Ireland and is otherwise bounded by sea. It covers 14,139 square kilometres (5,459 square miles) in the north-east... Northern Ireland ( August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. Events 700-1899 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, in which Roland is killed 927 - The Saracens conquered and destroyed Taranto 1309 - The city of Rhodes surrenders to the... August 15, 1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. Events January January 1998 - A massive ice storm, caused by El Niño, strikes New England, southern Ontario and Quebec, resulting in widespread power failures, severe damage to... 1998); the The World Trade Center on fire The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. Nineteen members of al-Qaida, a militant Islamist group, hijacked four commercial aircraft. They crashed one into each tower of the World Trade Center... September 11, 2001 attacks in State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13.3%) Population ( 2000)  - Population 18,976,457 (3rd... New York, and ... Washington DC, USA; the Black September terrorist on the balcony of the Israeli hostel at the Olympic village The Munich Massacre occurred at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, when members of the Israeli amateur wrestling team were taken hostage by the Palestinian group Black September, an organization designated terrorist by the United... Munich Massacre of Israeli Olympic athletes in 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. Events January January 2 - the Pierre Hotel Heist - Six men rob the safety deposit boxes of the Pierre Hotel in New York City. Loot is at least $4 million January 5 - President of the United States Richard Nixon orders the... 1972; the The 2002 Kuta bomb explosion The Bali terrorist bombing occurred on October 12, 2002 in the town of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali, killing 202 people and injuring a further 209, most of whom were foreign tourists. It is considered the deadliest act of terrorism in Indonesian history... Bali bombing in October 2002, the destruction of The cockpit landed in a farmers field near a tiny church in Tundergarth, Scotland Pan Am Flight 103 was Pan Ams daily Frankfurt-London-New York-Detroit evening flight. On December 21, 1988, a bomb exploded in its forward cargo hold as it flew at 31,000 ft... Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie is a small town with a population of about 4500 (as of 2004), located in the Dumfries and Galloway region in south-western Scotland. It is approximately 75 miles from Glasgow, and 20 miles from the English border. Lockerbie has a well developed transport network, for a town its... Lockerbie, Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country or nation and former independent kingdom of northwest Europe, and one of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. Scotland has a land boundary with England in the island of Great Britain and is otherwise bounded by seas and oceans. These boundaries... Scotland on December 21, 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Events Environmental change Zebra mussels found in the Great lakes December 2 - Cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless - thousands dead December 7 - In Armenia an earthquake 6.9 on the Richter scale killed nearly 25.000... 1988, and the The Centennial Olympic Park bombing took place on July 27, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1996 Summer Olympics. At 1:20am, with Centennial Olympic Park still crowded with late-night revellers, an explosion occurred at the base of a concert sound tower. Alice Hawthorne was killed by bomb Turkish... Centennial Olympic Park bombing in 1996. See The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered terrorism. Note: there is no single accepted definition of terrorism in common use. Incidents listed here are commonly called terrorism, or meet some of the commonly used criteria. Middle Ages 11th Century, Syria & Iran ... List of terrorist incidents for more examples.

The deadliest attack ever committed, not known to have been sponsored by a state and described as terrorism was the The World Trade Center on fire The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. Nineteen members of al-Qaida, a militant Islamist group, hijacked four commercial aircraft. They crashed one into each tower of the World Trade Center... September 11, 2001 attacks on the World trade centers arose in the United States and Japan in the 1970s, spearheaded by New York Citys World Trade Center. A world trade center puts together under one roof all the services associated with global commerce, a kind of shopping mall providing networking access between corporations and governments... World Trade Center in State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13.3%) Population ( 2000)  - Population 18,976,457 (3rd... New York and The Pentagon, looking east with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in the distance. The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. It was dedicated on January 15, 1943 and it is the worlds largest office building. Those who work within its walls often simply... the Pentagon, in Arlington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia, directly across the Potomac River from Washington, DC. Originally part of the District of Columbia, by an act of Congress July 9, 1846, the area south of the Potomac was returned (retroceded) to Virginia effective in 1847... Arlington County, Virginia. So far as is known, the deadliest attack planned but not executed was Operation Bojinka (also known as Project Bojinka, Bojinka Plot, Bojinga, from Arabic: بجنكة – slang in many dialects for explosion and pronounced Bo-JIN-ka, except in Egyptian where it is Bo-GIN-ka) was a planned large-scale attack on airliners in 1995, and was... Operation Bojinka, which aimed to murder Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978. The Pope is the Catholic bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches (note that the name within the communion is simply the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church). In addition to... Pope Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. He was elected on October 16, 1978... John Paul II and blow up 11 airliners. The plot was aborted after an apartment fire in For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). Manila (Maynila in Filipino) is the capital city of the Philippines. The city stands on the eastern shore of Manila Bay on the largest and northernmost Philippine island, Luzon. Despite pockets of grinding poverty, it is one of the most cosmopolitan... Manila, The Republic of the Philippines is an island nation consisting of an archipelago of 7,107 islands, lying in the tropical western Pacific Ocean about 100 kilometers southeast of mainland Asia. Spain (1565-1898) and the United States (1898-1946), colonized the country and have been the largest influences on... Philippines on January 5, 1995 exposed the operation to police. The militants who were planning it were just over two weeks away from implementing their plot.

Since 1968, the The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. It is administered by the United States Secretary of State. It is headquartered in the Harry S. Truman... U.S. State Department has tallied deaths due to terrorism. In 1985, it counted 816 deaths, the highest annual toll until then. The deaths decreased over the years, then rose to 3,295 in 2001, most as a result of the September 11, 2001 attacks. In 2003, more than 1,000 people died as a result of terrorist acts. Many of these deaths resulted from A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death (see suicide, suicide weapons). Suicide bombings, and indeed wider terrorist tactics, are typically used by highly-committed groups that are at a disadvantage to... suicide bombings in The Chechen Republic (Russian: Чеченская Республика; Chechen: Нохчийн Республика/Noxçiyn Respublika), also known as Chechnya (Russian... Chechnya, The Republic of Iraq is a Middle Eastern country in southwestern Asia encompassing the ancient region of Mesopotamia. It shares borders with Kuwait and Saudi-Arabia to the south, Jordan to the west, Syria to the north-west, Turkey to the north, and Iran to the east. Its current leadership... Iraq, The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. India has grown significantly, both in population and in strategic importance in the last two decades. The Indian economy is... India and The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea... Israel. It does not tally victims of state terrorism.

Emergency preparedness

Acts of terrorism typically cause a significant number of civilian casualties. To protect against such attacks, there is a need for increased vigilance on the part of governments. Examples include more thorough inspection of baggage in airports.

Preparing for terrorism includes the construction of hospitals with a large surge capacity, as well as of alternative care facilities to handle a huge influx of patients and displaced persons. In order to reduce the spread of infection, This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Decontamination is the process of cleansing to remove contamination, or the possibility (or fear) of contamination. Decontamination is sometimes abbreviated as decon, dcon, or decontam. Decontamination of humans is usually done by a... decontamination during a release of chemical or biological agents is an important element of emergency planning.

Global Trends

Data from the US Department of State shows that, since the late 1980s, there has been a decline in the number of international terrorist attacks. Data from the Terrorism Knowledge base show a similar decline since the early 1980s.

The major decline in international terrorist attacks was in Western Europe. On the other hand, Asia experienced an increase in international terrorist attacks. Other regions experienced less consistent patterns over time.

From 1991 to 2003, there was a consistent increase in the number of casualties from international terrorist attacks in Asia, but few other consistent trends in casualties from international terrorist attacks. Three different regions had, in three different years, a few attacks with a large number of casualties.

On the other hand, data from the MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base show that since the mid to late 1990's there has been a large increase in the number of total terrorist incidences, injuries and fatalities. Most of this increase is due to an increase in domestic terrorism.

See also

• The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered terrorism. Note: there is no single accepted definition of terrorism in common use. Incidents listed here are commonly called terrorism, or meet some of the commonly used criteria. Middle Ages 11th Century, Syria & Iran ... List of terrorist incidents
• The War on terrorism or War on terror is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international groups it deems as terrorist (primarily radical Islamist terrorist groups, including al-Qaida) and insure rogue nations no longer support terrorist... War on Terror
• Eric Robert Rudolph (born September 19, 1966) is a suspect in the July 27, 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, which killed Alice Hawthorne and wounded 111 others. (It also indirectly caused the death of cameraman Melih Uzunyol by heart attack as he rushed to... Eric Robert Rudolph
• Terrorism in Iraq
• Jamaat-e-Islami (Urdu/Arabic/Persian: جماعت اسلامي, Islamic Party) is a political party in Pakistan. It was founded in pre-partition India by Syed Abul Ala Maududi in 1941. The party is often referred to just as the Jamaat... Jamaat-e-Islami
• The Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba (IJT), also known as the Jamiat (pronounced juh-mee-ath) is the student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI). Founded December 23, 1947. Members of both the IJT and the JI --and often any conservative Muslim, particularly one considered by the speaker/writer as... Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba
• Privacy International (PI) was formed in 1990 as a privacy, human rights and civil liberties watchdog. The organisation is based in London and also has an office in Washington DC. Privacy International has received funding and support from a range of Foundations, academic establishments and non-government organisations. PI has... Privacy International

References

• Global Social Change Reports (http://gsociology.icaap.org/reports.html) One of the reports shows global terrorism trends.

External links

• MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base (http://www.tkb.org)
• The Birth of Suicide Bombings as a Popular Weapon (http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=71)
• One historian's attempt at a comprehensive and neutral definition (http://www.aucegypt.edu/faculty/sedgwick/hist462td.html)
• American Domestic Terrorists and Assassins (http://www.historyguy.com/biofiles/domestic_terrorists_and_assassins.html)
• Terrorism and the effect on Privacy (http://www.privacyinternational.org)

Etymology (history and first use of "terrorism")

• Etymology of "terrorism" (Etymonline) (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=terrorism)
• Britannica Encyclopedia entry on the origins and first use of "terror" to achieve political ends (French Revolution, Reign of Terror) (http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=401990)

Analysis

• Reporting a New Delhi Bias? A Content Analysis of AP Wire Stories on the Conflicts in Sri Lanka and Kashmir (http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v613/sri.htm)
• An open-source database of information about threat networks. Also, software to enable Social Network Analysis in 3D (http://www.trackingthethreat.com/)
• Social Network Analysis software to make sense of complicated networks such as terror networks (http://www.orgnet.com/hijackers.html)

Information

• MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base (http://www.tkb.org)
• Calling Terror by its Name (http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/reports/Calling_Terror_By_Its_Name.asp)
• The Terrorism Research Center (http://www.terrorism.com/index.html)
• The Counter Terrorist Financing Open Source Project (http://terroristfinancing.com)
• Historical Dictionary of Terrorism (http://www.securitymanagement.com/library/000248.html) ( 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the International Decade of the Worlds Indigenous People (1995- 2005): http://www.unesco.org/culture/indigenous/ Events January January 1 Austria, Finland and Sweden enter the European Union Fred West, accused... 1995)
• The The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. It is administered by the United States Secretary of State. It is headquartered in the Harry S. Truman... U.S. Department of State's Guide on terrorism (http://www.state.gov/www/global/terrorism/1996Report/1996index.html)
• CNN or Cable News Network is a cable television network that was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner & Reese Schonfeld [1][2](although he currently is not recognized in CNNs official history). It is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System, owned by Time Warner. CNN is widely... CNN list of terrorism attacks targeting the US (http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/timeline.html)
• The Middle East Media Research Institute (German name identical, Hebrew name המכון לחקר התקשורת המזרח התיכון, abbreviated ממרי), or MEMRI for short, is a organization... MEMRI's Jihad and Terrorism Studies Project (http://memri.org/jihad.html)
• Terrorism Research (http://www.terrorism-research.com)
• Terrorism Directory (http://www.securitylinks.org/Issues/Terrorism/index.html)
• Terrorism - Made in the USA (http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=us_terror)
• UNODC Proposed Definitions of Terrorism (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html)
• Shoebat (http://www.shoebat.com) -Site belonging to ex- Terrorism is a controversial term with multiple definitions. One definition means a violent action targetting civilians exclusively. Another definition is the use or threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. Under the second definition, the targets of... terrorist Walid Shoebat is the assumed name of the owner of the website Shoebat.com. Mr. Shoebat was born in Bethlehem. He moved to Jericho and lived through the Six Day War of June, 1967. Prior to 1993 he engaged in various activities against Israel and its people, including some violent... Walid Shoebat
• Hamas Wins Elections in Gaza (http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BC77A1D4-1EB3-4761-B755-B2C16EC22EAD.htm)
• List of Terror Attacks on Israelis since the Oslo accords (http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/TerrorAttacks.html)
• Privacy International (http://www.privacyinternational.org)

Essays

• The The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was formed in 1927 by means of a royal charter from the Crown. (For the history of the BBC before 1927, see British Broadcasting Company and for a complete list of articles see BBC (index).) Today the BBC is the national publicly-funded broadcaster of... BBC's Allan Little - Analysis of Terrorism (http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/americas/newsid_1693000/1693876.stm)
• Christian Science Monitor : Exactly what is terrorism? High Bandwidth (http://www.csmonitor.com/specials/terrorism/frameset.html) | Low Bandwidth (http://www.csmonitor.com/specials/terrorism/lite/index.html)
• Beinin, Joel, Is Terrorism a Useful Term in Understanding the Middle East and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict? (http://www.why-war.com/resources/files/85.1beinin.pdf), Radical History Review, Issue 85 (Winter 2003): 12-23. [PDF]
• INA's Objection to BBC policy (http://www.israelpr.com/bbcterrorism.html)
• Benjamin Netanyahu (also Binyamin, and in Israel commonly Bibi) (Hebrew: בנימין נתניהו) (born October 21, 1949, Tel Aviv) was the 9th Prime Minister of Israel. A member of the conservative Likud party, he was Prime Minister from April 1996 to... Netanyahu, Benjamin, "On Terrorism (http://www.netanyahu.org/statofforisp.html)"
• Boaz Ganor Defining Terrorism: Is One Man's Terrorist Another Man's Freedom Fighter? (http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm)
• Gerald A. Juhnke, When Terrorists Strike: What School Counselors Can Do (http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-4/terrorists.html)
• 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky ( Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij and Trotzky ) (October 26 ( O.S.) = November 7 ( N.S.), 1879 - August 21, 1940), born... Leon Trotsky (1909), Why Marxists oppose Individual Terrorism (http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1909/tia09.htm)
• Galak, Michael and Vaknin, Sam Terrorism as a Psychodynamic Phenomenon - A Dialog (http://samvak.tripod.com/terrorism.html)
• Terrorists and Freedom Fighters in the Balkans (http://ceeandbalkan.tripod.com/pp52.html)
• Terrorism/Antiterrorism - A sociological essay (http://www.polyarchy.org/essays/english/terrorism.html)

Video

• Benjamin Netanyahu on the definition of terror (http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1630000/video/_1631740_mideast_netanyahu06_vi.ram). (BBC) (5 min.)
• Mullah Krekar, Ansar al-Islam (http://www.insightnewstv.com/d80)

Further reading

• International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict by Brian David Jenkins (born 19 September 1942) is a politician in the United Kingdom. He has been Labour member of Parliament for Tamworth since he won it in a by-election in the Fifty_First Parliament of the United Kingdom. Categories: People stubs | 1942 births | British MPs | UK Labour Party politicians... Brian Jenkins, Crescent Publications, 1975, ISBN 0891440003
• The Terrorism Reader by Walter Laqueur and Yonah Alexander, New American Library, 1987, ISBN 0452008433
• Inside Terrorism by Bruce Hoffman, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, ISBN 0575065095
• The New Jackals: Ramzi Ahmed Yousef or Ramzi Mohammed Yousef (also transliterated as Ramzi Yusuf, Ramzi Youssef, and other ways), birth name possibly Abdul Basit Karim. He is believed to be one of the masterminds behind the first World Trade Center attack. United States, authorities say he was an Al-Qaeda terrorist and... Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden Usāmah bin Muhammad bin `Awad bin Lādin (born March 10, 1957 or July 30, 1957) ( Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عود بن لادن), commonly known as Osama bin... Osama bin Laden and the future of terrorism, by Simon Reeve (born in London, July 21, 1972) is an author, writer, journalist, consultant and TV presenter. Based in London, he specialises in international terrorism, counter-terrorism and conflict resolution. He has been studying terrorist groups since the early 1990s. He worked for The Sunday Times for five years before... Simon Reeve, NUP, 1998, ISBN 1555535097
• Responding to the Terrorist Threat by Richard Schultz and Stephen Sloan, Pergamon Press, 1981, ISBN 0080251064
• Spetsnaz: The Inside Story of the Soviet Special Forces by Categories: People stubs | 1947 births | Defectors | Russian writers | Ukrainian people ... Viktor Suvorov, W.W. Norton, 1988, ISBN 0393026140 online English translation (http://lib.ru/WSUWOROW/specnaz_engl.txt)
• Inside Soviet Military Intelligence by Viktor Suvorov, Macmillan, 1984, ISBN 0026155109 online English translation (http://lib.ru/WSUWOROW/intelligence_engl.txt)[[is:Hri<eth>juverk]]