NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Internet censorship

Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet. The legal issues are similar to offline censorship. For other uses, see Censor. ...

One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain information can find it on websites hosted outside the country. Conversely, attempts by one government to prevent its citizens from seeing certain material can have the effect of restricting foreigners, because the government may take action against Internet sites anywhere in the world, if they host objectionable material. A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML...

Barring total control on Internet-connected computers, such as in North Korea, total censorship of information on the Internet is very difficult (or impossible) to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet. Pseudonymity and data havens (such as Freenet) allow unconditional free speech, as the technology guarantees that material cannot be removed and the author of any information is impossible to link to a physical identity or organization. Pseudonymity is a word derived from pseudonym, meaning false name, and describes a state of disguised identity resulting from the use of a pseudonym (also called nym). ... A Data Haven is a place where data is supposed to be secure at all times. ... For other uses, see Freenet (disambiguation) Freenet is a decentralized censorship-resistant peer-to-peer distributed data store aiming to provide electronic freedom of speech through strong anonymity. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ... Digital identity refers to the aspect of digital technology that is concerned with the mediation of peoples experience of their own identity and the identity of other people and things. ... An organisation (or organization â€” see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment. ...

The following sections follow the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) categorization scheme: Pervasive, Substantial, Nominal, Indirect, Watchlist.^[1] The OpenNet Initiative is a joint project of three academic institutions: the Citizen Lab at the Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto, Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, and the Advanced Network Research Group at the Cambridge Security Programme, University of Cambridge. ...

Pervasive

While there is no universally agreed upon definition of what constitutes "pervasive censorship", organization Reporters without Borders (RSF) maintains an internet enemy list^[2] while the OpenNet Initiative categorizes some nations as practicing extreme levels of Internet censorship. Such nations often censor political content and may retaliate against citizens who violate the censorship with measures such as imprisonment. Reporters Without Borders, or RWB (French: Reporters sans frontiÃ¨res, Spanish: Reporteros Sin Fronteras, or RSF) is a French origin international non-governmental organization that advocates freedom of the press, founded by its current general-secretary, Robert Menard. ...

Cuba

Cuba is on ONI's watchlist and on RSF's internet enemy list. Cuba has the lowest Latin America ratio of computers per inhabitant and also the lowest internet access.^[3] Citizens have to use government controlled "access points", where their activity is monitored through IP blocking, keyword filtering and navigation history checking. According to the government, access to internet services by the Cuban population are limited due to high costs and the American embargo, but there are reports concerning the will of the government to control access to uncensored information both from and to the outer world.^[4] The Cuban government continues to imprison independent journalists for contributing reports through the Internet to web sites outside of Cuba ^[5] Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

Iran

Iran is in ONI's pervasive category and on RSF's internet enemy list. Iran Internet censorship is delegated to ISPs who attempt to filter contents critical of the government, pornographic websites, and political blogs.^[1] Iranian bloggers have been imprisoned for their Internet activities by the Iranian government.^[6] Most recently, the Iranian government has blocked access to video-upload sites such as YouTube.com.^[7] â€œISPâ€ redirects here. ...

Maldives

Maldives is not categorized by ONI and RSF removed it from its internet enemy list in 2006. Maldives filters^{[citation needed]} opposition websites and had imprisoned cyber dissidents in 2004 and 2005, all since released.^[8]^[9]

Myanmar

Burma (also known as Myanmar) is in ONI's pervasive category and on RSF's internet enemy list. Burma has banned the websites of political opposition groups, sites relating to human rights, and organizations promoting democracy in Burma^[1]. During the 2007 anti-government protests, Burma completely shut down all internet links from its country.^[10] Myanmar (Burma) has been connected to the world wide web since 2000. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Protesters in Yangon with a banner that reads non-violence: national movement in Burmese The 2007 Burmese anti-government protests are a wave of anti-government protests that started in Burma (also known as Union of Myanmar) on August 15, 2007 and are ongoing. ...

North Korea

North Korea is not categorized by ONI but is on RSF's internet enemy list. Only a few thousand citizens in North Korea, a tiny minority of the total population, have access to the Internet, which is heavily censored by the national government.^[11]

People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. China blocks or filters Internet content relating to Tibetan independence, Taiwan independence, police brutality, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, freedom of speech, democracy, pornography, some international news sources (such as the BBC), certain religious movements (such as Falun Gong), many blogging websites, and Wikipedia.^[1] Some 52 cyber dissidents are reportedly imprisoned in China for their online postings.^[12] Internet censorship in the Peoples Republic of China is conducted under a wide variety of laws and administrative regulations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Taiwan independence (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , PeÌh-oÄ“-jÄ«: TÃ¢i-oÃ¢n ToÌk-liÌp Å«n-tÅng; abbreviated to å°ç¨, TÃ¡idÃº, TÃ¢i-toÌk) is a political movement whose goal is primarily to create an independent and sovereign Republic of Taiwan out of the... January 31 1919: David Kirkwood on the ground after being struck by batons of the Glasgow police Police brutality is a term used to describe the excessive use of physical force, assault, verbal attacks, and threats by police officers and other law enforcement officers. ... The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, commonly referred to as the Tiananmen Square Massacre,[1] were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals, and labor activists in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) between April 15 and June 4, 1989. ... This article is about the general concept. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Falun Gong, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally Practice of the Wheel of Law) also known as Falun Dafa, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; lit. ... On several occasions, the government and Internet service providers of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) have blocked Wikipedia in mainland China due to strict censorship laws enacted by the PRC. The blocks function in a similar way to a content filter. ...

Syria

Syria is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Syria has banned websites for political reasons and arrested people accessing them.^[1]^[13]

Tunisia

Tunisia is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Tunisia has blocked thousands of websites (such as pornography, mail, search engine cached pages, online documents conversion and translation services) and peer-to-peer and FTP transfer. This filtering is performed using a transparent proxy and port blocking. Cyber dissidents including pro-democracy lawyer Mohammed Abbou have been jailed by the Tunisian government for their online activities.^[14] Censorship in cyberspace is often treated as a separate issue from censorship of offline material, but the legal issues are similar. ... In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application program) which services the requests of its clients by forwarding requests to other servers. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Computer port (software). ...

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Uzbekistan prevents access to websites regarding banned Islamic movements, independent media, NGOs, and material critical of the government's human rights violations.^[1] Some Internet cafes in the capital have posted warnings that users will be fined for viewing pornographic websites or website containing banned political material. ^[15]

Vietnam

Vietnam is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. The main networks in Vietnam prevent access to websites critical of the Vietnamese government, expatriate political parties, and international human rights organizations, among others.^[1] Online police reportedly monitor Internet cafes and cyber dissidents have been imprisoned for advocating democracy.^[16] It has been suggested that PC bang be merged into this article or section. ...

Substantial

South Korea

South Korea is in ONI's substantial category but is not on RSF's internet enemy list. South Korea has banned at least 31 pro-North Korea websites through the use of IP blocking.^[1] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is in ONI's substantial category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Saudi Arabia directs all international Internet traffic through a proxy farm located in King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology. Content filtering is implemented there, based on software by Secure Computing.^[17] Additionally, a number of sites are blocked according to two lists maintained by the Internet Services Unit (ISU) ^[18]: one containing "immoral" (mostly pornographic) sites, the other based on directions from a security committee run by the Ministry of Interior (including sites critical of the Saudi government). An interesting feature of this system is that citizens are encouraged to actively report "immoral" sites for blocking, using a provided Web form. The legal basis for content-filtering is the resolution by Council of Ministers dated 12 February 2001 ^[19]. According to a study carried out in 2004 by the OpenNet Initiative: King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST) (Arabic: Ù…Ø¯ÙŠÙ†Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù„Ùƒ Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² Ù„Ù„Ø¹Ù„ÙˆÙ… ÙˆØ§Ù„ØªÙ‚Ù†ÙŠØ©), located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is an organization established in 1977 under the name of Saudi Arabian National Center for Science & Technology (SANCST), and later in 1985 renamed to King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology. For more information visit http://www. ... Secure Computing Corporation, or SCC, is a public company (NASDAQ: SCUR) that develops and sells computer security products, such as: Network Gateway Security Solutions including Sidewinder, and SnapGear Messaging Gateway Security Solutions including IronMail Email Security , IronIM IM Security Appliance, IronNet Policy/Compliance Security Appliance, Edge Perimeter Email Security Appliances... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... The OpenNet Initiative is a joint project of three academic institutions: the Citizen Lab at the Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto, Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, and the Advanced Network Research Group at the Cambridge Security Programme, University of Cambridge. ...

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates is in ONI's substantial category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. The United Arab Emirates forcibly censors the Internet using Secure Computing's solution. The nation's sole ISP Etisalat bans pornography, politically sensitive material, and anything against the moral values of the UAE. Secure Computing Corporation, or SCC, is a public company (NASDAQ: SCUR) that develops and sells computer security products, such as: Network Gateway Security Solutions including Sidewinder, and SnapGear Messaging Gateway Security Solutions including IronMail Email Security , IronIM IM Security Appliance, IronNet Policy/Compliance Security Appliance, Edge Perimeter Email Security Appliances... Etisalat Emirates Telecommunications Corporation, also known as Etisalat (former Emirtel), is the incumbent telecommunications carrier and Internet Service Provider in the United Arab Emirates. ...

Yemen

Yemen is in ONI's substantial category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Yemen's two ISPs block access to contents falling under the categories of gambling, adult contents, and sex education as well as material seeking to convert Muslims to other religions.^[1]

Nominal

Australia

Australia is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Internet censorship in Australia is largely the province of the Federal Government and its laws on Internet censorship are, theoretically, amongst the most restrictive in the Western world. ...

Brazil

Brazil is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. A judicial order by judge Ênio Santarelli Zulianio forbade access to a YouTube video depicting Brazilian model and TV host Daniela Cicarelli performing sexual acts on a beach in Cádiz, Spain. With the widespread circumvention of YouTube policy by video uploaders, two Internet providers - Telefonica and Brasil Telecom - denied all YouTube access to customers - although it was still possible to utilise YouTube with the aid of proxies. Four days after Brasil Telecom blocked YouTube, judge Zulianio ordered the reestablishment of free YouTube browsing, maintaining that only the Cicarelli video was to be restricted. Cicarelli later was denied the right to keep the video off the Internet by higher courts. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ... Daniela Cicarelli Lemos (b. ... Location Location of CÃ¡diz Coordinates : Time Zone : General information Native name CÃ¡diz (Spanish) Spanish name CÃ¡diz Postal code â€“ Website http://www. ... Telefónica S.A. (NYSE: TEF) (TYO: 9481) is the national telephone network operator (telco) in Spain. ... Brasil Telecom S.A. is a major Brazilian telecommunications company headquartered in the Brazilian capital of Brasilia. ... YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ...

The state of São Paulo was the first state to enact an act requiring cybercafés to keep a user's list with address, full name, date of birth, phone number, and an identity card number.^[20] Motto Pro Brasilia Fiant Eximia (Latin) For Brazil Great Things Are Done Anthem Bandeirantes Anthem Capital (and largest city) SÃ£o Paulo Demonym Paulista Government - Governor JosÃ© Serra - Vice Governor Alberto Goldman Area - Total 248. ... German identity document sample An identity document is a piece of documentation designed to prove the identity of the person carrying it. ...

Canada

Project Cleanfeed Canada run by Cybertip.ca and modeled after a similar program in the United Kingdom, (Cleanfeed) Canada's largest ISPs (which includes Rogers and Bell Canada) are blocking access to hundreds^{[citation needed]} of child pornography sites from abroad as of November 2006. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Cleanfeed is a content blocking system implemented in the UK by BT, Britains largest Internet provider, which targets only illegal content identified by the Internet Watch Foundation. ...

Denmark

Denmark is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Denmark's biggest Internet service provider TDC A/S launched a DNS-based child pornography filter on October 18, 2005 in cooperation with the state police department and Save the Children, a charity organisation. Since then, all major providers have joined and as of May 2006, 98% of the Danish Internet users are restricted by the filter.^[21] The filter caused some controversy in March 2006, when a legal sex site named Bizar.dk was caught in the filter, sparking discussion about the reliability, accuracy and credibility of the filter.^[22] Also, as of October 18, 2005, TDC A/S has blocked access to AllOfMP3.com, a popular MP3 download site, through DNS filtering. ^[23] TDC A/S (NYSE: TLD) is the former telecom monopoly in Denmark. ... DNS may refer to: Look up DNS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Save the Children Logo Save the Children is an international non-profit organization dedicated to working for children. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... TDC A/S (NYSE: TLD) is the former telecom monopoly in Denmark. ... For other uses, see MP3 (disambiguation). ... DNS may refer to: Look up DNS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

European Union

As of April 2007, the European Union is considering banning racism and hate propaganda.^[24] As of September 2007 EU Justice and Security Commissioner Franco Frattini said in Reuters interview that they are examining how Internet searches for dangerous words as "bomb, kill, genocide or terrorism" could be blocked across the European Union. ^[25]. 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Hate speech is a controversial term for speech intended to degrade, intimidate, or incite violence or prejudicial action against a person or group of people based on their race, gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, language ability, moral or political views, socioeconomic class, occupation or appearance... Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957) is an Italian politician, currently serving as European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ...

Fiji

Fiji is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. In May 2007 it was reported that the military in Fiji had blocked access to blogs critical of the regime^[26].

Finland

Finland is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Finland's major Internet service providers decided on November 22, 2006 to begin filtering child pornography, however, the filter is not yet implemented. The blacklist is provided by Finnish police and filtering is probably URI based like the United Kingdom's Cleanfeed. is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

France

France is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. French courts demanded Yahoo! block Nazi material in the case LICRA vs. Yahoo. The case is currently^{[citation needed]} on appeal for an en banc rehearing. Yahoo redirects here. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... The case of LICRA vs. ... en banc En banc or in bank is a term used to refer to the hearing of a case by all the judges of a court. ...

India

India is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. As of July 2006 the Indian government has directed ISPs to block seventeen websites, including some hosted on the Geocities, Blogspot and Typepad domains. Initial implementation difficulties led to these domains being blocked entirely.^[27]^[28] Access to sites on these domains other than the specifically banned ones was restored by most ISPs after about a week.^[29] The first documented incident of Internet censorship in India was the Yahoo! Groups ban of 23 September 2003. Kynhun, a Yahoo! group linked to the outlawed "Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council", a minor separatist group, was ordered banned by the Department of Telecommunications. Difficulties in implementing the ban by the ISP's ultimately led to all Yahoo! groups being banned for a period of about two weeks. Internet censorship in India is carried out by Central as well as state governments of India. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Yahoo! GeoCities is a free webhosting service founded by David Bohnett and John Rezner in late 1994 as Beverly Hills Internet. ... Blogger logo Blogger, a coined word created by Pyra Labs, is a service that provides Web-based tools used by individuals to publish to the Web. ... TypePad is a blogging service from company Six Apart Ltd, generally considered the largest paid blogging service in the world. ... Yahoo! Groups Yahoo! Groups is a service from Yahoo! that provides electronic mailing lists. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Indias north east states are connected to the rest of India by a narrow strip of land known as the Chickens Neck. ...

Recently, Indian law enforcement has entered an agreement with the popular social networking site Orkut to track down what it deems defamatory content which, in their example, includes content critical of Bal Thackeray.^[30] Orkut is an Internet social network service run by Google and named after its creator, Google employee Orkut BÃ¼yÃ¼kkÃ¶kten. ... Slander and Libel redirect here. ... Bal Keshav Thackeray (Marathi: à¤¬à¤¾à¤³ à¤•à¥‡à¤¶à¤µ à¤ à¤¾à¤•à¤°à¥‡ bÄá¸· keÅ›av á¹hÄkare) (born January 23, 1924), popularly called Balasaheb, and also Sher, Tiger, or Hindu Hridaysamrat, is the founder and president of the Shiv Sena, a Hindu nationalist, Marathi ethnocentric and populist party active mainly in the western Indian state of Maharashtra. ...

Israel

Israel is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. The religious parties in Israel proposed internet censorship legislation would only allow access to adult-content Internet sites for users who agree in advance to identify themselves.^[31]

Italy

Italy is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Italy bans the use of foreign bookmakers over the Internet by mandating certain edits to DNS host files of Italian ISPs ^[32]^[33]. A bookmaker, bookie or turf accountant, is an organization or a person that takes bets and may pay winnings depending upon results and, depending on the nature of the bet, the odds. ...

Morocco

Morocco is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. As of March 2006, Morocco had blocked access to many blogging sites, such as LiveJournal. Reporters Without Borders says that Morocco now censors all political websites advocating Western Sahara's independence. Google Earth has also been added to the list of censored websites in Morocco. In 2007 Morocco's main telecommunication operator Maroc Telecom also censored YouTube for nearly a month, without giving any reason for that.^{[citation needed]} LiveJournal (often abbreviated LJ) is a virtual community where Internet users can keep a blog, journal, or diary. ... Google Earth is a virtual globe program that was originally called Earth Viewer and was created by Keyhole, Inc. ... Maroc Telecom (Arabic: ; Ittisalat Al Maghrib; Acronym: IAM) is the main telecommunication company in Morocco. ... YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ...

As of March 2006, Morocco had blocked access to many blogging sites, such as LiveJournal. ...

Norway

Norway is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Norway's major Internet service providers have a DNS filter which blocks access to sites authorities claim are known to provide child pornography, similar to Denmark's filter.^{[citation needed]}

Pakistan

Pakistan is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Pakistan has blocked access to websites critical of the government. Currently^{[citation needed]}, the government has blocked blogs hosted on Blogspot.com. A ban on pornographic websites has also been enacted.^{[citation needed]} The Government of Pakistan censors all internet traffic by means of routing all connections through a central exchange which is administered by the Internet Exchange. ...

Russia

Russia is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Russia pressured Lithuania into shutting down the Kavkaz-Center website, a site that hosts videos on attacks on Russian forces in Chechnya, and reports on the Second Chechen War from a Chechen separatist perspective.^[1] Combatants Russian Federation Pro-Russian Chechens Republic of Ichkeria Caucasian insurgents and foreign fighters Commanders Vladimir Putin Akhmad Kadyrovâ€ Ramzan Kadyrov Aslan Maskhadovâ€ Abdul Halim Sadulayevâ€ Doku Umarov Shamil Basayevâ€ Strength At least 93,000 in Chechnya in 1999. ...

Singapore

Singapore is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. In Singapore, three people were arrested and charged with sedition for posting racist comments on the Internet, of which two have been sentenced to imprisonment.^{[citation needed]} Sedition is a term of law which refers to covert conduct, such as speech and organization, that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. ... This box: Racism has many definitions, the most common and widely accepted is that members of one race are intrinsically superior or inferior to members of other races. ... A prison is a place in which people are confined and deprived of a range of liberties. ...

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Sri Lanka has blocked Tamilnet news website. Further the government spokesmen has said that he is looking to hire hackers to disable Tamilnet. Tamilnet has been producing news about the Sri lankan civil war focusing in the North and the East of the country. Tamilnet is regarded as a "Pro-rebel" website. ^[34]^[35] TamilNet is a news website that provides news and feature articles on current affairs in Sri Lanka, specifically related to the ongoing ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. ... TamilNet is a news website that provides news and feature articles on current affairs in Sri Lanka, specifically related to the ongoing ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. ...

Sweden

Sweden is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Sweden's major Internet service providers have a DNS filter which blocks access to sites authorities claim are known to provide child pornography, similar to Denmark's filter. The Swedish police are responsible for updating this list of forbidden Internet sites. On July 6, Swedish police said that there is material with child pornography available at the file-sharing site Pirate bay and said it would be included in the list of forbidden Internet sites. This, however, did not happen as the police claimed the illegal material had been removed from the site. This came with criticism and accusations that the intended Pirate Bay censorship was political in nature, as Pirate Bay has been an embarrassing site for the Swedish government. Child pornography refers to pornographic material depicting children. ... The Pirate Bay The Pirate Bay is the worlds largest BitTorrent tracker as of 2005. ...

Thailand

Thailand is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Significant efforts have been made in Thailand to oppose sites that are representing illegal activities. Activities such as gambling, drug usage and pornography are strictly banned, using DNS control in Thailand and, more effectively, a transparent proxy. This makes the website appear to be inaccessible. Also, the government has banned sites that discuss circumventing Internet censorship.^{[citation needed]} A screenshot of what Thai internet users would see when redirected from a prohibited website. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ...

Turkey

Turkey is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Actually there is a governmental association recently established just for controlling and banning internet sites.^{[citation needed]} As it is governmental association it has power to ban internet sites without prior court judgement (as it was). Although there are no specific laws for Internet censorship in Turkish Penal Code, on March 6, 2007, the government of Turkey blocked access to the video-upload site; YouTube.com, with the following statement on the website; "Access to www.youtube.com site has been suspended in accordance with decision no: 2007/384 dated 06.03.2007 of Istanbul First Criminal Peace Court."^[36] The ban was met with widespread protests and lifted two days later. is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

United Kingdom

United Kingdom is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. British Telecommunications passes internet traffic through a service called Cleanfeed which uses data provided by the Internet Watch Foundation to identify pages believed to contain indecent photographs of children.^[37]^[38] When such a page is found, the system creates a 'URL not found page' error rather than deliver the actual page or a warning page. Censorship in the United Kingdom has a long history with variously stringent and lax laws in place at different times, although a much more liberal approach has been taken in recent years. ... BT Group plc (formerly British Telecommunications plc) which trades as BT (pronounced Bee tee) (also previously as British Telecom and is still commonly known as such amongst the general public) is the privatised UK state telecommunications operator. ... Cleanfeed is a content blocking system implemented in the UK by BT, Britains largest Internet provider, which targets only illegal content identified by the Internet Watch Foundation. ... About the IWF The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) was formed in 1996 following an agreement between the government, police and the internet service provider industry that a partnership approach was needed to tackle the distribution of child abuse images (often referred to as child pornography) online. ...

In 2003, after the murder of Jane Longhurst by a man who claimed to have an obsession with Internet pornography,^[39] the family campaigned to tighten laws regarding pornography on the Internet and have gained support such that possession may become illegal.^[40] What the Government has termed "extreme pornography" could now become illegal to possess.^[40] ^[41] The government has begun to crack down on sites depicting rape, strangulation, torture and necrophilia.^[42]^[43] Jane Longhurst (born November 6, 1971, died March 14, 2003) was a special needs teacher and musician living in Brighton, England who died at the age of thirty one. ... Internet pornography is pornography that is distributed via the Internet, primarily via websites, peer-to-peer file sharing, or Usenet newsgroups. ... Due to the international nature of the Internet, Internet pornography carries with it special issues with regard to the law. ... Extreme Pornography is a term introduced by the UK Government to refer to pornography depicting acts of serious violence, necrophilia or bestiality. ...

In Scotland, 2004, a committee of Members of the Scottish Parliament has backed a call to ban adult pornography as the Equal Opportunities Committee supported a petition claiming links between porn and sexual crimes and violence against women and children.^[44] A spokeswoman said "While we have no plans to legislate we will, of course, continue to monitor the situation." Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) (Ball PÃ rlamaid na h-Alba (BPA) in Gaelic) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected to serve in the Scottish Parliament. ...

United Kingdom, the new Home Office Minister Vernon Coaker set a deadline of the end of 2007 for all ISPs to implement a "Cleanfeed"-style network level content-blocking platform. Currently,^{[citation needed]} the only web sites ISPs are expected to block access to are sites the Internet Watch Foundation has identified as containing images of child abuse. However such a platform is capable of blocking access to any web site added to the list (at least, to the extent that the implementation is effective), making it a simple matter to change this policy in future. The Home Office has previously indicated that it has considered requiring ISPs to block access to articles on the web deemed to be "glorifying terrorism", within the meaning of the new Terrorism Act 2006 ^[45]. The modern concept of Small Office and Home Office or SoHo , or Small or Home Office deals with the category of business which can be from 1 to 10 workers. ... Vernon Rodney Coaker (born June 17, 1953) is the Labour Member of Parliament for Gedling, Nottinghamshire, in the United Kingdom. ... Cleanfeed is a content blocking system implemented in the UK by BT, Britains largest Internet provider, which targets only illegal content identified by the Internet Watch Foundation. ... About the IWF The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) was formed in 1996 following an agreement between the government, police and the internet service provider industry that a partnership approach was needed to tackle the distribution of child abuse images (often referred to as child pornography) online. ... Charles Clarke as former Home Secretary held primary responsibility for the Terrorism Bill The Terrorism Act is a UK Act made law on March 30, 2006, after being introduced on October 12, 2005. ...

United States of America

The United States of America is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. The United States enacted in 1996 the Communications Decency Act, which severely restricted online speech that could potentially be seen by a minor – which, it was argued, was most of online speech. Free speech advocates, however, managed to have most of the act overturned by the courts. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act criminalizes the discussion and dissemination of technology that could be used to circumvent copyright protection mechanisms, and makes it easier to act against alleged copyright infringement on the Internet. Many school districts in the United States frequently censor material deemed inappropriate for the school setting. In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Children's Internet Protection Act [CIPA] which requires schools and public libraries receiving federal funding to install internet filters or blocking software.^[46] Congress is also considering legislation to require schools and libraries to block access to social networking websites, The Deleting Online Predators Act. Opponents of Internet censorship argue that the free speech provisions of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution bars the government from any law or regulation that censors the Internet.^[47] Internet censorship in the United States is the suppression of information published or viewed on the Internet in the United States. ... The Communications Decency Act (CDA) was arguably the first attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet, in response to public concerns in 1996. ... In many countries such as India, the UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand a minor is presently defined as a person under the age of 18. ... The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a United States copyright law which implements two 1996 WIPO treaties. ... The Childrens Internet Protection Act (CIPA) is one of a number of bills that the United States Congress has proposed in an attempt to limit childrens exposure to pornography and other controversial material online. ... DansGuardian blocking whitehouse. ... The Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006[1] (DOPA) is a bill (H.R. 5319) brought before the United States House of Representatives on May 9, 2006 by Representative Mike Fitzpatrick (R-PA). ...

A January 4, 2007 restraining order issued by U.S. District Court Judge Jack B. Weinstein forbade a large number of activists in the psychiatric survivors movement from posting links on their websites to ostensibly leaked documents which purportedly show that Eli Lilly and Company intentionally withheld information as to the lethal side-effects of Zyprexa. The Electronic Frontier Foundation is currently^{[citation needed]} appealing this prior restraint on the right to link to and post documents, claiming that citizen-journalists should have the same First Amendment rights as major media outlets ^[48]. is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that either prohibits or compels (enjoins or restrains) a party from continuing a particular activity. ... Jack B. Weinstein (pronounced WINE-STEEN) (born 1921, Kansas) is a federal judge in the Eastern District of New York [1]. (The Eastern District covers Brooklyn and Long Island). ... A number of people considered ill and needing treatment by specific psychiatrists or psychiatric doctrine in general do not perceive benefit from the services offered or forced upon them. ... Eli Lilly and Company (NYSE: LLY) is a global pharmaceutical company and one of the worlds largest corporations. ... Olanzapine (Zyprexa® or in a combination with fluoxetine as Symbyax®) was the second atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval and has become one of the most commonly used atypical antipsychotics. ... EFF Logo The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an international non-profit advocacy and legal organization based in the United States with the stated purpose of being dedicated to preserving free speech rights such as those protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution in the context of... Prior restraint is a legal term referring to a governments actions that prevent materials from being published. ...

The Department of Defense filters certain IP addresses. It is common for a user of a Department of Defense-owned computer to see this warning when attempting to access an inappropriate webpage; The United States Department of Defense, abbreviated DoD or DOD and sometimes called the Defense Department, is a civilian Cabinet organization of the United States government. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Portal censorship

Major portals occasionally exclude web sites that they would ordinarily include. This renders a site invisible to people who do not know where to find it. When a major portal does this, it has a similar effect as censorship. Sometimes this exclusion is done to satisfy a legal or other requirement, other times it is purely at the discretion of the portal. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...

Examples

Major web portal official statements on site removal

By online communities

Forums and chatrooms frequently have moderators, who will edit or remove material against the rules of that community. The scope of these rules varies from community to community - some will want material to be suitable for a specific audience, whilst others only require discussions to be kept within the law. Many USENET groups are unmoderated. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... An Internet forum, also known as a message board or discussion board, is a web application that provides for online discussions, and is the modern descendant of the bulletin board systems and existing Usenet news systems that were widespread in the 1980s and 1990s. ... A chat room is an online forum where people can chat online (talk by broadcasting messages to people on the same forum in real time). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ...

Wikipedia has also been accused of censorship.^[52]^[53] Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ...

Commonly targeted websites

Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Porn redirects here. ... Pedophilia, paedophilia, or pÃ¦dophilia (see spelling differences), is the paraphilia of being sexually attracted primarily or exclusively to pre-pubescent children. ... MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Various Religious symbols, including (first row) Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Bahai, (second row) Islamic, tribal, Taoist, Shinto (third row) Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Jain, (fourth row) Ayyavazhi, Triple Goddess, Maltese cross, pre-Christian Slavonic Religion is the adherence to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve a faith in a spiritual... This article is about the corporation. ... ...

Circumvention

There are a number of resources that allow users to bypass the technical aspects of Internet censorship. Each solution has differing ease of use, speed, and security from other options.

Proxy websites

Proxy websites are often the simplest and fastest way to access banned websites in censored nations. Such websites work by being themselves un-banned but capable of displaying banned material within them. This is usually accomplished by entering a URL address which the proxy website will fetch and display. In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application program) which services the requests of its clients by forwarding requests to other servers. ...

Java Anon Proxy

Java Anon Proxy is primarily a strong, free and open source anonymizer software available for all operating systems. As of 2004, it also includes a blocking resistance functionality that allows users to circumvent the blocking of the underlying anonymity service AN.ON by accessing it via other users of the software (forwarding client).^{[citation needed]} Java Anon Proxy, also known as Java Anonymous Proxy or JAP, is a proxy system designed to allow browsing the Web anonymously. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The addresses of JAP users that provide a forwarding server can be retrieved by getting contact to AN.ON's InfoService network, either automatically or, if this network is blocked, too, by writing an e-mail to one of these InfoServices. The JAP software automatically decrypts the answer after the user did a CAPTCHA. The developers are currently^{[citation needed]} planning to integrate additional and even stronger blocking resistance functions. Early CAPTCHAs such as these, generated by the EZ-Gimpy program, were used on Yahoo. ...

Psiphon

Psiphon software allows users in nations with censored Internet such as China to accessed banned websites like Wikipedia. The service requires that the software be installed on a computer with uncensored access to the Internet so that the computer can act as a proxy for users in censored environments.^{[citation needed]} Psiphon is a web proxy designed to help Internet users affected by Internet censorship securely bypass content-filtering systems setup by governments such as China, Iran, North Korea, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and others. ... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ...

Tor

Tor is a free software implementation that allows users to bypass Internet censorship while granting strong anonymity (though it has its weaknesses). Tor (The Onion Router) is a free software implementation of second-generation onion routing â€“ a system enabling its users to communicate anonymously on the Internet. ... Clockwise from top: The logo of the GNU Project, the Linux kernel mascot Tux, and the BSD Daemon Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only... Tor (The Onion Router) is a free software implementation of second-generation onion routing â€“ a system enabling its users to communicate anonymously on the Internet. ...

Sneakernets

Sneakernet is a term used to describe the transfer of electronic information, especially computer files, by physically carrying data on storage media from one place to another. A sneakernet can move data regardless of network restrictions simply by not using the network at all.^[54] In a non-network environment, the floppy disk was once the primary means of transferring data between computers. ...

The charity relief organization Information Without Borders is attempting to implement a sneakernet routing protocol for providing cheap Internet access to developing and post-conflict regions using donated PDAs and mobile phones, and also for providing free and open Internet access to repressive regimes that restrict free expression by limiting access.^[55]

See also

DansGuardian blocking whitehouse. ... EFF Logo The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an international non-profit advocacy and legal organization based in the United States with the stated purpose of being dedicated to preserving free speech rights such as those protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution in the context of... International Freedom of Expression eXchange. ... The Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG) is a coalition of 15 free expression organisations that belong to the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of non-governmental organisations that promotes and defends the right to freedom of expression and freedom of the press. ... Geolocation refers to identifying the real-world geographic location of an Internet connected computer, mobile device, or website visitor. ... Computer surveillance is the act of surveilling peoples computer activity without their knowledge, by accessing the computer itself. ... Male Internet police officer Jingjing. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Scieno Sitter refers to a content-control software package created by the Church of Scientology, which, when installed on a computer, blocks certain Web sites critical of Scientology from being viewed. ... A proxy list is a list of websites classified as proxies all on one website. ... Wikipedia, a free content encyclopedia project written collaboratively by volunteers, has attracted criticisms along with its size and popularity. ...

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ONI: Internet Filtering Map (Flash). Open Net Initiative. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
^ List of the 13 Internet enemies RSF, 2006 November
^ Minister blames US embargo for low number of Cubans online. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
^ Press Freedom Group Tests Cuban Internet Surveillance. World Politics Watch. Retrieved on 2006-11-30..
^ Journalist sentenced to four years in prison as “pre-criminal social danger. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
^ Internet "black holes" - Iran. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
^ Iran blocks access to video-sharing on YouTube. USA Today. Retrieved on 2006-12-12.
^ Internet "black holes" - Maldives. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
^ Maldives: Life imprisonment for publishing Internet article. Amnesty International. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
^ Burma 'cuts all Internet links' Bangkok Post, September 28, 2007
^ The Internet "black holes" - North Korea. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
^ The Internet "black holes" - China. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
^ Syrian jailed for internet usage. BBC News (2004-06-21).
^ The Internet "black holes" - Tunisia. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
^ The Internet "black holes" - Uzbekistan. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
^ The Internet "black holes" - Vietnam. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
^ ^a ^b Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia in 2004 - An OpenNet Initiative study
^ Introduction to Content Filtering - Saudi Arabia Internet Services Unit
^ Saudi Internet rules (2001) - Arab Media
^ Governo Do Estado De São Paulo
^ (Danish) Krabbe, Klaus. "TDC aktiverer filter mod børneporno", Computerworld, 2005-10-18. Retrieved on 2006-07-19.
^ (Danish) Madsen, Kristoffer. "Politisk strid om politiets børneporno-filter", Computerworld, 2006-03-20. Retrieved on 2006-07-19.
^ TDC lukker for adgangen til Allofmp3.com - ComputerWorld
^ Providers are called on to do more against "hate pages" on the Web Heise Online, retrieved April 25, 2007
^ Reuters, 2007-09-10, Web search for bomb recipes should be blocked: EU – Reuters
^ "Fiji muzzles critical blogs", The Sydney Morning Herald, May 18, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.
^ "Blocking the Blogs", Outlook India, 2006-07-18. Retrieved on 2006-07-19.
^ Sengupta, Somini. "India Blocks Blogs in Wake of Mumbai Bombings", The New York Times, 2006-07-18. Retrieved on 2006-07-19.
^ "Bloggers are back in business", The Hindu, 2006-07-25. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.
^ Orkut In Pact With Indian Law Enforcement Slashdot
^ Zvi Zrahiya and Eran Gabay. "Ministerial committee approves bill to censor adult websites", Haaretz, 09/07/2007.
^ Italy's ban on foreign operators opens a new front in Europe's battle for a 'common market' for gambling
^ I Know This Is A Trite Title, But ... It's Not Just China (strong language)
^ Popular Tamil website 'blocked'. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
^ Sri Lanka seeks hackers to down pro-Tiger website. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
^ YouTube banned in Turkey. Time. Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
^ "IWF/BT Project CleanFeed", Internet Watch Foundation. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
^ "How net providers stop child porn", BBC News, 7 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
^ "Man guilty of teacher murder", BBC News, 4 February 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
^ ^a ^b MP calls for violent porn ban, BBC News, 9 February 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
^ 'Extreme' porn proposals spark row
^ "UK police seek web porn crackdown", BBC News, 5 February 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
^ "Crackdown due on violent web porn", BBC News, 15 August 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
^ "MSPs back pornography ban calls", BBC News, 2 November 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
^ (UK) Government sets deadline for universal network-level content blocking
^ Children's Internet Protection Act
^ Internet Censorship: United States v. American Library Association
^ Eli Lilly Zyprexa Litigation
^ Google excluding controversial sites, Declan McCullagh, CNET News, October 23, 2002, 8:55 p.m. PDT, retrieved April 22, 2007 00:40 UTC
^ Inquisition21, retrieved April 22, 2007 01:16
^ Why does Google remove sites from the Google index?, retrieved April 22, 2007 00:43 UTC
^ Wikitruth. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
^ See: Wikipedians against censorship
^ Sullivan, Bob (April 13, 2006) Military Thumb Drives Expose Larger Problem MSNBC Retrieved on January 25, 2007.
^ Sneakernet email network diagrams from IWB

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reporters Without Borders, or RWB (French: Reporters sans frontiÃ¨res, Spanish: Reporteros Sin Fronteras, or RSF) is a French origin international non-governmental organization that advocates freedom of the press, founded by its current general-secretary, Robert Menard. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article is about the day. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The OpenNet Initiative is a joint project of three academic institutions: the Citizen Lab at the Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto, Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, and the Advanced Network Research Group at the Cambridge Security Programme, University of Cambridge. ... Computerworld is an IT magazine that provides information to technology managers. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Computerworld is an IT magazine that provides information to technology managers. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Computerworld is an IT magazine that provides information to technology managers. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1 July 2002 Cover Page Outlook is an Indian weekly English newsmagazine in publication since October 1995. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For followers of Hinduism, see Hindu. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Slashdot, often abbreviated as /.[1], is a science, science fiction, and technology-related news website owned by SourceForge, Inc. ... Haaretz (Hebrew: (helpÂ· info), The Land) is an Israeli newspaper, founded in 1919. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

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