The Interstate Commerce Commission (or ICC) was a regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. The agency was abolished in 1995, and the agency's remaining functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board. In the context of government and public services regulation (as a process) is the control of something by rules, as opposed to its prohibition. ... The American Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 created the Interstate Commerce Commissirs of the commission were appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd (1885–1889) and 24th (1893–1897) President of the United States, and the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms. ... The Surface Transportation Board (STB) was created by the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act of 1995 at the same time the Interstate Commerce Commission was destroyed. ...

The Commission's seven members were appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. This was the first independent agency (or so-called Fourth Branch). The ICC's original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers. A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... Independent agencies of the United States government are those that exist outside of the departments of the executive branch. ... The term Fourth branch refers to governmental agencies which have powers on the level of those of the traditional three branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial, or nongovernmental agencies which can greatly influence the operation of the government. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... The driver of this DAF tractor with an auto-transport semi-trailer truck prepares to offload Å koda Octavia cars in Cardiff, Wales A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle for transporting goods. ... A common carrier is an organization that transports persons or goods, and offers its services to the general public. ...

Creation

The creation of the ICC was the result of widespread and longstanding anti-railroad agitation. Western farmers were the dominant force behind the movement, but Westerners generally — especially those in rural areas — believed that the railroads possessed economic power that they systematically abused. A central issue was rate discrimination between similarly situated customers and communities. Other potent issues included alleged attempts by railroads to obtain influence over city and state governments and the widespread practice of granting free transportation in the form of yearly passes to opinion leaders (elected officials, newspaper editors, ministers, and so on) so as to dampen any opposition to railroad practices. Some behavior was presumably less common; the muckraker Charles Edward Russell claimed that the railroad that served his hometown had refused to ship newsprint to a newspaper editor because the editor had attacked the railroad in print. McClures Magazine (cover, Jan, 1901) published many early muckraking articles. ... Russell as drawn by Art Ward in 1912. ...

Various sections of the Interstate Commerce Act banned "personal discrimination" and gave the Commission the power to determine maximum "reasonable" rates. Equally significant, the Act required that rates be published.

The Commission had a troubled start because the law that created it failed to give it adequate enforcement powers. Its powers were later expanded and subsequent legislation permitted the ICC to set minimum as well as maximum rates. Later legislation removed railroad safety from the purview of the Commission. A long-standing controversy was how to interpret language in the Act that banned charging more for a shorter "haul" than a longer one. Enforced in a literal manner, this clause could have driven many railroads out of business.

Between 1910 and 1934, the ICC had the authority to regulate interstate telephone services. (The very name of the agency suggests that lawmakers may have planned for it to become the "single roof" over many disparate regulatory efforts.) In 1934, this authority was transferred to the new Federal Communications Commission. The telephone or phone is a telecommunications device which is used to transmit and receive sound (most commonly voice and speech) across distance. ... The FCCs official seal. ...

As an example of regulatory capture

Historians, political scientists, and economists have used the Interstate Commerce Commission as a classic example of regulatory capture. They accused the Commission of acting in the interests of railroads and trucking companies. The ICC, they claimed, set rates at artificially high levels and excluded new competitors through a restrictive permitting process. Other critics concede that given the monopolistic nature of the railroad industry in 1887, something like the Interstate Commerce Commission may have been needed. These critics charge that the ICC's "regulated monopoly" model was largely obsolete by the 1920s, when trucks had emerged to compete with trains--and air-freight was on the horizon. Hence the ICC's powers should have been drastically curtailed sometime before World War II. For these critics, the ICC serves as an example of the federal government's failure to abandon projects that are no longer useful. By 1970, expert support for rate regulation had reached such a low point that The Interstate Commerce Omission, an exposé written under the auspices of consumer advocate Ralph Nader, failed to call for more zealous regulators or better regulation. The solution, the report concluded, was deregulation, i.e., free entry into trucking and railroads. Regulatory capture is an economic phenomenon in which a government regulatory agency becomes dominated by the interests of the industry that it oversees. ... Ralph Nader Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney and political activist. ...

Ripley Plan to consolidate railroads into regional systems

The Transportation Act of 1920 directed the Interstate Commerce Commission to prepare and adopt a plan for the consolidation of the railway properties of the United States into a limited number of systems. Between 1920-1923 William Z. Ripley, a professor of political economy at Harvard University, wrote up ICC's plan for the regional consolidation of the U.S. railways. [1] His plan became known as the Ripley Plan. In 1929 the ICC published Ripley's Plan under the title Complete Plan of Consolidation. Numerous hearings were held by ICC regarding plan under the topice "In the Matter of Consolidation of the Railways of the United States into a Limited Number of Systems".[2] William Z. Ripley was an economist who trained at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and at Columbia University. ...

Regional Railroads proposed

The plan called for creating 21 Regional Railroads and 100 Terminal Railroads. The proposed 21 regional railroads were as follows:

1. Boston and Maine Railroad; Maine Central Railroad; Bangor and Aroostook Railroad; Delaware and Hudson Railroad
2. New Haven Railroad; New York, Ontario and Western Railway; Lehigh and Hudson River Railway; Lehigh and New England Railroad
3. New York Central Railroad; Rutland Railroad; Virginian Railway; Chicago, Attica and Southern Railroad
4. Pennsylvania Railroad; Long Island Rail Road
5. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; Central Railroad of New Jersey; Reading Railroad; Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad; Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway; 50% of Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad; 50% of Detroit and Toledo Shore Line Railroad; 50% of Monon Railroad; Chicago and Alton Railroad (Alton Railroad)
6. Chesapeake and Ohio-Nickel Plate Railroad; Hocking Valley Railway; Erie Railroad; Pere Marquette Railway; Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad; Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad; Chicago and Illinois Midland Railroad; 50% of Detroit and Toledo Shore Line Railroad
7. Wabash-Seaboard Air Line Railway; Lehigh Valley Railroad; Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway; Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway; Western Maryland Railway; Akron, Canton and Youngstown Railway; Norfolk and Western Railway; 50% of Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad; Toledo, Peoria and Western Railroad; Ann Arbor Railroad; 50% of Winston-Salem Southbound Railway
8. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad; Louisville and Nashville Railroad; Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway; Clinchfield Railroad; Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad; Mobile and Northern Railroad; New Orleans Great Northern Railroad; 25% of Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway (Monon Railway); 50% of Winston-Salem Southbound Railway
9. Southern Railway; Norfolk Southern Railroad; Tennessee Central Railway (east of Nashville); Florida East Coast Railway; 25% of Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway (Monon Railway)
10. Illinois Central Railroad; Central of Georgia Railway; Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway; Tennessee Central Railway (west of Nashville); St. Louis Southwestern Railway (Cotton Belt Railway); Atlanta and St. Andrews Bay Railroad
11. Chicago and North Western Railway; Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railway; Litchfield and Madison Railroad; Mobile and Ohio Railroad; Columbus and Greenville Railway; Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad
12. Great Northern-Northern Pacific Railway; Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway; 50% of Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway
13. Milwaukee Road; Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad; Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway; Duluth and Iron Range Railroad; 50% of Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway; trackage rights on Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway to Portland, Oregon.
14. Burlington Route; Colorado and Southern Railroad; Fort Worth and Denver Railway; Green Bay and Western Railroad; Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad; 50% of Trinity and Brazos Valley Railroad; Oklahoma City-Ada-Atoka Railway
15. Union Pacific Railroad; Kansas City Southern Railway
16. Southern Pacific Railroad
17. Santa Fe Railway; Chicago and Great Western Railroad; Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway; Missouri and North Arkansas Railway; Midland Valley Railroad; Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway
18. Missouri Pacific Railroad; Texas and Pacific Railroad; Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway; Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad; Denver and Salt Lake Railroad; Western Pacific Railroad; Fort Smith and Western Railroad
19. Rock Island-Frisco Railway; Alabama, Tennessee and Northern Railroad; 50% of Trinity and Brazos Valley Railroad; Louisiana and Arkansas Railway; Meridian and Bigbee Railroad
20. Canadian National; Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railway; Grand Trunk Western Railway
21. Canadian Pacific; Soo Line; Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway; Mineral Range Railroad [3]

1898 map The Boston and Maine Railroad (AAR reporting mark BM), also known by the abbreviation B&M, was the dominant railroad of the northern New England region of the United States for a century. ... 1923 map The Maine Central Railroad was a railroad in central Maine. ... The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad or BAR is a defunct United States railroad company, that formerly operated lines in northern Maine. ... The Delaware and Hudson Railroad (D&H) ( AAR reporting mark DH) was a Class I railroad in the north-eastern part of the United States. ... The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (AAR reporting mark: NH) was a railroad that operated in the northeast United States. ... The New York, Ontario and Western Railway, more commonly known as the O&W or NYO&W, was a regional railroad with origins in 1868, lasting until 1957 when it was ordered liquidated by a US bankruptcy judge. ... The Lehigh and Hudson River Railway (L&HR) was the smallest of the six component railroads that were merged into Conrail. ... The Lehigh and New England Railroad (AAR reporting mark LNE) was a connection from northeastern Pennsylvania towards the Poughkeepsie Bridge across the Hudson River. ... The New York Central Railroad (AAR reporting mark NYC), known simply as the New York Central in its publicity, was a railroad operating in the North-Eastern United States. ... The Rutland Railroad was a small railroad in the north-eastern United States, primarily in the state of Vermont but extending into the state of New York. ... The Virginian Railway (AAR reporting mark VGN) was a Class I railroad located in Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. ... The Chicago, Attica and Southern Railroad (AAR reporting mark CAS) was a railroad linking small towns in west central and northwestern Indiana to a connection with the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railway (C&EI) near Momence, Illinois (where traffic continued on to Chicago). ... 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ... An M3 railcar The Long Island Rail Road or LIRR (often referred to as the L-I-double-R) is a commuter rail system serving the length of Long Island, New York, United States. ... 1876 map The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) is one of the oldest railroads in the United States, with an original line from the port of Baltimore, Maryland west to the Ohio River at Wheeling, West Virginia and Parkersburg, West Virginia. ... alternate logo The Central Railroad of New Jersey, more commonly known as the Jersey Central Lines or CNJ, was a regional railroad with origins in the 1830s, lasting until 1976 when it was absorbed into Conrail with the other bankrupt railroads of the U.S. Northeast. ... Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Categories: Rail stubs | Philadelphia and Reading Railroad ... The Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad (DT&I) (AAR reporting mark DTI) was a railroad that operated between its namesake cities in Michigan and Ohio between 1905 and 1982. ... the Detroit and Toledo Shore Line Railroad, (AAR reporting mark DTSL) was a small rail carrier that had a multi-track mainline bridging Detroit and Toledo and served major industries. ... The Monon Railroad (AAR reporting marks CIL, MON), also known as the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railway from 1897-1956, operated almost entirely within the state of Indiana. ... 1885 map The Alton Railroad was the final name of a railroad linking Chicago, Illinois to Alton, St. ... 1885 map The Alton Railroad was the final name of a railroad linking Chicago, Illinois to Alton, St. ... The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from many smaller railroads begun in the 19th century. ... The New York, Chicago and St. ... The Erie Railroad (AAR reporting mark ERIE) was a railroad that operated in New York State, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, connecting New York City with Lake Erie, and extending west to Cleveland, Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio and Chicago, Illinois. ... The Pere Marquette Railway (AAR reporting mark PM) was a railroad that operated in the Great Lakes region of the United States. ... The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company (DL&W or Lackawanna) (AAR reporting mark DLW) was a railroad connecting Pennsylvanias Lackawanna Valley, rich in anthracite coal, to New York City, Buffalo and Oswego, New York. ... The Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad (B≤ AAR reporting mark BLE) was a railroad company operating in western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio. ... The Chicago and Illinois Midland Railway (AAR reporting marks CIM) was a Class I railroad in the United States, serving Peoria, Springfield and Taylorville, Illinois. ... the Detroit and Toledo Shore Line Railroad, (AAR reporting mark DTSL) was a small rail carrier that had a multi-track mainline bridging Detroit and Toledo and served major industries. ... The Wabash Railway (AAR reporting mark WAB) was a Class I railroad that operated in the mid-central United States. ... Categories: Stub | Defunct railroad companies of the United States | Defunct companies | Florida Seaboard Air Line Railroad precursors | Georgia railroads | North Carolina railroads | South Carolina railroads | Virginia railroads ... 1884 map of the Pennsylvania, Reading and Lehigh Valley Railroads The Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill and Susquehanna Railroad Company (AAR reporting mark LV) was incorporated April 21, 1846 in Pennsylvania. ... The Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (reporting mark WLE)s oldest predecessor rail line began in Ohio, with the organization of the Carroll County Rail Road on March 9, 1850. ... The P&WV formed a connection between the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway and Western Maryland Railway. ... The Western Maryland Railway ( AAR reporting mark WM) was an American Class I railroad which operated in Maryland, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. ... The Akron, Canton and Youngstown Railway (AAR reporting marks ACY) was a Class I railroad that existed between 1907 and 1982. ... Norfolk and Western Railway - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad (DT&I) (AAR reporting mark DTI) was a railroad that operated between its namesake cities in Michigan and Ohio between 1905 and 1982. ... The Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway (AAR reporting marks TPW) is currently a short-line railroad that operates from Mapleton, Illinois through Peoria across Illinois to Logansport, Indiana and includes a branch line between Logansport to Winamac, Indiana. ... The Ann Arbor Railroad (AAR reporting mark AA) is an American railroad that operates between Ann Arbor, Michigan and Toledo, Ohio. ... The Winston-Salem Southbound Railway (AAR reporting mark WSS) began operations in 1910. ... The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (AAR reporting mark ACL) was an American railroad that existed between 1880s and 1967, when it merged with the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, its longtime rival, to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. ... Chartered by the state of Kentucky in 1850, the L&N, as it was generally known, grew into one of the great success stories of American business. ... NC&StL Steam Engine 576, now displayed in Centennial Park in Nashville This famous Southern railroad began as the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, chartered in Nashville in December 1845 and was the first railway to operate in the state of Tennessee. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad was formed in 1926 from a reorganization of the Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railroad. ... The Monon Railroad, also known as the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railroad from 1897-1956, operated almost entirely within the state of Indiana. ... The Monon Railroad (AAR reporting marks CIL, MON), also known as the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railway from 1897-1956, operated almost entirely within the state of Indiana. ... The Winston-Salem Southbound Railway (AAR reporting mark WSS) began operations in 1910. ... The Southern Railway (AAR reporting mark SOU) was the product of nearly 150 predecessor lines that were combined, reorganized and recombined beginning in the 1830s, formally becoming the Southern Railway in 1894. ... All-time system map, showing all lines in the Norfolk Southern system prior to 1974 The Norfolk Southern Railway (AAR reporting mark NS) was the final name of a railroad running from Norfolk, Virginia southwest and west to Charlotte, North Carolina. ... The Tennessee Central Railway Company was founded in 1884 as The Nashville and Knoxville Railroad Company. ... For other cities named Nashville, see Nashville (disambiguation). ... The Florida East Coast Railway (AAR reporting mark FEC) is a Class II railroad operating in the US state of Florida; in the past, it has been a Class I railroad. ... The Monon Railroad, also known as the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railroad from 1897-1956, operated almost entirely within the state of Indiana. ... The Monon Railroad (AAR reporting marks CIL, MON), also known as the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Railway from 1897-1956, operated almost entirely within the state of Indiana. ... The Illinois Central (AAR reporting mark IC), sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, was a railroad carrier in the central United States, with its primary routes connecting Chicago, Illinois with New Orleans, Louisiana and Birmingham, Alabama. ... The Central of Georgia Railroad was contructed to join the Macon and Western Railroad at Macon, Georgia to the Atlantic coastal railroads at Savannah, Georgia. ... The Minneapolis and St. ... The Tennessee Central Railway Company was founded in 1884 as The Nashville and Knoxville Railroad Company. ... For other cities named Nashville, see Nashville (disambiguation). ... The St. ... The St. ... An old logo for the line, which reached Atlanta, Georgia via trackage rights on the Central of Georgia Railway. ... The Chicago and North Western Railway (AAR reporting marks: CNW, CNWS, CNWZ; unofficial abbreviation: C&NW) was a Class I railroad in the United States. ... The Chicago and Eastern Illinois (AAR reporting mark CEI) was a Class I railroad that linked Chicago to southern Illinois, St. ... The Mobile and Ohio Railroad is a defunct U.S. railroad. ... The Columbus and Greenville Railway (AAR reporting mark CAGY) was founded in 1975 to operate divested Illinois Central trackage across the state of Mississippi. ... The Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad (LS & I), an American railroad offering service from Marquette, Michigan to nearby locations in Michigans Upper Peninsula, began operations in 1896. ... A Great Northern EMD F7 Locomotive. ... A Northern Pacific train travels over Bozeman Pass, June 1939. ... Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway coach at Snoqualmie, Washington (Northwest Railway Museum collection) The Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway was a United States-based railroad incorporated in 1905. ... The Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway (AAR reporting mark BAP) was a short line railroad in the U.S. state of Montana which was founded in 1892 and ceased operation in 1985. ... The Milwaukee Road, officially the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. ... The Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway (AAR reporting mark BAP) was a short line railroad in the U.S. state of Montana which was founded in 1892 and ceased operation in 1985. ... A union station or union terminal is a train station where tracks and facilities are shared by two or more railway companies, allowing passengers to connect conveniently between them. ... Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway coach at Snoqualmie, Washington (Northwest Railway Museum collection) The Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway was a United States-based railroad incorporated in 1905. ... Nickname: City of Roses, Stumptown, Bridgetown, PDX Location in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Coordinates: Country United States State Oregon County Multnomah County Incorporated February 8, 1851 Mayor Tom Potter Area    - City 376. ... Categories: Defunct railroad companies of the United States | Defunct companies | Defunct railroads | Colorado railroads | Illinois railroads | Iowa railroads | Missouri railroads | Montana railroads | Nebraska railroads | Wisconsin railroads | Wyoming railroads ... The Colorado & Southern Railroad began as the consolidation of bankrupt railroads on 1898. ... Fort Worth and Denver Railway is a defunct railroad in the United States. ... Categories: Rail stubs | Defunct railroad companies of the United States | Defunct companies | Wisconsin railroads ... The Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad (known as the MKT, or Katy) began as the Union Pacific Railway, Southern Branch (unrelated to the Union Pacific Railroad) in 1865. ... The Oklahoma City-Ada-Atoka Railway(OCAA) was formed from trackage from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to Atoka, Oklahoma via Shawnee, Oklahoma and Ada, Oklahoma that was not included in the 1923 reorganization of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. ... The Union Pacific Railroad (AAR reporting mark UP) (NYSE: UNP) is the largest railroad network in the United States. ... The Kansas City Southern Railway (AAR reporting mark KCS) is a United States-based Class I railroad operating over 3,130 track miles in 10 central and southeastern states. ... The Southern Pacific Railroad (AAR reporting mark SP) was an American railroad. ... The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AAR reporting mark ATSF), often abbreviated as Santa Fe, was one of the largest railroads in the United States. ... The Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad (AAR reporting marks BOCT) was a railroad in the Chicago area, giving various other companies access to Grand Central Station. ... Predecessor to the Chihuahua al Pacifico railroad in Mexico. ... The Midland Valley extended from Fort Smith, Arkansas to Wichita, Kansas prior to its purchase by Missouri Pacifics Texas & Pacific. ... The Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway (the MN&S) was an 87 mile (140 km) long American short line railroad connecting Minneapolis and Northfield, Minnesota. ... Missouri Pacific (MoPac; AAR reporting mark MP) was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River. ... The Texas and Pacific Railway Company (known as the T&P) was created by federal charter in 1871 with the purpose of building a southern transcontinental railroad between Marshall, Texas and San Diego, California. ... The Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway (KO&G) was formed on July 31, 1919 from the assets of the bankrupt Missouri, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway. ... The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad (AAR reporting mark DRG and DRGW) generally referred to as the Rio Grande, became the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad in 1920, and is today a fallen flag (a railroad that has been absorbed into a larger system -- Union Pacific -- as the result... The Denver, Northwestern and Pacific Railway was a U.S. railroad company incorporated on July 18, 1902 by David H. Moffat, Walter S. Cheesman, William G. Evans, Charles J. Hughes, Jr. ... Drumhead logos such as these often adorned the ends of observation cars on the Western Pacific Railroad. ... The Fort Smith and Western (AAR reporting mark FS&W) was a railroad that operated in the states of Arkansas and Oklahoma. ... The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (AAR reporting mark RI) was a Class I railroad in the United States. ... The St. ... The Alabama, Tennessee and Northern Railroad (AAR reporting mark ATN) was a short line railroad operating within the state of Alabama. ... The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway (AAR reporting mark LA) was a railroad that operated in the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. ... CN redirects here, as its the most common usage of the abbreviation in Canada; for more uses, see CN (disambiguation). ... 1887 map with connections The Grand Trunk Western Railroad (GTWR, GT post-1960, AAR reporting mark GTW) is a subsidiary railroad of the Canadian National Railways Grand Trunk Corporation operating in the midwestern United States. ... The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR; AAR reporting marks CP, CPAA, CPI), known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a Canadian Class I railway that is operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. ... Categories: Rail stubs | Defunct railroad companies of the United States | Illinois railroads | Michigan railroads | Minnesota railroads | North Dakota railroads | South Dakota railroads | Wisconsin railroads ...

Terminal Railroads Proposed

There were 100 terminal railroads that were also proposed. Below is a sample:

1. Toledo Terminal Railroad; Detroit Terminal Railroad; Kankakee & Seneca Railroad
2. Indianapolis Union Railway; Boston Terminal; Ft. Wayne Union Railway; Norfolk & Portsmouth Belt Line Railroad
3. Toledo, Angola & Western Railway
4. Akron & Barberton Belt Railroad; Canton Railroad; Muskegon Railway & Navigation
5. Philadelphia Belt Line Railroad; Fort Street Union Depot; Detroit Union Railroad Depot & Station; 15 other properties throughout the United States
6. St. Louis & O'Fallon Railway; Detroit & Western Railway; Flint Belt Railroad; 63 other properties throughout the United States
7. Youngstown & Northern Railroad; Delray Connecting Railroad; Wyandotte Southern Railroad; Wyandotte Terminal Railroad; South Brooklyn Railway

The Transportation Act of 1940 repudiated the Consolidated Plan and it was thus abandoned.

Relationship between regulatory body and the regulated

Although racial discrimination was never a major focus of its efforts, the ICC had to address civil rights issues when passengers filed complaints. A friendly relationship between the regulators and the regulated is evident in several early civil rights cases. Throughout the South, railroads had established segregated facilities for sleeping cars, coaches and dining cars. At the same time, the plain language of the Act (forbidding "undue or unreasonable preference" as well as "personal discrimination") could be read as an implied invitation for activist regulators to chip away at racial discrimination. In at least two landmark cases, however, the Commission sided with the railroads rather than with the African-American passengers who had filed complaints. In both Mitchell v. United States (1941) and Henderson v. United States (1950), the U.S. Supreme Court took a more expansive view of the Act than the Commission.[4] In 1962, the ICC banned racial discrimination in buses and bus stations, but it did not do so until several months after a binding pro-integration Supreme Court decision (Boynton v. Virginia) and the Freedom Rides (in which activists engaged in civil disobedience to desegregate interstate buses). Holding The Interstate Commerce Act makes it unlawful for a railroad in interstate commerce to subject any particular person to any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage in any respect whatsoever. ... Boynton v. ... The Freedom Rides were a series of student political protests performed in 1961 as part of the US civil rights movement. ...

Abolition

Congress passed various deregulation measures in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1995, when most of the ICC's powers had been eliminated, Congress abolished the agency, transferring its remaining functions to the Surface Transportation Board. Deregulation is the process by which governments remove restrictions on business in order to (in theory) encourage the efficient operation of markets. ...

Legacy

The ICC served as a model for later regulatory efforts. Unlike, for example, state medical boards (historically administered by the doctors themselves), the seven Interstate Commerce Commissioners and their staffs were full-time regulators who could have no economic ties to the industries they regulated. Post-1887 state and federal agencies adopted this structure. And, like the ICC, later agencies tended to be multi-headed independent commissions with staggered terms for the commissioners. At the federal level, agencies patterned after the ICC included the Federal Trade Commission (1914), the Civil Aeronautics Board (1940), the National Labor Relations Board (1935), the Federal Communications Commission (1933), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1933), and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (1975). In recent decades, this regulatory structure has gone out of fashion; the agencies created after the 1960s generally have single heads appointed by the President and are housed inside executive Departments (e.g., the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1970) or the Transportation Security Administration (2002)). The trend is the same at the state level, though it is probably less pronounced. FTC headquarters, Washington, D.C. The Federal Trade Commission (or FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. ... Governments have played an important part in shaping air transportation. ... The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent agency of the United States Government charged with conducting elections for union representation and with investigating and remedying unfair labor practices. ... The FCCs official seal. ... The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, commonly referred to as the SEC, is the United States governing body which has primary responsibility for overseeing the regulation of the securities industry. ... The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government created in 1972 through the Consumer Safety Act to protect “against unreasonable risks of injuries associated with consumer products”. As of 2006 its acting chairman is Nancy Nord, a Republican. ... josh is wierd! The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. ... The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is a controversial U.S. government agency that was created as part of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush on November 19, 2001. ...

International Influence

The Interstate Commerce Commission had a strong influence on the founders of Australia. The Constitution of Australia provides (ss. 101-104; also s. 73) for the establishment of an Inter-State Commission, modelled after the United States' Interstate Commerce Commission. However, these provisions have largely not been put into practice; the Commission existed between 1913-1920, and 1975-1989, but never assumed the role which Australia's founders had intended for it. Judicial High Court Lower Courts Constitution State and territory governments Executive Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Legislative Parliaments and Assemblies State electoral systems ACT - NSW - NT - Qld. ...

References

• Stone, Richard D. (1991). The Interstate Commerce Commission and the railroad industry: a history of regulatory policy. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93941-3.

See also

• PBS | American Experience | Interstate Commerce Committee