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An organ transplant is the transplantation of a whole or partial organ from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. Organ donors can be living, or cadaveric (dead). In biology, an organ (Latin organum: instrument, tool) is a group of tissues, which perform a specific function or group of functions. ...
Organ donation is the removal of specific tissues of the human body from a person who has recently died, or from a living donor, for the purpose of transplanting them into other persons. ...
Origin of the transplant Blood transfusion and bone marrow transplants are special cases of a transplant where the transplanted part of the body is renewable; in other cases, the living organ donor either has another of the same organ (such as kidneys) or can donate part of an organ (such as split-liver, segmental pancreas and small intestine transplants). Blood transfusion is the taking of blood or blood-based products from one individual and inserting them into the circulatory system of another. ...
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a hematological medical procedure that involves stem cell transplantation. ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ...
The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that serves two functions: exocrine - it produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes endocrine - it produces several important hormones Anatomy The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach on the posterior abdominal wall. ...
Diagram showing the small intestine In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine (colon). ...
Apart from brain-stem dead donors, who have formed the majority of cadaveric donors for the last twenty years, there is increasing use of non-heart beating donors to increase the potential pool of donors as demand for transplants continues to grow. Brain death is defined as a complete and irreversible cessation of brain activity. ...
Introduction Prior to the introduction of brain-stem death into law in the mid to late 1970s, all organ transplants from cadaveric donors came from non-heart beating donors (NHBD). ...
Types of transplants
Solitary transplants Organs and tissues that can currently be transplanted include: The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that serves two functions: exocrine - it produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes endocrine - it produces several important hormones Anatomy The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach on the posterior abdominal wall. ...
Diagram showing the small intestine In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine (colon). ...
The heart in relation to the lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) This x-ray of the human chest shows the lungs as dark regions The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ...
The cornea is the curved, transparent layer that covers the front part of the eye and protects its inner structures. ...
An eye is an organ that detects light. ...
An organ transplant is the transplantation of a whole or partial organ from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. ...
Model of the layers of human skin In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system; which is composed of a layer of tissues that protect underlying muscles and organs. ...
A skin graft is a section of skin that is removed from one area of the body and transplanted to an area that has been injured. ...
The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
Grays illustration of a human femur, a typically recognized bone. ...
The endocrine (i. ...
Combined transplants The heart and lungs are sometimes transplanted together, in a heart-lung transplant. This operation is usually performed for cystic fibrosis as both lungs need to be replaced and it is a technically easier operation to replace the heart and lungs en bloc. As the recipient's native heart is usually healthy, this can then itself be transplanted into someone needing a heart transplant; this is called a domino transplant. That term is also used for a special form of liver transplant, in which the recipient suffers from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy in which the liver (slowly) produces a protein that damages other organs; their liver can be transplanted into an older patient who is likely to die from other causes before a problem arises[1] (http://www.mayoclinic.org/news2003-sct/1622.html). A heart-lung transplant is a procedure carried out to replace both heart and lungs in a single operation. ...
Amyloid describes various types of protein aggregations that share specific traits when examined microscopically. ...
Most pancreas transplants are performed for diabetes mellitus with chronic renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy and are transplanted together with a kidney. Diabetes alone does not typically justify a transplant. Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), especially after eating. ...
Nephropathy refers to damage to or disease of the kidney. ...
Newer types Hand transplant operations have been performed since 1998. The yield is not good enough to recommend this on a routine basis to those with mutilating injuries or congenital malformations. On the 14th of January 2004, the team of Professor Jean-Michel Dubernard (Edouard-Herriot hospital, France) declared a five-year old transplantion of both hands a success[2] (http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0%402-3226,36-394244,0.html). The lessons learned in this case, and the 26 other which occurred between 2000 and 2005, might open the way for more common transplants of such organs as hands, face, kidney or larynx. The first successful human hand transplant was received by New Zealander, Clint Hallam. ...
Transplants that are nearly feasible today include: 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Organ transplants that can not be performed today include: A face transplant is a procedure that involves replacing someones entire face with a dead donors face. ...
The cardia is the anatomical term for the junction orifice of the stomach and the esophagus. ...
In anatomy, The lower esophageal sphincter is the muscular area where the esophagus meets the stomach. ...
Achalasia or acalasia is a failure of a ring of muscle (as a sphincter) to relax (completely). ...
A head transplant, perhaps more accurately described as a body transplant, is a surgical operation involving the replacement of an organisms entire body below the neck with a replacement body. ...
A whole-body transplant, or brain transplant, moves the brain of one being into the body of another. ...
History Successful inter-human allotransplants have a relatively long history, the operative skills were present long before the necessities for post-operative survival were discovered. Rejection was, is, and may always be the key problem. The transplantation of organs between members of the same species. ...
Transplant rejection is a process by which the immune system of the recipient of a transplant attacks the transplanted organ or tissue. ...
The third century saints Damian and Cosmas are recorded as performing the first medical transplant - replacing the gangrenous leg of a white man with the leg of a dead Moor. Less miraculous was the work of French surgeon Alexis Carrel, in the 1900s, with the transplantation of arteries or veins. His skillful anastomosis operations, the new suturing techniques, laid the ground for later transplant surgery. From 1902 Carrel performed transplant experiments on dogs. Surgically successful in moving kidneys, hearts and spleens, he was one of the first to identify the problem of rejection. Gangrene is necrosis and subsequent decay of body tissues caused by infection, thrombosis or lack of blood flow. ...
A high altitude form of heathland habitat widespread in northern Britain; see heath. ...
Alexis Carrel (June 28, 1873 - November 5, 1944) was a French surgeon and biologist. ...
An anastomosis is an connection between two structures, organs or spaces. ...
1902 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ...
The spleen is a ductless, vertebrate gland that is not necessary for life but is closely associated with the circulatory system, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and removal of other debris from the bloodstream, and also in holding a reservoir of blood. ...
Autotransplants, transfer of material on the same patient, was successfully demonstrated by Jean Casimir Guyon with skin in 1869. Slightly later, Jacques Reverdin used a similar technique to aid wound healing. Major steps in skin transplants occurred during WW I, notably in the work of Harold Gillies at Aldershot. Among his advances was the tubed pedicle graft, maintaining a flesh connection from the donor site until the graft established its own blood flow. Gillies' assistant, Archibald McIndoe, carried on the work into WW II as reconstructive surgery. In 1962 the first successful replantation surgery was performed - re-attaching a severed limb and restoring (limited) functioning and feeling. 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...
Sir Harold Delf Gillies (June 17, 1882 - September 10, 1960) was a New Zealand surgeon who is considered to be the father of plastic surgery. ...
Sir Archibald McIndoe (May 4, 1900 - April 11, 1960) was a plastic surgeon who worked for the Royal Air Force during World War II who greatly improved the treatment and rehabilitation of badly burned aircrew. ...
German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ...
Plastic surgery is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. ...
The first successful cornea transplant, a keratoplastic operation, was performed by Eduard Zirm in Austria in 1906; for all other transplants rejection seemed an insurmountable problem. In the late 1940s Peter Medawar, working for the National Institute for Medical Research, improved the understanding of rejection. Identifying the immune reactions in 1951 Medawar suggested that immunosuppressive drugs could be used. Cortisone had been recently discovered and the more effective azathioprine was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of cyclosporine in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive. The cornea is the curved, transparent layer that covers the front part of the eye and protects its inner structures. ...
On December 7, 1905 Dr. Eduard Zirm, the Chief of Medicine of the hospital in Olomouc (now in Moravia in the Czech Republic) and representative of the famous Medical School in Vienna, was able to do what had previously been impossible: He performed the first successful organ transplant*. The cornea...
Sir Peter Brian Medawar (February 28, 1915 - October 2, 1987) was a British medical scientist who won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Medicine jointly with Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, for research into the nature of the immunological meaning of self as evidenced in skin graft acceptance and rejection in both...
Immunosuppressive drugs suppress the immune system, blocking the bodys ability to fight infection or foreign substances that enter the body. ...
In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ...
Azathioprine is a chemotherapy drug, now rarely used for chemotherapy but more for immunosuppression in organ transplantation and autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohns disease. ...
Ciclosporin (INN), cyclosporine or cyclosporin (former BAN), is an immunosuppressant drug. ...
The first successful human organ transplant was the kidney on 23 December 1954 in Boston by Joseph Murray and J. Hartwell Harrison. The kidney was the easiest organ to transplant, tissue-typing was simple, the organ was relatively easy to remove and implant, live donors could be used without difficulty, and in the event of failure kidney dialysis was available from the 1940s. Tissue-typing was essential to the success, early attempts in the 1950s on sufferers from Bright's disease had been very unsuccessful. The 1954 transplant was between identical twins. December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ...
1954 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
For the former commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, see Joseph Philip Robert Murray. ...
In medicine, dialysis is a method for removing waste such as urea from the blood when the kidneys are incapable of this, i. ...
Brights Disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. ...
The success with the kidney led to attempts with other organs. There was a successful cadaveric lung transplant into a lung cancer sufferer in June 1963 by James Hardy in Jackson, Mississippi. The patient survived for eighteen days before dying of kidney failure. Thomas Starzl of Denver attempted a liver transplant in the same year, but was not successful until 1967. Lung cancer is a malignant tumour of the lungs. ...
1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Jackson is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. ...
The heart was a major prize for transplant surgeons. But, as well as rejection issues the heart deteriorates within minutes of death so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the heart-lung machine was also needed. Lung pioneer James Hardy attempted a human heart transplant in 1964, but a premature failure of the recipient's heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart which failed very quickly. The first success was achieved December 3rd 1967 by Christiaan Barnard in Cape Town, South Africa. Louis Washkansky, the recipient, survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968-69, but almost all the patients died within sixty days. Barnard's second patient, Philip Blaiberg, lived for 19 months. A cardiac pump or cardiac bypass pump or heart-lung machine temporarily takes over the function of breathing and pumping blood for a patient. ...
December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1967 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...
Christiaan Neethling Barnard (sometimes incorrectly written Barnaard, November 8, 1922 - September 2, 2001) was a heart South Africa, who became known for performing the worlds first human open heart transplantation in 1967. ...
Missing image The central area of Cape Town as seen from Table Mountain. ...
Born 1913. ...
As mentioned, it was the advent of cyclosporine that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer Denton Cooley performed seventeen transplants including the first heart-lung transplant. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved onto more risky fields, multiple organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On March 9th 1981 the first successful heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, credited the patient's recovery to cyclosporine-A. Dr. Denton A. Cooley (b. ...
March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). ...
1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ...
The heart in relation to the lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) This x-ray of the human chest shows the lungs as dark regions The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ...
Ciclosporin (INN), cyclosporine or cyclosporin (former BAN), is an immunosuppressant drug. ...
The latest record transplant operation of eight organs, the liver, stomach, pancreas, small and large intestine, spleen, and two kidneys, was performed in the USA in March 2004. This patient, a 6 month old baby, died 1 month after the operation.
With organ shortages a real problem in many fields, as well as the continuous problem of incompatibility and rejection, there is substantive research into xenotransplantation or transgenic organs. These forms of transplant are not yet being used in humans, and there are still many problems that would need to be solved before they would be feasible options in patients requiring transplants. Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of cells, tissues or organs from one species to another such as from pigs to humans. ...
Organ Black Market As the need for ready to transplant organs worldwide increases, so does the reality of the illicit organ market. Each year, hundreds of impoverished people sell their kidneys to later be used in illegal transplants. The size and scope of this current problem has yet to be fully understood or realized, but European officials have been working hard in Europe to ensure the closure of the organ black market.
See also An artificial organ is a man-made organ that is implanted in a human to replace a natural organ. ...
Organ donation is the removal of specific tissues of the human body from a person who has recently died, or from a living donor, for the purpose of transplanting them into other persons. ...
In medicine, grafting is a surgical procedure to transplant tissue without a blood supply. ...
Immunosuppression is the medical suppression of the immune system. ...
Immunosuppressive drugs suppress the immune system, blocking the bodys ability to fight infection or foreign substances that enter the body. ...
HIT (Hibernation Inducement Trigger) is a substance found in the blood of hibernating animals. ...
Reference The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. ...
External link - Immune find may help transplants (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3950021.stm)
- TransWeb (http://www.med.umich.edu/trans/transweb/index.htm)
- Flash presentation of face transplant (http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,1092780,00.html)
- Research work on inducing transplant tolerance in humans (http://www.immunetolerance.org/research/core/index.html)
- United Network for Organ Sharing (http://www.unos.org/)
- Organ Transplant survival rates (http://transplants.ws/)
- [3] (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0116_040116_EXPLorgantraffic.html)
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