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Encyclopedia > Introspection
This article is about the psychological process of introspecting. For the programming term, see Introspection (computer science).

Introspection is contemplation on one's self, as opposed to extrospection, the observation of things external to one's self. Introspection may be used synonymously with self-reflection and used in a similar way. In computing, type introspection is a capability of some object-oriented programming languages to determine the type of an object at runtime. ... Contemplation comes from the latin root for temple, and means to enter an open or consecrated place. ... Self might refer to various different things: Look up self on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Extrospection is the observation of things external to ones own mind, as opposed to introspection, which is the direct observation of ones minds internal processes. ... The Thinker by Auguste Rodin: An artists impression of Homo sapiens Human self-reflection is the basis of philosophy and is present from the earliest historical records. ...


Cognitive psychology accepts the use of the scientific method, but rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation. It should be noted that Herbert Simon and Allen Newell identified the 'thinking-aloud' protocol, in which investigators view a subject engaged in introspection, and who speaks his thoughts aloud, thus allowing study of his introspection. Cognitive psychology is the psychological science that studies cognition, the mental processes that underlie behavior, including thinking, reasoning, decision making, and to some extent motivation and emotion. ... Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was a researcher in the fields of cognitive psychology, computer science, public administration, economics and philosophy (sometimes described as a polymath). ... Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 - July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie-Mellon’s School of Computer Science. ... Talk aloud protocol is a method used to gather data in usability testing in product design and development, especially software engineering. ...


Introspection was once an acceptable means of gaining insight into psychological phenomena. Introspection was used by German physiologist Wilhelm Wundt in the experimental psychology laboratory he had founded in Leipzig in 1879. Wundt believed that by using introspection in his experiments he would gather information into how the subject's minds were working, thus he wanted to examine the mind into its basic elements. Wundt did not invent this way of looking into an individual's mind through their experiences; rather, it can be dated back to Socrates. Wundt's distinctive contribution was to take this method into the experimental arena and thus into the newly formed field of psychology. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (August 16, 1832–August 31, 1920) was a German physiologist and psychologist. ... Experimental psychology is an approach to psychology that treats it as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Look up Experience in Wiktionary, the free dictionary This article discusses the general concept of experience. ... This article is about the ancient Greek philosopher, for all other uses see: Socrates (disambiguation) Socrates ca. ...


Literature

  • Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2004). A history of modern psychology (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

See also

Psychophysics is the branch of cognitive psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their perception. ... In psychology, choice blindness is a phenomenon in which subjects fail to detect conspicuous mismatches between their intended (and expected) choice and the actual outcome. ...

External links


  Results from FactBites:
 
Introspection [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (8676 words)
Introspection is the process by which someone comes to form beliefs about her own mental states.
As was the case with the infallibility claim, for this claim to be plausible it must presumably be limited to beliefs formed by introspection: if an individual believes on the basis of introspection that she is in a particular mental state, then her belief is justified.
Introspection should likewise be thought of as akin to the kind of theory-laden perception that often goes on in the physical sciences.
Introspection - LoveToKnow 1911 (0 words)
The introspective method has been adopted by psychologists from the earliest times, more especially by Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and English psychologists of the earlier school.
Such psychological problems as those connected with the emotions and their physical concomitants are especially defective in the introspective method; the fact that one is looking forward to a shock prepared in advance constitutes at once an abnormal psychic state, just as a nervous person's heart will beat faster when awaiting a doctor's diagnosis.
The purely introspective method has of course always been supplemented by the comparison of similar psychic states in other persons, and in modern psycho-physiology it is of comparatively minor importance.
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