Invasion of Manchuria
Part of Second Sino-Japanese War
Date September 19, 1931 to February 1932 Location Manchuria Result Japanese Victory Casus belli Mukden Incident
Combatants
National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China	Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan
Commanders
Zhang Xueliang, Ma Zhanshan, Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao	Shigeru Honjo, Jiro Tamon, Senjuro Hayashi
Strength
160,000 men	30,000 - 60,450 men
Casualties
?	?

The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, one day after the Mukden Incident, which gave the Japanese the pretext for military action. The Japanese occupation of Manchuria would last until the end of World War II. Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro Strength 5,600,000 4,100,000 (including 900... September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Casus belli is a modern Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war. ... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... Today, the Republic of China is commonly known as Taiwan or Chinese Taipei. Not to be confused with the Peoples Republic of China. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan_(bordered). ... The Imperial Japanese Army (: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国陸軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was the official ground based armed force of Japan from 1867 to 1945 when it was Imperial Japan. ... Anthem Kimi ga Yo Imperial Reign Slogan: Fukoku Kyohei Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military (a. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang Hsüeh-liang; English occasionally: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in 1898 or 1900) in Haicheng County, Fengtian province of China – 14 October 2001 in Hawaii, United States... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... Ma Zhanshan (馬占山, 1885-1950) was born in Gongzhuling, in Jilin province, in a poor farm family. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... (1899-1963) Feng Zhanhai, 冯占海, or Feng Chan-hai was one of the leaders of the volunteer armies resisting the Japanese and the puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... (1883-1939) General Ting Chao or Ding Chao (born 1883; died 1939) is known for his defense of Harbin during the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and 1932. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan_(bordered). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan_(bordered). ... (1878-1934) Jiro Tamon, 多門二郎, a Lieutenant-General of the Imperial Japanese Army, known for leading many of the operations of the invasion of Manchuria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan_(bordered). ... Senjuro Hayashi (林 銑十郎 Hayashi Senjūrō, February 23, 1876–February 4, 1943) was a Japanese politician and the 33rd Prime Minister of Japan from February 2, 1937 to June 4, 1937. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro Strength 5,600,000 4,100,000 (including 900... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Gen. ... Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small war fought between small forces of Chinese militias against the Japanese Imperial Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident in which Manchuria was lost to Japan. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Marshal Zhang Xueliang Lt. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao Shigeru Honjo Strength 30,000  ? Casualties  ?  ? After General Ma Zhanshan had been driven from Tsitsihar by the Japanese in the Jiangqiao Campaign he had retreated northeastward with his beaten and depleted forces and had set up... Combatants Republic of China, 19th Route Army, 5th Army Empire of Japan, Imperial Japanese Army, 2nd Independent Tank Company, Shanghai Expeditionary Force Commanders 19th Route Army: Jiang Guangnai (Chinese: 蔣光鼐), 5th Army: Zhang Zhizhong (Chinese: 張治中) Commander: Yoshinori Shirakawa (Japanese: 白川義則), Chief of staff: Kanichiro Tashiro (Japanese: 田代皖一郎) Strength 50,000 90,000 Casualties... Combatants Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan, Manchukuo Imperial Army, Manchukuo Commanders Ma Zhanshan, Ting Chao, Tang Juwu, Wang Fengge, Wang Delin, Su Bingwen, Feng Yuxiang, Yang Jingyu, Zhou Baozhong, Li Zhaolin Shigeru Honjo, Nobuyoshi Muto, Takashi Hishikari... -Operation Nekka Date : March, 1933 Place : Hebei, China Opponent : Chinese Army Tank Unit:1st Special Tank Company Commander:Captain Hyakutake Tanks:11 Type 89 Medium Tanks, 2 Type 92 Combat Cars After the Manchurian Incident, the Renault tanks of the 1st Special Tank Company were replaced with Type 89 Tank. ... The Battle of Rehe was fought from February 21 to March 1 of 1933 between China and Japan. ... The Defense of the Great Wall (Traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; Simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 - May 31, 1933) was a battle between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, before official hostilities of the Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Lukouchiao Incident. ... The Battle of Beiping-Tianjin (Traditional Chinese: 平津作戰; Simplified Chinese: 平津作战; pinyin: ) (25 July - 31 July 1937) was a battle fought during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the proximity of Beiping (now Beijing) and Tianjin. ... When the China Incident happened, the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade stationed in Manchuria moved to Hebei and fought near Beijing. ... 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Combatants Japan, North China Area Army China, National Revolutionary Army Commanders ?, ?, ?, ? ?, ? Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Japanese 津浦線作戦 or Tientsin – Pukow Railway Operation (Early August to mid November, 1937) was a follow up operation to the Peiking Tientsin Operation of the Japanese army in North China at the beginning of the Second Sino... The Battle of Taiyuan is a major battle fought between China and Japan near Taiyuan, which lies in the 2nd China Theater. ... The Battle of Pingxingguan, commonly called the Great Victory of Pingxingguan (平型关大捷) in Mainland China, was an engagement fought between the 8th Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party and the Imperial Japanese Army on September 25, 1937. ... 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Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Military Region 5, 9, Soviet Air Force volunteers[1] Imperial Japanese Army, Central China Expeditionary Force, 11th Army, 2nd Army, China Area Fleet, Central China Aviation Army Corps Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Xue Yue, Wu Qiwei, Zhang Fakui, Wang Jingjiu, Ou Zhentong, Yu Jishi，Duan Langru... 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Railway Blitzkrieg

On September 19, the day after the Mukden Incident, the Japanese Government, which had decided upon a policy of localizing the incident, communicated its decision to the Kwantung Army authorities. Despite this, the Kwantung Army rapidly proceeded to expand its operations along the South Manchurian Railway. Under orders from Lt. General Jiro Tamon, troops of the 102nd Division moved up the South Manchuria Railway and took virtually every city along its 6930000 miles occupying Anshan, Haicheng, Kaiyuan, Tiehling, Fushun, Szeping-chieh, Changchun, Kuanchengtzu, Yingkou, Antung, and Penhsihu. On September 19, 1931, the Chosun Army in Korea under Gen. Senjuro Hayashi had ordered the 220th Division to split its force, forming the 39th Mixed Brigade. The Japanese cabinet, however, disagreed with the army, suspecting that the incident was a conspiracy by Japanese army officers. It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... Anthem Kimi ga Yo Imperial Reign Slogan: Fukoku Kyohei Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military (a. ... The Kwantung Army or Guandong Army (関東軍 Japanese: Kantōgun) was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that originated from a Guandong garrison established in 1906 to defend the Kwantung Leased Territory and the areas adjacent to the South Manchurian Railway. ... The South Manchuria Railway Company (Japanese: 満鉄）; Mantetsu) was a company founded by Japan in 1906, after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and operated in Japanese-occupied Manchuria. ... (1878-1934) Jiro Tamon, 多門二郎, a Lieutenant-General of the Imperial Japanese Army, known for leading many of the operations of the invasion of Manchuria. ... The 2nd Infantry Division ) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. ... Anshan (Chinese: ; pinyin: Ä€nshān; lit. ... Image:Hts. ... Kaiyuan is also the name of Kaiyuan District, a former district of Xiamen City, Fujian Province. ... Tieling (铁岭) is a city with several 100 000 inhabitants in Tieling prefecture of Liaoning province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Location within China Fushun (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a city in Liaoning, China, about 45 km from Shenyang, with a population about 1. ... Siping (Chinese: ; pinyin: Sìpíng), formerly Sipingjie (Chinese: ; pinyin: SìpíngjiÄ“), is a city in Jilin province in Northeast China. ... Changchun (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located at the northeast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Huadian is a city in Jilin province in northern China. ... Yingkou (营口; pinyin: Yíngkǒu shì) is a prefecture-level city of Liaoning province, in northeastern China. ... statue in Dandong Dandong (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dāndōng) is a city in the Liaoning province, China. ... Benxi (Chinese: 本溪; Hanyu Pinyin: BÄ›nxÄ«) is a prefecture-level city located in the Liaoning province of China, south-southeast of Shenyang. ... The Chosen Army of the Imperial Japanese Army was headquartered in Keijo (now Seoul), and was responsible for the garrison of and operations on the Korean Peninsula during the Period of Japanese Rule. ... Senjuro Hayashi (林 銑十郎 Hayashi Senjūrō, February 23, 1876–February 4, 1943) was a Japanese politician and the 33rd Prime Minister of Japan from February 2, 1937 to June 4, 1937. ... IJA Twentieth Division ) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. ...

Without authorization by the emperor, the 39th Mixed Brigade departed on that day for Manchuria. On the same day, Kwantung Army also requested Tokyo to send three more divisions from Japan. Between September 20th and 25th, the Japanese took Hsiungyueh, Changtu, Liaoyang, Tungliao, Tiaonan, Kirin, Chiaoho, Huangkutun and Hsin-min. This secured Liaoning and Kirin provinces and their rail communications to Korea. Xiongyuecheng or Hsiungyueh is a city on the Liaodong Peninsula, in Liaoning province, China. ... Changtu (昌图) is a city in Liaoning province, China. ... Liaoyang (Simplified Chinese: 辽阳; Traditional Chinese: 遼陽; Pinyin: Liáoyáng) is a city in China, Liaoning province, located in the middle of the beautiful and rich Liaodong Peninsula. ... Liaoyuan(simplified Chinese: 辽源; traditional Chinese: 遼源; pinyin: Liáoyuán) is a Chinese city in the western portion of Jilin province. ... Taonan is a Chinese city of about 100,000 in Jilin Province. ... Kirin may refer to: Kirin, the Japanese and Korean word for the Qilin, a mythical beast in Chinese culture and now the word for giraffe Kirin Brewery Company, Ltd. ... Jiaohe (蛟河) is a middle-sized city attached to Jilin City in the Jilin Province of China. ... Xinmin (Chinese: ; Pinyin: XÄ«nmín Shì; Wade-Giles: Hsin-min) is a county-level city within Shenyang, Liaoning province, Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Liáoníng) is a northeastern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Jílín; Wade-Giles: Chi-lin; Postal System Pinyin: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...

In late September the army was only allowed to send one mixed brigade from Japan, the 14th from the 7th Division. However the cabinet finally conceded the point to the military and the movement of the 39th Mixed Brigade from Korea was authorized on September 22nd. Eventually the Emperor did approve units from Korea assisting in the occupation of Manchuria. By the beginning of October the total strength of Kwangtung Army was about 35,400 men.

Of the 160,000 troops of the Northeastern Army at the beginning of the Manchurian Incident about 60,000 went over to the Japanese. 40,000 of Zhang Xueliang's army retreated without much resistance to Chinchow on the orders from Chiang Kai-Shek and Zhang Xueliang. The remaining loyal Chinese troops were in Heilongjiang Province, mainly near at Tsitsihar and near Harbin in Kirin Province under General Ting Chao. For the city in Hebei provonce, see Jinzhou, Hebei. ... Chiang Kai-shek (Chinese: 蔣介石 or 蔣中正, October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang Hsüeh-liang; English occasionally: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in 1898 or 1900) in Haicheng County, Fengtian province of China – 14 October 2001 in Hawaii, United States... Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ... Qiqihar ( Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Manchu: Cicigar hoton) is a major city in the Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China and has 895,000 inhabitants. ... Harbin on a map of China For other meanings of Harbin, see Harbin (disambiguation). ... (1883-1939) General Ting Chao or Ding Chao (born 1883; died 1939) is known for his defense of Harbin during the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and 1932. ...

Secession and Resistance

After the Liaoning Provincial government had fled Mukden it was replaced by a group of Chinese calling themselves the "Peoples Preservation Committee" who wanted to declare the secession of Manchuria from the rest of China. Other secessionist movements were organized in Japanese occupied Kirin by General Hsi Hsia head of the "New Kirin" Army, and at Harbin lead by General Chang Ching-hui. In early October, shortly after the Mukden Incident, at Taonan in the northwest of Liaoning province, General Chang Hai-peng declared the district independent of China, in return for a shipment of a large quantity of military supplies by the Japanese Army. Hsi Hsia, (? - 1950), Manchu general in command of the Manchurian Kirin Provincial Army, that went over to the Japanese during the Invasion of Manchuria. ... The Manchukuo Imperial Army was the armed force of Manchukuo the puppet state of the Empire of Japanin northeast China. ... Zhang Jinghui (Traditional Chinese: 張景惠; 1871-1959) Chinese warlord and politician. ... Taonan is a Chinese city of about 100,000 in Jilin Province. ... Chang Hai-peng, (? - ?), Northeastern Army general, that went over to the Japanese during the [Invasion of Manchuria]] and was a general in the Manchukuo Imperial Army of Manchukuo. ...

General Chang Hai-peng followed his political move up by leading the men of the Hsingan Reclamation Army north to attack General Ma Zhanshan the newly appointed governor of Heilungkiang province. Soon after Chang Hai-peng advanced upon Ma's capital at Tsitsihar, Ma offered peacefully to give up the old walled town. Encouraged by General Shigeru Honjo, Chang advanced cautiously to accept General Ma's surrender. However General Chang's advance guard was attacked by General Ma's troops and in a savage fight it was sent fleeing in a rout. During this fight the Nonni River railroad bridge was damaged. The Manchukuo Imperial Army was the armed force of Manchukuo the puppet state of the Empire of Japanin northeast China. ... Ma Zhanshan (馬占山, 1885-1950) was born in Gongzhuling, in Jilin province, in a poor farm family. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

With the repair of the Nonni Bridge as the pretext, the Japanese sent a repair party in early November under the protection of Japanese troops. Fighting broke out bringing the advance of the Japanese into Heilongjiang province in the Jiangqiao Campaign. Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small war fought between small forces of Chinese militias against the Japanese Imperial Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident in which Manchuria was lost to Japan. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Gen. ...

Chinchow and the Subjugation of the North

In December a new Japanese cabinet led by Prime Minister Tsuyoshi Inukai was formed. He increased the force in Manchuria, the 8th Mixed Brigade from the 10th Division was sent in December, and the rest of 20th Division along with 38th Mixed Brigade from the 19th Division was sent from Korea. Total strength was now about 60,450 men. Inukai Tsuyoshi (犬養 毅, April 20, 1855–May 15, 1932) was a Japanese politician and the 29th Prime Minister of Japan from December 13, 1931 to May 15, 1932. ... ... IJA Nineteenth Division ) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. ...

With this stronger force the Japanese command announced on December 21st the beginning of large scale anti-bandit operations in Manchuria to quell a growing resistance by the local Chinese population in Liaoning and Kirin Provinces. They also issued an ultimatum to force the Chinese Army from Chinchow. Despite protests by Britain, France, and America they continued in their advance. Worse, on December 28th, a new Chinese government was formed, all members of the old Nanking government resigned throwing the military command into turmoil, and the Chinese army ceased resistance and retreated to the south of the Great Wall into Hebei. On January 3rd, 1932 Japanese forces occupied Chinchow and the following day they occupied Shanhaiguan completing their military control over South Manchuria. Combatants Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan, Manchukuo Imperial Army, Manchukuo Commanders Ma Zhanshan, Ting Chao, Tang Juwu, Wang Fengge, Wang Delin, Su Bingwen, Feng Yuxiang, Yang Jingyu, Zhou Baozhong, Li Zhaolin Shigeru Honjo, Nobuyoshi Muto, Takashi Hishikari... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Marshal Zhang Xueliang Lt. ... Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ...

With the south secure the Japanese turned to the north to complete their campaign to secure Manchuria. Negotiations with Generals Ma Zhanshan and Ting Chao had come to naught. Colonel Kenji Doihara in early January requested the Manchurian puppet General Hsi Hsia to advance with his forces and take Harbin from the last major Chinese regular force in the north lead by General Ting Chao who conducted the defense of Harbin successfully until the 2nd Division under General Jiro Tamon arrived to reinforce the attack and took the city on January 5th, 1932. By the end of February General Ma had sought terms and joined the Japanese puppet government and General Ting Chao, commanding Chinese military operations against the Japanese in northeastern Manchuria, offered to cease hostilities, seemingly ending Chinese formal resistance. Within a month the puppet state of Manchukuo was established. Kenji Doihara (土肥原 賢二) Doihara Kenji, August 8, 1883 - December 23, 1948) was a Japanese officer and spy who served in northeastern China from 1913 and who became a major military commander in Japans invasion of China over the following decades. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao Shigeru Honjo Strength 30,000  ? Casualties  ?  ? After General Ma Zhanshan had been driven from Tsitsihar by the Japanese in the Jiangqiao Campaign he had retreated northeastward with his beaten and depleted forces and had set up... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... Manchukuo (1932–1945), Manchu country, was a former state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia created by former Qing Dynasty officials and Imperial Japan in 1932. ...

See also

• Pacification of Manchukuo

Combatants Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan, Manchukuo Imperial Army, Manchukuo Commanders Ma Zhanshan, Ting Chao, Tang Juwu, Wang Fengge, Wang Delin, Su Bingwen, Feng Yuxiang, Yang Jingyu, Zhou Baozhong, Li Zhaolin Shigeru Honjo, Nobuyoshi Muto, Takashi Hishikari...

External links

• IMTFE Judgment for the Japanese Aggression Against China
• The volunteer armies of northeast China by Anthony Coogan
• Monograph 144, Manchurian Incident
• Manchuria 1931-1932
• "Secessionist Movements" From Time Magazine Oct. 12, 1931
• Boycott, Bloodshed & Puppetry From TIME magazine Oct. 26, 1931
• "Strong Policy" From TIME magazine Dec. 28, 1931
• The Charleston Gazette Friday Morning, January 1, 1932
• Jaunting Juggernaut From Time Magazine, Jan. 4, 1932
• Fun & Blood From From Time Magazine, Jan. 11, 1932
• SATURDAY EVENING. FEBRUARY 27. 1032. THE COSHOCTON TRIBUNE
• Modern Manchuria-Political (Inset-Mukden) 现代满洲－政治（放大图－沈阳）Map of Manchuria circa 1935
• Modern Manchuria and Mongolia-Economic (Inset-Foreign Trade of Manchuria for 1930) 现代满洲和蒙古经济（放大图－1930年对外贸易）Geography of Manchuria 1930's