NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ion Antonescu

Ion Victor Antonescu (June 15, 1882, Piteşti – June 1, 1946, near Jilava) was the prime minister and conducător (Leader) of Romania during World War II from September 4, 1940 to August 23, 1944. Ion Antonescue. ... ConducÄƒtor (literally in Romanian, Leader) was the title used officially in two instances by Romanian heads of state. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Romanian troops in Afghanistan Military branches: Romanian Army Romanian Navy Romanian Air and Air Defense Forces Romania joined NATO in 2004. ... A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... County ArgeÅŸ County Status County capital Mayor Tudor Pendiuc, Social Democratic Party, since 1992 Population (2002) 168,756 Geographical coordinates , Web site http://www. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Map of Ilfov county with Jilava commune highlighted Jilava is a village near Bucharest. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... County ArgeÅŸ County Status County capital Mayor Tudor Pendiuc, Social Democratic Party, since 1992 Population (2002) 168,756 Geographical coordinates , Web site http://www. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Map of Ilfov county with Jilava commune highlighted Jilava is a village near Bucharest. ... ConducÄƒtor (literally in Romanian, Leader) was the title used officially in two instances by Romanian heads of state. ... This article is becoming very long. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...

Early life and military career

Antonescu was born into a bourgeois family with some military tradition. He attended military schools in Craiova and Iaşi, and graduated the Cavalry School as top of class in 1904, then, in 1911, the military academy. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... County IaÅŸi County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, since 2003 Area 93. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ...

As lieutenant, Antonescu took part in the repression of the 1907 peasants' revolt in and around the city of Galaţi. His ruthlessness gained him the name Câinele roşu (the red dog). In 1913, he fought in the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria; the Bulgarian army was already deployed against the Serbs and Greeks so Romania's entering the war led to Bulgaria suing for peace. Following the 1913 war (which brought Cadrilater into Romania), Antonescu received Romania's highest military decoration. The 1907 Romanian Peasants Revolt took place in March 1907 in Moldavia and it quickly spread reaching Wallachia. ... County GalaÅ£i County Status County capital Mayor Dumitru Nicolae, since 2000 Area 241,5 kmÂ² Population (2002) 298,584 Density 123 inh/kmÂ² Geographical coordinates 45Â°27â€²N 28Â°2â€²E Web site http://www. ... The Second Balkan War was fought in 1913 between Bulgaria on one side and Greece and Serbia on the other side. ... Southern Dobruja (Ð®Ð¶Ð½Ð° Ð”Ð¾Ð±Ñ€ÑƒÐ´Ð¶Ð° (Yuzhna Dobrudzha) in Bulgarian, Dobrogea de sud or Cadrilater in Romanian) is an area of north-eastern Bulgaria comprising the administrative districts named for its two principal cities of Dobrich and Silistra. ...

During Romania's involvement in World War I (1916-1918), Antonescu acted as chief-of-staff for Marshal Constantin Prezan. In August 1916, Romanian armies crossed the Carpathian Mountains, attempting to take Transylvania (then a territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but mainly inhabited by Romanians), but their offensive was later stopped by the Austro-Hungarian armies, with German help. The disaster at Turtucaia (August 24) showed that the Romanian army was not ready for the war. With German and Bulgarian troops pushing through Dobruja and with Allied Russian troops retreating (their orders were to defend the Danube line), the Romanian Army was forced to retreat from Transylvania and defend the Carpathian borders. Upon enemy troops crossing the mountains into the Old Kingdom, Antonescu was ordered to design a defense plan for the Romanian capital of Bucharest. The battle for the capital was lost, due to the capture by enemy troops of an officer carrying the battle plan. The Romanian royal court, army and administration were forced to retreat into Moldavia. Antonescu participated in the defense of Moldavia in 1917, when the Romanian Army, instructed by the French Mission, and led by General Alexandru Averescu managed to stop the advance of the German Army headed by Field Marshal Mackensen. He was both observer and coordinator for the battle of Marasti-Oituz. However, in late 1917 the Russian revolution took place. Russia soon made peace with Germany, leaving Romania the only enemy of the Central Powers on the Eastern front. In these conditions, Romania had to make peace with Germany and her allies. In 1918, Romania broke the peace treaty and declared war on the Central Powers again just a day before Germany surrendered. The war for Romania however continued until 1919. Taking advantage of the chaos in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Romania took back all Transylvania. Upon reaching the river Tisa, King Ferdinand took his own decoration and gave it to lieutenant-colonel Antonescu saying: "Antonescu, no one in this country knows better than the King how much they owe you." Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire Canada France Italy Russian Empire United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria German Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Sir Arthur Currie Ferdinand Foch Nicholas II Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Oskar Potiorek Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand I... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... Field Marshal August von Mackensen August von Mackensen (December 6, 1849â€“November 8, 1945), was a German Field Marshal, born August Mackensen in Haus Leipnitz, in the Prussian province of Saxony, to Louis and Marie Louise Mackensen. ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, which, after the elimination of the Russian autocracy system, and the Provisional Government (Duma), resulted in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... The Tisza (in Hungarian, Ukrainian: Tysa/Тиса, Russian: Tisa/Тиса, Romanian, Slovak and Serbian: Tisa, German: Theiß, Latin: Tissus, Tisia or Pathissus) is a river, tributary of the Danube and one of the major rivers of Central Europe, passing through Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine... Ferdinand of Romania Ferdinand or Ferdinand I (August 24, 1865-July 20, 1927) was the king of Romania from October 10, 1914 until his death Born in Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen became heir to the throne of his childless uncle, King Carol I of Romania...

Between 1922 and 1926 he was a military attaché of Romania in France and Great Britain. After returning to Romania he was the commander of the "Şcoala Superioară de Război" (Upper School of War) between 1927 and 1930, Chief of the General Staff between 1933 and 1934 and Defense Minister between 1937 and 1938. Image File history File links Antonescu, Romanian fascist prime minister durin World War II File links The following pages link to this file: Ion Antonescu ... Image File history File links Antonescu, Romanian fascist prime minister durin World War II File links The following pages link to this file: Ion Antonescu ... A military attachÃ© is a military expert who is part of a diplomatic mission. ...

Political power

Ascension

General Antonescu was appointed Prime-Minister by King Carol II on September 6, 1940, after Romania was forced to surrender Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to the USSR (June 28, 1940), the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary (August 30, 1940), and Cadrilater to Bulgaria (September 5, 1940). Only two days after his appointment, he forced King Carol to abdicate. Carol's son, Crown Prince Michael, was proclaimed the new King, although his powers were essentially ceremonial duties such as supreme Head of the Army. Antonescu named himself Conducător (Leader) and assumed dictatorial powers. Carol II of Romania, (15 October 1893 â€“ 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... Bukovina (Ukrainian: Ð‘ÑƒÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð°, Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: or Erdelj / Ð•Ñ€Ð´ÐµÑ™) is a historical region in the center of Romania. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Southern Dobruja (Ð®Ð¶Ð½Ð° Ð”Ð¾Ð±Ñ€ÑƒÐ´Ð¶Ð° (Yuzhna Dobrudzha) in Bulgarian, Dobrogea de sud or Cadrilater in Romanian) is an area of north-eastern Bulgaria comprising the administrative districts named for its two principal cities of Dobrich and Silistra. ... September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... King Michael and Queen Anne King Michael (Romanian Mihai) of Romania (born October 25, 1921) was the son of King Carol II and reigned from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from September 6, 1940 until December 30, 1947. ...

After the traditional, democratic, parties of Romania refused to send competent members into the Government, Antonescu approached the Fascist anti-Semitic Iron Guard party and offered them seats in the Government (September 15, 1940). Antonescu desired to bring the Iron Guard under his direct control, because their paramilitary activities were undermining the authority of the state. The ensuing period was known as the 'National Legionary State' (Statul naţional-legionar). Eventually, after their demands for extended powers were repeatedly turned down by Antonescu, the Iron Guard rebelled (January 21, 1941). Antonescu quickly crushed the rebellion (with the consent of Germany, whose economic and military interests demanded stability in Romania), outlawed the Iron Guard and had their top leaders imprisoned or expelled from the country. Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... The Legionnaires Rebellion and the Bucharest Pogrom occurred in Bucharest, Romania, between the 21st and the 23rd of January, 1941. ... January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

Alliance with Germany

Antonescu formed an alliance with Nazi Germany, thereby ensuring stability and strategic material, such as the extensive Romanian oil reserves, could be used by the Axis Powers. Further, Antonescu was delighted with the prospect of war against the USSR, because of his hatred of Bolshevism, and hoped this would guarantee the reconquest of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. Also, by participating in the war on the Eastern front, Antonescu hoped to persuade Hitler to give back the northern half of Transylvania to Romania after the hostilities were over. He was informed by Hitler himself about Operation Barbarossa ten days before its launch. meeting between dictators :- This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... meeting between dictators :- This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Leninâ€™s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... Bukovina (Ukrainian: Ð‘ÑƒÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð°, Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: or Erdelj / Ð•Ñ€Ð´ÐµÑ™) is a historical region in the center of Romania. ... Combatants Axis Powers Soviet Union Commanders Supreme commander: Adolf Hitler Supreme commander: Josef Stalin Strength ~ 3. ...

Romanian troops joined the German Wehrmacht in their attack against the Soviet Union (June 22, 1941) and reoccupied the lost territories of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. For retaking these territories, he was later made Maresal. The province of Transnistria also came under Romanian administration. Soon after the capture of the city of Odessa, the Romanian headquarters were blown up, supposedly by communists hiding amongst the civilian population. Antonescu ordered retaliation, which culminated in the Odessa Massacre. After the recapture of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, Antonescu took the Romanian army deeper into Soviet territory, determined to follow the German troops until the complete conquest of the Soviet army (as he stated during his trial: "When a country is in a war, the army of this country must go to the end of the earth to win the war. It's one of the basic principles of war, that has been applied from the time of the Romans to this very day. Search into the history of wars, any nation, any century, and you will see that no one stops with the army at the borders, but goes farther, aiming to destroy the enemy army. So did Scipio Africanus who took his army to the destruction of Carthage, so did Napoleon, who went to the center of Russia, so did Alexander of Russia, who went all the way to Paris."). This decision was met with disapproval both by Romanian politicians (of the traditional parties) and by the Allied powers. Although Antonescu devoted most of his time to military affairs he failed to prepare the Romanian army for the protracted campaign. To satisfy Hitler, Antonescu sent to the front entire divisions with limited weaponry, Germans armed them only prior to combat. After German and Romanian armies suffered huge losses in the Battle of Stalingrad and the Russians started their offensive which would only end in Berlin, Antonescu's popularity declined sharply. German cavalry and motorized units entering Poland from East Prussia during the Polish Campaign of 1939 Wehrmacht (Defence force) was the name of the armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... Bukovina (Ukrainian: Ð‘ÑƒÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð°, Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... Motto: For the right to live on this land Anthem: Anthem of Transnistria Capital Tiraspol Largest city Tiraspol Official languages Moldovan, Russian and Ukrainian Government President Parliamentary Republic Igor Smirnov Recognition Independence Recognition From Moldova none September 2, 1990 none Area â€¢ Water (%) 4,163 kmÂ² 1,607 sq mi 2. ... For other uses, see Odessa (disambiguation). ... The Odessa Massacre was the extermination of Jews and Communists in Odessa during the autumn of 1941. ... This article deals with the Roman general who defeated Hannibal in the Second Punic War. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... Combatants Axis Powers Soviet Union Commanders Friedrich Paulus Erich von Manstein Hermann Hoth Georgy Zhukov Vasily Chuikov Aleksandr Vasilevsky Strength German Sixth Army German Fourth Panzer Army Romanian Third Army Romanian Fourth Army Hungarian Second Army Italian Eighth Army 500,000 Germans Unknown number Reinforcements Unknown number Axis-allies Stalingrad...

Fall

In 1943 representatives of Antonescu (members of the traditional parties) twice approached Americans and British (Cairo and Istambul) asking for separate peace but the Allies demanded Antonescu to make peace with the Russians first. Antonescu refused unconditional surrender to the Russians, but continued negotiating with them through his representatives in Stockholm. In August 1944, when the Russians had already entered Romanian territory, Antonescu received an armistice proposal from Madame Kolontay (Stalin's agent in Stockholm). This armistice proposed that German armies had 15 days to leave the country, the Russians would only pass through the north of the country (the south and the capital were to remain Russian-free), and offered recognition of Romanian claims to Hungarian-occupied Northern Transylvania. Considering the overwhelming superiority of the Soviet forces, this generous offer was interpreted as either allowing the Soviet troops to maintain its push against the German army or as a bluff. On August 22, 1944 Soviet armies attacked the Iasi-Chişinău-Cetatea Albă line, determined to occupy the Romanian capital before any armistice could be signed. Antonescu had prepared 9 elite divisions at the Focsani-Namoloasa-Galati line which he hoped could hold out against the Soviets for several weeks until the treaty's approval by both parties. The telegram from Stockholm arrived on August 22, but was intercepted by opposition leader Iuliu Maniu, who was plotting together with the King, other opposition members from the historical parties, and even the Romanian communist party, to overthrow Antonescu's regime. On August 23, 1944, King Mihai invited Antonescu at his Royal Palace. After Antonescu had explained the situation on the warfront, the King asked him if he would sign unconditional surrender to the Russians. Antonescu told the young King about the armistice he was about to sign, although he had no proof (such as the telegram). He also stated that "signing unconditional surrender to the Russians is like jumping out of a plane without a parachute". Read carefully- a chauvinist bias included! Romania with Northern Transylvania highlighted in yellow Northern Transylvania is a part of Transylvania which, after separation from Hungary in 1920 by the Trianon (Versailles) Treaty, was awarded by Germany and Italy to Hungary in line with the Vienna Awards of 1940. ... August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...

The King retired into a backroom, where his communist advisors urged him to arrest the Maresal. The King returned and dismissed Antonescu and his cabinet. At the same time, soldiers rushed in and arrested Ion Antonescu and his minister, Mihai Antonescu, then locked them up in the Palace safe. Later, they were taken by communists, who handed them over to the Soviets. At the same time, King Mihai declared a ceasefire on the Romanian side. The Soviet army however had no intention of stopping fighting. The Russians broke the frontline and took prisoner over 600,000 Romanian soldiers, who wouldn't fight. The Germans did not recognize the authority of the new Sanatescu Government and attacked the capital. The Romanian army however managed to hold on to it. A few days later, the Soviets occupied Bucharest. The treaty of peace, in fact, unconditional surrender, was signed only with the Soviets, on the 12 September 1944. Portal:Currentevents September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...

ImageMetadata File history File links Ion_Antonescu_during_his_trial. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Ion_Antonescu_during_his_trial. ...

Trial and death

After returning from the Soviet Union, in May 1946 Antonescu was put on trial by the Bucharest People's Tribunal, by the Communist dominated government, and found guilty of betraying Romanian people for the benefits of Nazi Germany, economic and political subjugation of Romania to Germany, cooperation with Iron Guard, murder of his political opponents, mass murder of civilians and crimes against peace, and for participation in the German invasion of the USSR. He was sentenced to death and executed on June 1, 1946 in Jilava Prison. 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The two Romanian Peoples Tribunals, the Bucharest Peoples Tribunal and the Northern Transylvania Peoples Tribunal (which sat in Cluj) were set up by postwar Romanian Government, overseen by the Allied Control Commission to try suspected war criminals, in line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement with... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... A crime against peace, in international law, consists of illegally starting a war. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Antonescu and the Holocaust

Antonescu's government is held responsible for killing of between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews and over 10,000 Roma in Romania and the territories it occupied. In the past there was debate about Antonescu's personal role in Romanian participation in the Holocaust. A report produced by a special commission led by Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel and officially accepted by the Romanian government in 2004 states that Antonescu bore direct responsibility. This article is becoming very long. ... Eliezer Wiesel (commonly known as Elie) (born September 30, 1928) is a world-renowned Hungarian novelist, philosopher, humanitarian, political activist, and Holocaust survivor. ...

Immediately after coming into office, Antonescu expanded the anti-Jewish laws passed by Gigurtu, though Antonescu's stepmother, Frida Cuperman, was Jewish, as was his first wife, Rasela Mendel, whom he married as a military attaché in London in the 1930s. During 1941 and 1942, 80 anti-Jewish regulations were passed, all sharply anti-Semitic. Starting at the end of October, 1940, the Iron Guard began a massive anti-Semitic campaign, torturing and beating Jews and looting their shops, culminating in the failed coup and a pogrom in Bucharest in which 120 Jews were killed. Antonescu stopped the violence and chaos caused by the Iron Guard and brutally suppressed the rebellion. By the time Romania entered the war, however, atrocities against the Jews had become common, most notably in the Iaşi pogrom, where over 10,000 Jews were killed in July 1941. Download high resolution version (1497x1075, 152 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (1497x1075, 152 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Hermann Wilhelm GÃ¶ring. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from Ð³Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚ÑŒ IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot, a massive violent attack on a particular group; ethnic, religious or other, primarily characterized by destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). ... The IaÅŸi pogrom of June 27, 1941 was one of the most violent pogroms in Jewish history, launched by governmental forces in the Romanian city of IaÅŸi against its Jewish population, resulting in the brutal mass-murder of 13,266 Jews. ...

In 1941, following the advancing Romanian Army and the attacks by Jewish "Resistance groups" (especially in Bessarabian towns with a large Jewish population such Edinet and Ismail) Antonescu ordered the deportation to Transnistria of Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina (between 80,000 and 150,000) who were either not Romanian citizens or were considered "Communist agents" by the Romanian administration. Few managed to survive transportation and the concentration (labor) camps set up in Transnistria. This article is about the year. ... Motto: For the right to live on this land Anthem: Anthem of Transnistria Capital Tiraspol Largest city Tiraspol Official languages Moldovan, Russian and Ukrainian Government President Parliamentary Republic Igor Smirnov Recognition Independence Recognition From Moldova none September 2, 1990 none Area â€¢ Water (%) 4,163 kmÂ² 1,607 sq mi 2. ... Motto: For the right to live on this land Anthem: Anthem of Transnistria Capital Tiraspol Largest city Tiraspol Official languages Moldovan, Russian and Ukrainian Government President Parliamentary Republic Igor Smirnov Recognition Independence Recognition From Moldova none September 2, 1990 none Area â€¢ Water (%) 4,163 kmÂ² 1,607 sq mi 2. ...

Further killings perpetrated by Antonescu's soldiers targeted the Jewish population that the Romanian army managed to round up during the occupation of Transnistria. Over 100,000 of these were killed in massacres perpetrated in Odessa, Bogdanovka and Akmecetka in 1941 and 1942. The Odessa Massacre was the extermination of Jews and Communists in Odessa during the autumn of 1941. ... Bogdanovka was an extermination camp for Jews that was established by the Romanians during World War II as part of the Holocaust. ...

Antonescu did temporarily halt deportations in Transnistria despite German pressure in 1943, as he began to seek peace with the Allies. At the same time he levied heavy taxes and forced labor on the remaining Jewish communities.

About 25,000 Roma (approximately 11,500 nomadic and 13,000 non-nomadic Romas) were deported to Transnistria where an estimated 11,000 perished. These deportations included many people found guilty of crimes as a solution to maintain safety in the country while most of the men were at the frontline. This article is becoming very long. ... Kazakh nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, ca. ...

References

External links

Ion Gigurtu (1886 - 1959) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania in 1940 between 4 July and 4 September. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian Prime Ministers | History of Romania ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... Constantin SÄƒnÄƒtescu (1885 - November 8, 1947) was a Romanian statesman that was the first Prime Minister of Romania after the 23 August 1944 coup. ...

Categories: Prime Ministers of Romania | Chiefs of the General Staff of Romania | Romanian fascists | Field Marshals | Romanian World War I people | Romanian World War II people | World War II political leaders | People convicted of war crimes | Holocaust | People executed by firing squad | Executed politicians | 1882 births | 1946 deaths Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian history | Romanian Prime Ministers ... The Danubian Principalities was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia which emerged in the late 13th century and became the basis for the Romanian nation. ... Barbu Catargiu was a conservative Romanian journalist and politician. ... Nicolae CreÅ£ulescu was a three-time prime minister of Romania, serving 1862-1863, 1865-1866 and in 1867. ... Mihail KogÄƒlniceanu Mihail KogÄƒlniceanu (September 6, 1817, Iasi - July 1, 1891, Paris) was a Romanian statesman, historian and publicist, he became the first Prime minister of Romania October 11, 1863, after the union of Moldavian and Wallachian principalities. ... Nicolae CreÅ£ulescu was a three-time prime minister of Romania, serving 1862-1863, 1865-1866 and in 1867. ... LascÄƒr Catargiu (November, 1823 â€“ April 11, 1899), Romanian statesman, was born in Moldavia. ... Ion Ghica (1817-1897) was a Romanian diplomat and a prime minister of Romania between 1866 and 1867 and also between 1870-1871. ... Nicolae CreÅ£ulescu was a three-time prime minister of Romania, serving 1862-1863, 1865-1866 and in 1867. ... Åžtefan Golescu (1809 - 1874) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania between 26 November 1867 and 12 May 1868. ... Nicolae Golescu (1810-1877) was the Prime Minister of Romania two times: in 1868 and 1870. ... Ion C. BrÄƒtianu (June 2, 1821-May 16, 1891), Romanian statesman, was born at PiteÅŸti in Walachia. ... Dimitrie Ghica (1816-1897) was the Prime Minister of Romania as a representative of the Conservatory Party between 1868 and 1870. ... Alexandru G. Golescu (1819-1881) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania in 1870 (between 14 February and 1 May). ... Manolache Costache Epureanu (1823-1880) was the Prime Minister of Romania as a representative of the Conservative Party two times: in 1870 (1 May-26 December) and in 1876 (6 Mai-5 August). ... Ion Ghica (1817-1897) was a Romanian diplomat and a prime minister of Romania between 1866 and 1867 and also between 1870-1871. ... LascÄƒr Catargiu (November, 1823 â€“ April 11, 1899), Romanian statesman, was born in Moldavia. ... Ion Emanuel Florescu (1819 - 1893) was a Romanian army general that served as Prime Minister of Romania for a short time in a provisional government in 1876 (17 April - 6 May) and then in 1891 (2 March - 29 December). ... Manolache Costache Epureanu (1823-1880) was the Prime Minister of Romania as a representative of the Conservative Party two times: in 1870 (1 May-26 December) and in 1876 (6 Mai-5 August). ... Ion C. BrÄƒtianu (June 2, 1821-May 16, 1891), Romanian statesman, was born at PiteÅŸti in Walachia. ... Dimitrie BrÄƒtianu (1818-1892) was the Prime Minister of Romania for a short time in 1881 (from 22 April to 21 June). ... Ion C. BrÄƒtianu (June 2, 1821-May 16, 1891), Romanian statesman, was born at PiteÅŸti in Walachia. ... Image File history File links UnitedPrincipalitiesofRumania. ... From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ... Ion C. BrÄƒtianu (June 2, 1821-May 16, 1891), Romanian statesman, was born at PiteÅŸti in Walachia. ... Theodor Rosetti (4 May 1837 - 17 July 1932) was a Romanian writer, journalist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania between 13 April 1888 and 11 April 1889. ... LascÄƒr Catargiu (November, 1823 â€“ April 11, 1899), Romanian statesman, was born in Moldavia. ... Ion Emanuel Florescu (1819 - 1893) was a Romanian army general that served as Prime Minister of Romania for a short time in a provisional government in 1876 (17 April - 6 May) and then in 1891 (2 March - 29 December). ... LascÄƒr Catargiu (November, 1823 â€“ April 11, 1899), Romanian statesman, was born in Moldavia. ... Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza (1833-1914), Romanian statesman, was born in 1833 at IaÅŸi, and educated there at the Academia MihaileanÇŽ. He continued his studies in Germany, took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Prince Cuza. ... Petre S. Aurelian (13 December 1833-24 January 1909) was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania between 2 December 1896 and 12 April 1897. ... Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza (1833-1914), Romanian statesman, was born in 1833 at IaÅŸi, and educated there at the Academia MihaileanÇŽ. He continued his studies in Germany, took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Prince Cuza. ... Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (1837 - 1913) was a Conservatory Romanian politician that served as the Prime Minister of Romania two times: between 23 April 1899 and 19 July 1900 and between 4 January 1906 and 24 March 1907. ... Petre P. Carp (29 June 1837, Iaşi; - 19 June 1919) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times (19 July 1900 - 27 February 1901 and 14 January 1911 - 10 April 1912). ... Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza (1833-1914), Romanian statesman, was born in 1833 at IaÅŸi, and educated there at the Academia MihaileanÇŽ. He continued his studies in Germany, took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Prince Cuza. ... Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (1837 - 1913) was a Conservatory Romanian politician that served as the Prime Minister of Romania two times: between 23 April 1899 and 19 July 1900 and between 4 January 1906 and 24 March 1907. ... Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza (1833-1914), Romanian statesman, was born in 1833 at IaÅŸi, and educated there at the Academia MihaileanÇŽ. He continued his studies in Germany, took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Prince Cuza. ... Ion I.C. BrÄƒtianu Ion I. C. BrÄƒtianu (20 August 1864â€“24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Petre P. Carp (29 June 1837, Iaşi; - 19 June 1919) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times (19 July 1900 - 27 February 1901 and 14 January 1911 - 10 April 1912). ... Titu Maiorescu Titu Maiorescu was a Romanian literary critic and a Prime Minister of Romania from 1912 to 1914. ... Ion I.C. BrÄƒtianu Ion I. C. BrÄƒtianu (20 August 1864â€“24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... Alexandru Maghiloman (4 July 1854, Buzău - 10 May 1925, Buzău) was a Romanian Conservative pro-German statesman that served for a short time in 1918 (March _ November) as Prime Minister of Romania and had a decisive role in Romania of the World War I. He... Constantin CoandÄƒ (1857, Craiova - 1932) was a Romanian army general, a mathematics professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads of Bucharest and for a short time (24 October - 29 November 1918) the Prime Minister of Romania and the Foreign Affairs Minister, during World War I. Among his seven... Ion I.C. BrÄƒtianu Ion I. C. BrÄƒtianu (20 August 1864â€“24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Artur VÄƒitoianu was a Romanian general that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for about three months in 1919 (12 September - 4 December). ... Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (1872-19 March 1950) was a Romanian politician that served three terms as a Prime Minister of Romania and was a supporter and speakesman of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... Take Ionescu Take Ionescu (13 October 1858 â€“ 2 June 1922) was a Romanian diplomat and politician. ... Ion I.C. BrÄƒtianu Ion I. C. BrÄƒtianu (20 August 1864â€“24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... Prince Barbu Stirbey (1873-1946) was briefly Prime Minister of Romania in 1927. ... Ion I.C. BrÄƒtianu Ion I. C. BrÄƒtianu (20 August 1864â€“24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... VintilÄƒ BrÄƒtianu (1867-23 December 1930) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania between 24 November 1927 and 2 November 1928. ... Iuliu Maniu - portrait and signature Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873 - February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician, Born in Simleu Silvaniei, (Transylvania). ... Gheorghe Mironescu was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times. ... Iuliu Maniu - portrait and signature Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873 - February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician, Born in Simleu Silvaniei, (Transylvania). ... Gheorghe Mironescu was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times. ... portrait of Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (a. ... Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (1872-19 March 1950) was a Romanian politician that served three terms as a Prime Minister of Romania and was a supporter and speakesman of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom. ... Iuliu Maniu - portrait and signature Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873 - February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician, Born in Simleu Silvaniei, (Transylvania). ... Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (1872-19 March 1950) was a Romanian politician that served three terms as a Prime Minister of Romania and was a supporter and speakesman of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom. ... Ion G. Duca (1879 - December 30, 1933) was prime minister of Romania from November 14 to December 30, 1933, when he was assassinated for his efforts to suppress the fascist Iron Guard movement. ... Constantin Anghelescu (1870-1948) was a Romanian politician that served as an interim Prime Minister of Romania for five days, between 30 December 1933 and 3 January 1934. ... Gheorghe TÄƒtÄƒrescu (1886, Targu-Jiu - 28 March 1957, Bucharest) was a Romanian politician that was two times Prime Minister of Romania. ... Octavian Goga Octavian Goga (April 1, 1881, RÄƒÅŸinari, nearby Sibiu, at the time part of Austria-Hungaryâ€”May 7, 1938) was a Romanian nationalist politician, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator. ... Miron Cristea (20 July 1868, Topliţa - 6 March 1939, Cannes) was the first patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church and Prime Minister of Romania for about a year (11 February 1938-6 March 1939). ... Armand CÄƒlinescu Armand CÄƒlinescu (June 4 (May 22 (O.S.)), 1893, PiteÅŸti - 21 September 1939, Bucharest) was a Romanian economist and politician. ... Gheorghe Argesanu (1884 - 1940) was a Romanian army general and politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for about a week in 1939 (21 September - 28 September). ... Categories: Romania-related stubs | Romanian Prime Ministers ... Gheorghe TÄƒtÄƒrescu (1886, Targu-Jiu - 28 March 1957, Bucharest) was a Romanian politician that was two times Prime Minister of Romania. ... Ion Gigurtu (1886 - 1959) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania in 1940 between 4 July and 4 September. ... Iuliu Maniu - portrait and signature Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873 - February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician, Born in Simleu Silvaniei, (Transylvania). ... Constantin SÄƒnÄƒtescu (1885 - November 8, 1947) was a Romanian statesman that was the first Prime Minister of Romania after the 23 August 1944 coup. ... Nicolae RÄƒdescu (1874 - 1953) was a Romanian army officer and political figure. ... Petru Groza, (December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958), nicknamed The Red Bourgeois by his political adversaries, was a leading political figure in interwar Romania who eventually became Premier of the states coalition government from 1945 to 1952. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Axis Powers Flag of Romania Categories: Flag images ... The Soviets pressed for inclusion of Romanias heretofore negligible Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. ... Petru Groza, (December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958), nicknamed The Red Bourgeois by his political adversaries, was a leading political figure in interwar Romania who eventually became Premier of the states coalition government from 1945 to 1952. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, BÃ¢rlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... Chivu Stoica (1908 - 1975) was a Romanian Communist political figure. ... Ion Gheorghe Maurer (September 23, 1902 - February 8, 2000) was a Romanian politician and lawyer. ... Manea MÄƒnescu (born 1916) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for five years (29 March 1974 and 29 March 1979) during the communist rule of Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... Ilie VerdeÅ£ (10 May 1925 - 20 March 2001) was a Romanian politician and the brother-in-law of the Romanian dictator Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... Constantin DÄƒscÄƒlescu [kon-stant-een dehs-keh-les-koo] (1923 - 16 May 2003) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania (21 May 1982 - 22 December 1989) during the communist rule of Nicolae CeauÅŸescu until the 1989 Romanian Revolution. ... Image File history File links Romania_flag_1947-1989. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Petre Roman (born July 22, 1946) is a Romanian politician, former Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. ... Theodor Dumitru Stolojan (born October 24, 1943) is a Romanian economist and politician. ... Nicolae VÄƒcÄƒroiu (born on December 5, 1943 in Cetatea AlbÄƒ, Bessarabia, now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine) was the Prime Minister of Romania from 1992 to 1996. ... Victor Ciorbea (born on October 26, 1954, in Ponor, Alba county, Romania) was the Prime Minister of Romania from December 1996 to April 1998. ... Radu Vasile (born 10 October 1942, Sibiu) is a Romanian politician, historian and poet. ... Mugur IsÄƒrescu (born August 1, 1949) is the Governor of the National Bank of Romania. ... Adrian NÄƒstase (born June 22, 1950) is a Romanian politician who was the Prime Minister of Romania from December 2000 to December 2004. ... Eugen Bejinariu (born 1959) is a Romanian politician and member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD). ... CÄƒlin Popescu-TÄƒriceanu CÄƒlin Constantin Anton Popescu-TÄƒriceanu (approximately cuh-leen const-aan-teen anth-on pop-ess-koo tuh-rich-ah-noo), (born 14 January 1952), is the Prime minister of Romania from December 28, 2004. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania. ...

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