An ion exchange resin is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (1-2 mm diameter) beads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate. The material has highly developed structure of pores on the surface of which are sites with easily trapped and released ions. The trapping of ions takes place only with simultaneous releasing of other ions; thus the process is called ion exchange. There are multiple different types of ion exchange resin which are fabricated to selectively prefer one or several different types of ions. A polymer (from Greek: πολυ, polu, many; and μέρος, meros, part) is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ... This article is about the electrically charged particle. ... Ion exchange is defined as an exchange of ions between two electrolytes. ...

Ion exchange resins are widely used in different separation, purification, and decontamination processes. The most common examples are water softening and water purification. In many cases ion exchange resins were introduced in such processes as a more flexible alternative to the use of natural or artificial zeolites. A water softener reduces the calcium or magnesium ion concentration in hard water. ... Water purification is the process of removing contaminants from a raw water source. ... Zeolite The micro-porous molecular structure of a zeolite, ZSM-5 Zeolites (Greek, zein, to boil; lithos, a stone) are minerals that have a micro-porous structure. ...

Most typical ion exchange resins are based on crosslinked polystyrene. The required active groups can be introduced after polymeration, or substituted monomers can be used. For example, the crosslinking is often achieved by adding 0.5-25% of divinyl benzene to styrene at the polymerisation process. Non-crosslinked polymers are used only rarely because they are less stable. Crosslinking decreases ion exchange capacity of the resin and prolongs the time needed to accomplish the ion exchange processes. Particle size also influences the resin parameters; smaller particles have larger outer surface, but cause larger head loss in the colum processes. Vulcanization is an example of cross-linking. ... For other uses, see Polystyrene (disambiguation). ... C8H8 redirects here. ... In fluid dynamics, head refers to the constant right hand side in the incompressible steady version of Bernoullis equation. ...

Besides of bead-shaped materials, ion exchange resins are produced as membranes. The membranes made of highly cross-linked ion exchange resins that allow passage of ions but not of water are used for electrodialysis. Electrodialysis (ED) is used to transport salt ions from one solution through ion-exchange membranes to another solution under the influence of an applied electric potential difference. ...

There are four main types differing in their functional groups: In organic chemistry, functional groups (or moieties) are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ...

• strongly acidic (sulfonic acid groups, eg. sodium polystyrene sulfonate or polyAMPS)
• strongly basic, (trimethylammonium groups, eg. polyAPTAC)
• weakly acidic (carboxylic acid groups)
• weakly basic (amino groups, eg. polyethylene amine)

There are also specialised types: It has been suggested that Sulfonic acid/Temp be merged into this article or section. ... Polystyrene sulfonate Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a type of polymer and ionomer based on polystyrene. ... PolyAMPS, or poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), is an organic polymer. ... Quaternary ammonium cation. ... PolyAPTAC, or poly(acrylamido-N-propyltrimethylammonium chloride), is an organic polymer. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted... In chemistry, especially in organic chemistry and biochemistry, an amino group is an ammonia-like functional group. ... Polyethylene amine (also polyethylene diamine) is a polymer of ethylene diamine, a structural analogue of polyethylene glycol with -NH- groups instead of the -O- ones. ...

• chelating resin

Uses

Water softening

In this application, ion-exchange resins are used to replace the magnesium and calcium ions found in hard water with sodium ions. When the resin is fresh, it contains sodium ions at its active sites. When in contact with a solution containing magnesium and calcium ions (but a low concentration of sodium ions), the magnesium and calcium ions preferentially migrate out of solution to the active sites on the resin, being replaced in solution by sodium ions. This process reaches equilibrium with a much lower concentration of magnesium and calcium ions in solution than was started with. General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with heavy water. ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ...

The resin can be recharged by washing it with a solution containing a high concentration of sodium ions (e.g. it has large amounts of common salt (NaCl) dissolved in it). The calcium and magnesium ions migrate off the resin, being replaced by sodium ions from the solution until a new equilibrium is reached. R-phrases 36 S-phrases none Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Other anions NaF, NaBr, NaI Other cations LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 Related salts Sodium acetate Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

This is the method of operation used in dishwashers that require the use of 'dishwasher salt'. The salt is used to recharge an ion exchange resin which itself is used to soften the water so that limescale deposits are not left on the cooking and eating utensils being washed. A Dishwasher A two drawer DishDrawer dishwasher. ... Dishwasher salt is a particular grade of commercially available crystalline sodium chloride. ... Limescale is the hard, off-white, chalky deposit found in kettles, hot-water boilers and the inside of inadequately maintained hot-water central heating systems. ...

Water purification

In this application, ion exchange resins are used to remove poisonous (e.g. copper) and heavy metal (e.g. lead) ions from solution, replacing them with more innocuous ions, such as sodium and potassium. Note that this is why it is not recommended to prepare artificial milk (infant formula) with softened water, as the increased levels of sodium and potassium in the diet can be harmful to nursing infants. For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... A glass of cows milk. ... An infant being fed by bottle. ...

Few ion exchange resins remove chlorine or organic contaminants from water - this is usually done by using an activated charcoal filter mixed in with the resin. There are some ion exchange resins that do remove organic ions, such as MIEX (magnetic ion exchange) resins. Domestic water purification resin is not usually recharged - the resin is discarded when it should no longer be used. General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... Activated carbon (also called activated charcoal) is the more general term which includes material mostly derived from charcoal. ...

Production of high purity water

Water of highest purity is required for electronics, scientific experiments, production of superconductor, and nuclear industry, among others. Such water is produced using ion exchange processes or combinations of membrane and ion exchange methods. Cations are replaced with hydrogen ions using cation exchange resins; anions are replaced with hydroxyls using anion exchange resins. The hydrogen ions and hydroxyls recombine producing water molecules. Thus, no ions remain in the produced water. The purification process is usually performed in several steps with mixed bed ion exchange column at end of the technological chain.

Catalysis

In chemistry ion exchange resins are known to catalyze organic reactions. See for instance self-condensation. For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... Catalyst redirects here. ... Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. ... Self-condensation is an organic reaction where a chemical compound containing a carbonyl group acts both as the electrophile and the nucleophile in a aldol condensation. ...

Juice Purification

Ion exchange resins are used in the manufacture of fruit juices such as orange juice where they are used to remove bitter tasting components and so improve the flavor. This allows poorer tasting fruit sources to be used for juice production.

Sugar Manufacturing

Ion exchange resins are used in the manufacturing of sugar from various sources. They are used to help convert one type of sugar into another type of sugar, and to decolorize and purify sugar syrups. This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ...

Pharmaceuticals

Ion exchange resins are used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, not only for catalyzing certain reactions but also for isolating and purifying pharmaceutical active ingredients. Three ion exchange resins, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, colestipol, and cholestyramine, are used as active ingredients. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a strongly acidic ion exchange resin and is used to treat hyperkalemia. Colestipol is a weakly basic ion exchange resin and is used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Cholestyramine is a strongly basic ion exchange resin and is also used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Colestipol and cholestyramine are know as bile acid sequestrants. Catalyst redirects here. ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ... Polystyrene sulfonate Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a type of polymer and ionomer based on polystyrene. ... Cholestyramine (Questran®, Questran Light®, Cholybar®) is a bile acid sequestrant, which binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption. ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ... Polystyrene sulfonate Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a type of polymer and ionomer based on polystyrene. ... Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level (above 5. ... Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood [1]. It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. ... Cholestyramine (Questran®, Questran Light®, Cholybar®) is a bile acid sequestrant, which binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption. ... Hypercholesterolemia (literally: high blood cholesterol) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood [1]. It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. ... Cholestyramine (Questran®, Questran Light®, Cholybar®) is a bile acid sequestrant, which binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption. ... In pharmacology, bile acid sequestrants a group of medication used for binding bile in the gastrointestinal tract. ...

Ion exchange resins are also used as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets, capsules, and suspensions. In these uses the ion exchange resin can have several different functions, including taste-masking, extended release, tablet disintegration, and improving the chemical stability of the active ingredients. An excipient is an inactive substance used as a vehicle for medication, or an active ingredient. ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ...

See also

• Ion exchange

Ion exchange is defined as an exchange of ions between two electrolytes. ...

Sources

• Information on Ion Exchange Resins including Resin equivalency charts for various brands, technical data sheets and brochures from Res-Kem Corp.
• http://www.remco.com/ix.htm
• http://www.dow.com/liquidseps/service/ix_techinfo.htm
• F. Helfferich, Ion Exchange, McGraw Hill, New York, 1962 (Bible of the subject).
• Ion Exchangers (K. Dorfner, ed.), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991.
• Ion exchange (D. Muraviev, V. Gorshkov, A. Warshawsky), M. Dekker, New York, 2000.
• A. A. Zagorodni, Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.