NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Iowa class battleship

The Iowa-class battleships were six battleships ordered by the United States Navy in 1939 and 1940 for use as escorts for the Fast Carrier Task Forces operating in the Pacific Theatre of World War II. Four were completed in the early to mid-1940s; two more were laid down but were canceled prior to completion and ultimately scrapped. They comprised the final class of U.S. battleships. The Battleship USS Wisconsin, Public domain photo from history. ... The New York Naval Shipyard (NYNSY), also known as the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the New York Navy Yard and United States Navy Yard, New York, is located 1. ... The Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, formerly Navy Yard, was the first naval shipyard of the United States. ... Aerial View of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia, for building, remodeling, and repairing the Navys ships. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... USN redirects here. ... This article is about the class of World War II battleships. ... The Montana class battleships of the United States Navy were proposed successors to the Iowa class, being slower, but larger, better armoured, and carrying more guns. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... USS Iowa (BB-61), the lead ship of her class of battleship, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy, but second to be commissioned, to be named in honor of the 29th state. ... USS New Jersey (BB-62), known as Big J, is an Iowa-class battleship, and was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... Radars: AN/SPS-49 Air Search Radar AN/SPS-67 Surface Search Radar Fire control: 4 Ã— Mk 37 Gun Fire Control 2 Ã— Mk 38 Gun Director 1 Ã— Mk 40 Gun Director EW: AN/SLQ-32 Other: AN/SLQ-25 NIXIE Decoy System 8 Ã— Super Rapid Bloom Rocket Launchers (SRBOC) Armor... USS Wisconsin (BB-64) is an Iowa-class battleship, and is the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. ... USS Illinois (BB-65) was scheduled to be an Iowa-class battleship in the United States Navy. ... The keel of Kentucky (BB-66), an Iowa-class battleship, was laid at Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, on 6 December 1944, but construction was suspended on 17 February 1947 when the battleship was 72. ... Look up ton in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, â€² â€“ a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A knot is a unit of speed abbreviated kt or kn. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... A knot is a unit of speed abbreviated kt or kn. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... â€œkmâ€ redirects here. ... Belt armor is armor added to the hulls of battleships. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... Bulkhead may refer to the following: Bulkhead (partition), a wall within the hull of a ship, vehicle or container Bulkhead (barrier) Bulkhead line See also: Flatcar Bulkhead Category: ... A barbette is the fixed area underneath a rotating gun turret on a warship. ... Corbelled corner turrets at Newark Castle, Port Glasgow. ... A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull[1] of a ship. ... A cutaway of a turret mounting 16in guns Yard workers hoist one of nine 16/50 Mark VII gun barrles aboard the USS Iowa during her construction in 1942 The Iowa class battleship USS Iowa fires a full broadside of her 16/50 Mark 7 guns The 16/50 Mark... 5/38 caliber open mount gun aboard the USS Shaw (DD-373) in 1942. ... The Bofors 40 mm gun is a famous anti-aircraft auto-cannon designed by the Swedish firm of Bofors. ... The design of the Oerlikon 20mm cannon, by Reinhold Becker dates back to 1914, and is still in use today, after having been used extensively during the Second World War. ... A cutaway of a turret mounting 16in guns Yard workers hoist one of nine 16/50 Mark VII gun barrles aboard the USS Iowa during her construction in 1942 The Iowa class battleship USS Iowa fires a full broadside of her 16/50 Mark 7 guns The 16/50 Mark... A Tomahawk cruise missile The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile with stubby wings. ... A Harpoon missile on display at the USS Bowfin museum at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii The AGM-84 Harpoon is a US all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system. ... Phalanx CIWS The Phalanx CIWS (Close-in weapon system, pronounced see-whizz) is an anti-missile system designed and manufactured by Raytheon Company. ... The Vought OS2U Kingfisher was a catapult-launched, observation floatplane. ... Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company went public in 1916 with Glenn Curtiss as president. ... The Curtiss SC Seahawk was designed in 1942 as a replacement for the Curtiss SO3C Seamew and the Vought OS2U Kingfisher. ... For other uses, see Helicopter (disambiguation). ... An RQ-2B on the tarmac Crewmen recover an RQ-2 Pioneer aboard USS Iowa Developed jointly by AAI Corporation and Israel Aircraft Industries, the RQ-2 Pioneer unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has served with United States Navy, Marine, and Army units, deploying aboard ship and ashore since 1986. ... The Â£124 million Taranis UAV built by BAE Systems An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no onboard pilot. ... For other uses, see Battleship (disambiguation). ... USN redirects here. ... The Fast Carrier Task Force, known at different times as Task Force 38 and Task Force 58, was the main striking force of the United States Navy in the latter half of the Pacific War. ... For other uses, see Pacific War (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Built with no restrictions with regard to cost or treaty limitations, the Iowa class was arguably the ultimate in the evolution of the capital ship.^[5]^[6] The Iowa class topped the Discovery Channel's list of the ten "most fearsome vessels in the history of naval warfare."^[7] Yet even as these leviathans entered service, they were being eclipsed by aircraft carriers as the most important naval vessels. The capital ships of a navy are its important warships; the ones with the heaviest firepower and armor. ... Discovery Channel is a cable and satellite TV channel founded by John Hendricks which is distributed by Discovery Communications. ... This article is about the biblical creature. ... Four aircraft carriers, (bottom-to-top) Principe de Asturias, amphibious assault carrier USS Wasp, USS Forrestal and light V/STOL carrier HMS Invincible, showing size differences of late 20th century carriers An aircraft carrier is a warship designed to deploy and in most cases recover aircraft, acting as a sea...

The Iowa-class battleships served in every major U.S. war of the latter half of the 20th century. In World War II, they defended aircraft carriers and shelled Japanese positions before being placed in reserve at the end of the war. Recalled for action during the Korean War, the battleships provided artillery support for UN forces fighting against North Korea. In 1968, New Jersey was recalled for action in the Vietnam War and shelled Communist targets for U.S. forces near the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. All four were reactivated and armed with missiles during the Cold War as part of the 600-ship Navy. In 1991, Missouri and Wisconsin fired missiles and 16 inch (406 mm) guns at Iraqi targets during the Gulf War. All four battleships were decommissioned in the early 1990s, and were removed from the Naval Vessel Register in 2006. Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea, Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States Medical staff: Denmark, Australia, Italy, Norway, Sweden Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... The 600 Ship Navy was a plan put forth as a campaign plank by Ronald Reagan in 1980 to rebuild the United States Navy to its former size after post-Vietnam cutbacks. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... The Naval Vessel Register (NVR), official inventory of ships and service craft in custody or titled by the United States Navy, traces its origin back to the 1880s. ...

History

The Iowa-class battleships were shaped by the Battle of Jutland, by naval treaties signed by various countries during the 1920s and 1930s, and by the need to keep up with aircraft carriers and protect them from aerial attack. Combatants Grand Fleet of the Royal Navy High Seas Fleet of the Kaiserliche Marine Commanders Sir John Jellicoe Sir David Beatty Reinhard Scheer Franz von Hipper Strength 28 battleships 9 battlecruisers 8 heavy cruisers 26 light cruisers 78 destroyers 1 minelayer 1 seaplane carrier 16 battleships 5 battlecruisers 6 pre...

The sinking of three lightly armored Royal Navy battlecruisers at Jutland in 1916 led the world's builders of capital ships to improve their naval armor.^[8] This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ...

The Washington Naval Treaty was proposed by U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes and forged during a November 1922 conference attended by Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. The attending nations agreed to abandon ongoing construction of battleships and battlecruisers, to limit ships to 35,000 tons, to cap armament at 16 inch (406 mm) cannons, and to limit replacement tonnage.^[9] The London Naval Treaty further restricted battleship construction and banned new battleships through 1937.^[4]^[10] These treaties stopped U.S. construction of battleships and battlecruisers. The Washington Naval Treaty limited the naval armaments of its five signatories: the United States, the British Empire, the Empire of Japan, the French Third Republic, and Italy. ... Seal of the United States Department of State. ... Charles Evans Hughes (April 11, 1862 â€“ August 27, 1948) was Governor of New York, United States Secretary of State, Associate Justice and Chief Justice of the United States. ... The London Naval Treaty was an agreement between the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy and the United States, signed on April 22, 1930, which to regulate submarine warfare and limited military shipbuilding. ...

At the Second London Naval Conference in 1935, the Empire of Japan denounced the naval treaty and withdrew its delegates. The other conferees agreed that if Japan did not sign the treaty by April 1937, other nations would be free to build guns up to 16 inches, the maximum size under the Washington Naval Treaty. Tonnage limits were also relaxed. The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in England on December 9, 1935. ...

1935 also saw the development of an empirical formula for predicting a ship's maximum speed, based on scale-model studies in flumes of various hull forms and propellers. The formula used the length-to-speed ratio originally developed for 12-meter yachts: Speed=√1.408 * waterline length, and was later refined to Capital Ship Speed=√Length at Waterline. It quickly became apparent that propeller cavitation caused a drop in efficiency at speeds over 30 knots (60 km/h). Propeller design therefore took on new importance.^[8] In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom (called a chemical element) in it. ... A hull is the body or frame of a ship or boat. ... For other uses, see Propeller (disambiguation). ... A ratio is a quantity that denotes the proportional amount or magnitude of one quantity relative to another. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Cavitating propeller model in a water tunnel experiment Cavitation is a general term used to describe the behavior of voids or bubbles in a liquid. ...

The United States began building the North Carolina and South Dakota-class battleships in the late 1930s. Designed mostly within treaty limitations, these new battleships could steam at 28 knots (52 km/h), fast for a battleship but not fast enough to keep pace with the aircraft carriers being planned.^[4] The United States Navy built two North Carolina-class battleships: USS North Carolina (BB-55) USS Washington (BB-56) North Carolina and her sister ship Washington were the first Post-Washington Treaty battleships as well as the first of the fast battleships. ... This article is about the class of World War II battleships. ... The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in England on December 9, 1935. ...

Birth of the Iowa class

The Iowa class, like the South Dakota class and North Carolina class, began in response to the need for fast escorts for the Essex-class aircraft carriers. Plans for fast battleships that displaced 45,000 tons had been under development since 1935, beginning with a study of the idea of creating an extended South Dakota class that was not restricted by the treaty. When the Second Vinson Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1938, the U.S. Navy moved quickly to develop a 45,000-ton battleship that would pass through the 110 ft (34 m) wide Panama Canal. Drawing on the earlier speed equations and a newly developed empirical theorem that related waterline length to maximum beam, the Navy drafted plans for a battleship class with a maximum beam of 108.1/6 ft, which when multiplied by 7.96 produced a waterline length of 860 ft (262 m), which would permit a maximum speed of 34.9 knots (64.6 km/h). The Navy also called for the class to have a lengthened forecastle and amid-ship, which would increase speed, and a bulbous bow.^[8] Essex was a class of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy, which constituted the 20th centurys most numerous class of heavy warships, with 24 ships built. ... The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in England on December 9, 1935. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... Two Panamax running the Miraflores Locks The Panama Canal (Spanish: ) is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ... This is a sailboat term for the length of a boat at the point where it sits in the water. ... The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the mid-point of its length. ... forecastle with figurehead Grand Turk Focsle of the Prince William, a modern square rigged ship, in the North Sea. ... The bulbous bow of the U.S. Navy carrier USS Ronald Reagan is clearly visible in this photograph. ...

Originally, the ships were to mount the Mark 2 16-inch (406 mm) / 50-caliber gun, which had been intended to arm the battleships and battlecruisers canceled in 1922. But due to a miscommunication between the Bureau of Ordnance and the Bureau of Construction and Repair that left the ship's barbettes too small, the Mark 2 guns were replaced in the design by the new, lighter Mark 7 16-inch 50-caliber gun.^[11] The Mark 7 was heavier and had a greater range than the 16"/45 Caliber Mark 6 guns used on the preceding North Carolina and South Dakota classes. The Mark 7 was originally intended to fire the same 2,240-lb shell as the 16-in/45-caliber gun, but as the design was being completed a new "super-heavy" 2,700-lb shell was developed for both guns. However, the Iowa's armor was only designed to resist 2,240-lb shells, as adding armor would have pushed the ship's weight over the 45,000-ton limit. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 557 pixelsFull resolution (966 Ã— 672 pixel, file size: 287 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions Cropped from Image:USS Iowa Pedro Miguel Locks. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 557 pixelsFull resolution (966 Ã— 672 pixel, file size: 287 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions Cropped from Image:USS Iowa Pedro Miguel Locks. ... â€œCalibreâ€ redirects here. ... The first South Dakota class was authorized 4 March 1917, and keels were laid down in 1920 for six ships. ... The Lexington class aircraft carriers were the first operational aircraft carriers in the United States Navy (USS Langley was a strictly developmental ship which only served for a short time as an active fleet unit before being converted to a seaplane tender AV-3). ... The United States Bureau of Ordnance was the U.S. Navys organization responsibile for the procurement, storage, and deployment of all naval ordnance from 1818-1967 (albeit under various names). ... The Bureau of Construction and Repair was a sub-department in the United States Navy and was key in the building of warships, like Iowa class battleships, during the Depression (under the Preliminary Design Branch). ... A cutaway of a turret mounting 16in guns Yard workers hoist one of nine 16/50 Mark VII gun barrles aboard the USS Iowa during her construction in 1942 The Iowa class battleship USS Iowa fires a full broadside of her 16/50 Mark 7 guns The 16/50 Mark... The United States Navy built two North Carolina-class battleships: USS North Carolina (BB-55) USS Washington (BB-56) North Carolina and her sister ship Washington were the first Post-Washington Treaty battleships as well as the first of the fast battleships. ... This article is about the class of World War II battleships. ...

Although the Iowa-class had been cleared for construction, some policymakers were not sold on the U.S. need for more battleships, and proposed turning the ships into aircraft carriers by retaining the hull design but switching their decks to carry and handle aircraft.^[12]^[13] This proposal was countered by Admiral Ernest King, the Chief of Naval Operations.^[13] For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King (November 23, 1878 â€“ June 25, 1956) was Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations (COMINCH-CNO) during World War II. As COMINCH, he directed the United States Navys operations, planning, and administration and was a member of the Joint Chiefs...

Under the direction of Secretary of the Navy Charles Edison, the design was finalized and a contract was signed with the shipyards in July 1939. Originally BB-61, BB-62, and BB-63 were to be of the same design, while BB-64, BB-65, and BB-66 were intended to be larger, slower ships mounting twelve 16 inch (406 mm) guns. But by late 1939, it was apparent that the navy needed as many fast battleships as possible and it was decided that BB-64, and later BB-65 and BB-66, would follow the same design as their sisters.^[14] Charles Edison (August 3, 1890â€“July 31, 1969), son of Thomas Edison, was a businessman, Assistant and then Acting Secretary of the Navy, and governor of New Jersey. ... Small shipyard in KlaksvÃk (Faroe Islands), reparing fishing vessels Fish ladder and shipyard in Grave, the Netherlands Construction hall of Schichau Seebeck Shipyard, Bremerhaven Gdynia Shipyard Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships. ... Historically, a fast battleship was a battleship of which the design featured an emphasis on speed which was unusual, compared to the normal practice of the time. ...

Service history

When brought into service during the final years of World War II, the Iowa-class battleships were assigned to operate in the Pacific, primarily to provide anti-aircraft screening for U.S. aircraft carriers, and shore bombardment. Among the Iowas, only USS New Jersey engaged a surface ship during World War II.^[15] At the end of the war, Iowa, New Jersey and Wisconsin were decommissioned and placed in the mothball fleet. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

They were recalled in 1950 with the outbreak of the Korean War, then re-mothballed after hostilities ceased, in 1955. Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea, Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States Medical staff: Denmark, Australia, Italy, Norway, Sweden Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders...

In 1968, due in large part to congressional pressure, New Jersey was recommissioned and sent to assist U.S. troops during the Vietnam War, then decommissioned the following year.^[16] Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000...

In the 1980s, the battleships were recommissioned. President Ronald Reagan had vowed to rebuild the U.S. military and create a 600-ship Navy. With the Des Moines-class heavy cruisers worn out, the relatively low mileage Iowas were brought back to fill the offshore bombardment role.^[7] The ships also provided a counter to the new Soviet Orlan-class large missile cruisers, better known in the West as the Kirov-class battlecruisers. Each battleship was modernized to carry CIWS self-defense systems and missiles.^[17]^[18] They became the centerpieces of their own battleship battle groups (BBBGs). Their missions in the 1980s and early 1990s included the U.S. intervention in the Lebanese Civil War following the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing and the 1991 Gulf War, first as part of Operation Desert Shield and then as part of Operation Desert Storm. Decommissioned for the last time in the early 1990s, the Iowas were split into two groups: those retained in the United States Navy reserve fleets (better known as the "mothball fleet") and those donated for use as museum ships. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... The 600 Ship Navy was a plan put forth as a campaign plank by Ronald Reagan in 1980 to rebuild the United States Navy to its former size after post-Vietnam cutbacks. ... In the fictional universe of Gundam Seed, the Des Moines-class cruiser is an Earth Alliance naval warship. ... HMS Raleigh a Hawkins class cruiser around which the treaty limits for Heavy cruisers were written. ... Radars: Voskhod MR-800 (Top Pair) 3D search radar on foremast Fregat MR-710 (Top Steer) 3D search radar on main mast 2 Ã— Palm Frond navigation radar on foremast Sonar Horse Tail VDS (Variable Deep Sonar) Fire control: 2 Ã— Top Dome for SA-N-6 fire control 4 Ã— Bass Tilt... Phalanx CIWS A Close-in weapon system (CIWS) is a naval shipboard weapon system for detecting and destroying incoming anti-ship missiles and enemy aircraft at short range (the threat(s) having penetrated the ships available outer defences). ... A battleship battle group was a formation used by the United States Navy, after the recommissioning of the Iowa class battleships. ... Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The Lebanese Civil War (1975â€“1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire. ... The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing was a major incident during the Lebanese Civil War. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... See also: 2003 invasion of Iraq and Gulf War (disambiguation) C Company, 1st Battalion, The Staffordshire Regiment, 1st UK Armoured Division The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. ... Combatants U.S.-led coalition Iraq Commanders George H. W. Bush, Norman Schwarzkopf, Colin Powell Saddam Hussein, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, Hussein Kamel Strength 660,000 ~545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 - 100,000 dead, 100,000 - 300,000 wounded The 1991 Gulf War (also Persian... The United States Navy maintains a number of its ships as part of a reserve fleet, often called the Mothball Fleet. While the details of the activity have changed several times, the basics are constant; keep the ships afloat and sufficiently working as to be reactivated quickly in an emergency. ... USS Wisconsin, one of three Iowa class battleships opened to the public as a museum, and was one of two Iowas maintained in the US Mothball fleet. ...

In 1996, the National Defense Authorization Act led Iowa and Missouri to be struck from the Naval Vessel Register. Missouri was donated to the Missouri Memorial Association of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for use as a museum ship. Iowa was set to be donated with Missouri, but was reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register after the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 allowed New Jersey to be donated as a museum ship.^[19] The last two Iowa-class battleships were removed from the mothball fleet in 2006, and are currently awaiting transfer for use as museum ships.^[16]^[20] The National Defense Authorization Act is the name of a United States federal law that is enacted each fiscal year to specify the budget and expenditures of the United States Department of Defense. ... The Naval Vessel Register (NVR), official inventory of ships and service craft in custody or titled by the United States Navy, traces its origin back to the 1880s. ... Satellite image of Pearl Harbor. ... Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area Ranked 43rd - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 kmÂ²) - Width n/a miles (n/a km) - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km) - % water 41. ...

The ships

The Iowa-class ships were built to steam at the same speed as aircraft carriers. Their main battery and secondary battery guns were designed to take on the ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy,^[7] and to shell beachheads in advance of U.S. Army and Marine Corps amphibious assaults. They carried a fearsome array of anti-aircraft guns to defend themselves and their carriers. For Combined Fleet, please see that article. ... The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States military responsible for providing power projection from the sea,[1] utilizing the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. ... It has been suggested that Landing operation be merged into this article or section. ...

The USS Iowa File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The USS Iowa File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... USS Iowa (BB-61), the lead ship of her class of battleship, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy, but second to be commissioned, to be named in honor of the 29th state. ... Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea, Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States Medical staff: Denmark, Australia, Italy, Norway, Sweden Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders... USS Iowa (BB-61), the lead ship of her class of battleship, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy, but second to be commissioned, to be named in honor of the 29th state. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The ceremonies involved in commissioning ships into a military force are based in traditions thousands of years old. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Shakedown cruise is a nautical term in which the performance of a ship is tested. ... The Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay where the Susquehanna River empties into it. ... Satellite image of Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland Naval Station Argentia is a former base of the United States Navy and was located in Argentia, Newfoundland. ... Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Latin: Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Anthem: Ode to Newfoundland Capital St. ... Tirpitz was the second Bismarck class battleship of the German Kriegsmarine, sistership of Bismarck. ... The United States Pacific Fleet (USPACFLT) is a theater-level unit of the U.S. armed forces, under the operational control of the United States Pacific Command. ... In the Pacific Theater of World War II, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns, from November 1943 through February 1944, were the first offensive operations of the United States Navy and Marine Corps in the Central Pacific. ... In the Pacific theater of World War II, the American Marianas Campaign, known as Operation Forager, pushed westward from the Marshall Islands in the summer of 1944 to capture the islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Guam. ... Combatants United States Australia Philippines Empire of Japan Commanders William Halsey, Jr (3rd Fleet) Thomas C. Kinkaid (7th Fleet) Takeo Kurita (Centre Force) Shoji Nishimura â€ (Southern Force) Kiyohide Shima (Southern Force) Jisaburo Ozawa (Northern Force) Strength 17 aircraft carriers 18 escort carriers 12 battleships 24 cruisers 141 destroyers and destroyer... Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea, Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States Medical staff: Denmark, Australia, Italy, Norway, Sweden Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders... Kimchaek, formerly SÅngjin (ì„±ì§„), is a city in North Hamgyong Province, North Korea. ... Hungnam is a port city on the Eastern coast of North Korea on the Sea of Japan. ... To decommission a ship is to terminate her career in service in the armed forces of her nation. ... is the 109th day of the year (110th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... The #2 turret of the USS Iowa (BB-61) explodes. ... The Naval Vessel Register (NVR), official inventory of ships and service craft in custody or titled by the United States Navy, traces its origin back to the 1880s. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... San Pablo bay with Suisun Bay at upper right Suisun Bay (pronounced sue-soon) is a shallow tidal estuary located in central California of The United States of America. ... San Francisco redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ... USS Wisconsin, one of three Iowa class battleships opened to the public as a museum, and was one of two Iowas maintained in the US Mothball fleet. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (797x619, 47 KB)USS New Jeresy fires a broadside of her guns. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (797x619, 47 KB)USS New Jeresy fires a broadside of her guns. ... USS New Jersey (BB-62), known as Big J, is an Iowa-class battleship, and was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œAtlanticâ€ redirects here. ... Map of Central America and the Caribbean The Caribbean Sea (pronounced or ) is a tropical sea in the Western Hemisphere, part of the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. ... The Pacific War (1937–1945) is not to be confused with the War of the Pacific (1879–1884) in South America. ... In the Pacific Theater of World War II, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns, from November 1943 through February 1944, were the first offensive operations of the United States Navy and Marine Corps in the Central Pacific. ... Combatants United States Australia Philippines Empire of Japan Commanders William Halsey, Jr (3rd Fleet) Thomas C. Kinkaid (7th Fleet) Takeo Kurita (Centre Force) Shoji Nishimura â€ (Southern Force) Kiyohide Shima (Southern Force) Jisaburo Ozawa (Northern Force) Strength 17 aircraft carriers 18 escort carriers 12 battleships 24 cruisers 141 destroyers and destroyer... For other uses, see Iwo Jima (disambiguation). ... This article is about the prefecture. ... Wonsan is a port city and naval base in southeastern North Korea. ... Yangyang County (Yangyang-gun) is a county in Gangwon Province, South Korea. ... Photo taken from north side of the DMZ at the Route 1 crossing. ... Religions Druzism Scriptures Rasail al-hikmah (Epistles of Wisdom) Languages Arabic, Hebrew The Druze (Arabic: Ø¯Ø±Ø²ÙŠ, derzÄ« or durzÄ«, plural Ø¯Ø±ÙˆØ², durÅ«z; â€Ž, Druzim; also transliterated Druz or Druse) are a Middle Eastern religious community whose traditional religion is said to have begun as an offshoot of the Ismaili sect of... ... This article is about the Lebanese city. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... The Naval Vessel Register (NVR), official inventory of ships and service craft in custody or titled by the United States Navy, traces its origin back to the 1880s. ... The City of Camden is the county seat of Camden County, New Jersey in the United States. ... â€œNJâ€ redirects here. ... Download high resolution version (803x578, 69 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: USS Missouri (BB-63) Categories: U.S. Navy images ... Download high resolution version (803x578, 69 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: USS Missouri (BB-63) Categories: U.S. Navy images ... Radars: AN/SPS-49 Air Search Radar AN/SPS-67 Surface Search Radar Fire control: 4 Ã— Mk 37 Gun Fire Control 2 Ã— Mk 38 Gun Director 1 Ã— Mk 40 Gun Director EW: AN/SLQ-32 Other: AN/SLQ-25 NIXIE Decoy System 8 Ã— Super Rapid Bloom Rocket Launchers (SRBOC) Armor... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay where the Susquehanna River empties into it. ... This article is about the prefecture. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... literally North Sea Circuit, Ainu: Mosir), formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japans second largest island and the largest of its 47 prefectural-level subdivisions. ... Anthem Kimi ga Yo Imperial Reign Capital Tokyo Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor - 1868â€“1912 Emperor Meiji - 1912â€“1926 Emperor TaishÅ - 1926â€“1989 Emperor ShÅwa Prime Minister (many other Prime Ministers preceded the below list) - 1916â€“1918 Count Masatake Terauchi - 1937-1939, 1940-1941 Prince Fumimaro Konoe - 1941â€“1944 Hideki... Representatives of Japan stand aboard the USS Missouri prior to signing of the Instrument of Surrender. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... Combatants United States Navy Iranian Navy Strength 1 aircraft carrier, 1 amphibious transport dock 4 destroyers 1 guided missile cruiser 3 frigates 4 frigates 4 Corvettes Several Mine Layers Several Missile Craft Operation Earnest Will (24 July 1987 - 26 September 1988) was the U.S. military protection of Kuwaiti oil... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile. ... Satellite image of Pearl Harbor. ... Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area Ranked 43rd - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 kmÂ²) - Width n/a miles (n/a km) - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km) - % water 41. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2840x1880, 3194 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): USS Wisconsin (BB-64) ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2840x1880, 3194 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): USS Wisconsin (BB-64) ... USS Wisconsin (BB-64) is an Iowa-class battleship, and is the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Iwo Jima (disambiguation). ... This article is about the prefecture. ... The Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, formerly Navy Yard, was the first naval shipyard of the United States. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (740x615, 105 KB)USS Kentucky (BB-66) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (740x615, 105 KB)USS Kentucky (BB-66) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... USS Illinois (BB-65) was scheduled to be an Iowa-class battleship in the United States Navy. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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The USS Camden (AOE-2) is the second ship of the United States Navy to bear the name Camden, after the city of Camden, New Jersey that lies on the Delaware River across from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Armament

The Iowa-class battleships were among the most heavily armed ships the United States ever put to sea. The main battery of 16 inch (406 mm) guns could hit targets nearly 24 miles (39 km) away with a variety of artillery shells, from standard armor piercing rounds to tactical nuclear charges called "Katies" (from "kt" for kiloton). The secondary battery of 5 in guns could hit targets nearly 9 miles (14 km) away with solid projectiles or proximity fused shells, and were equally adept in an anti-aircraft role and for damaging smaller ships. When commissioned these battleships carried a fearsome array of 20 mm and 40 mm anti-aircraft guns, which were gradually replaced with Tomahawk and Harpoon missiles, Phalanx anti-aircraft/anti-missile gatling gun systems, and electronic warfare suites. By the time the last Iowa-class battleship was decommissioned in 1992 the Iowas had set a new record for battleship weaponry: No other battleship class in history has had so many weapons at its disposal for use against an opponent.^[7] USS Wisconsin, photographed at sea in her 1980s configuration. ... Remains of a battery of English cannon from Youghal, County Cork. ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... Armor piercing ammunition is used to penetrate hardened armored targets such as body armor, vehicle armor, concrete, tanks and other defenses, depending on the caliber of the fire arms. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945 lifted nuclear fallout some 18 km (60,000 feet) above the epicenter. ... A megaton or megatonne is a unit of mass equal to 1,000,000 metric tons, i. ... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft, or air defense, is any method of combating military aircraft from the ground. ... Block 1 CIWS The Phalanx CIWS (Close-in weapon system, pronounced see-wiz) is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division. ... An 1865 Gatling gun. ... // Electronic warfare (EW) is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this phenomena by an adversary, while optimizing its use by friendly forces. ...

Main battery

The primary armament of an Iowa-class battleship is nine 16 inch (406 mm) / 50-caliber Mark 7 naval guns,^[30] which are housed in three 3-gun turrets: two forward and one aft in a configuration known as "2-A-1". The guns are 66 feet (20 m) long (50 times their 16 inch bore, or 50 calibers, from breechface to muzzle). About 43 feet (13 m) protrudes from the gun house. Each gun weighs about 239,000 pounds (108 000 kg) without the breech, or 267,900 pounds with the breech.^[31]^[32] They fire projectiles weighing from 1,900 to 2,700 pounds (850 to 1,200 kg) at a maximum speed of 2,690 ft/s (820 m/s) up to 24 nautical miles (39 km). At maximum range the projectile spends almost 1½ minutes in flight.^[1] Image File history File links Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr. ... Image File history File links Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr. ... USS Iowa (BB-61), the lead ship of her class of battleship, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy, but second to be commissioned, to be named in honor of the 29th state. ... A cutaway of a turret mounting 16in guns Yard workers hoist one of nine 16/50 Mark VII gun barrels aboard the USS Iowa during her construction in 1942 The Iowa class battleship USS Iowa (1980s configuration, note missile launchers amidships) fires a full broadside of her 16/50 Mark... â€œCalibreâ€ redirects here. ... In firearms the breechface is the part of the slide that locks against the chamber so that one can fire a cartridge. ... The muzzle of a firearm is the end of the barrel from which the projectile will exit. ... The pound or pound-mass (abbreviations: lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States, #) is a unit of mass (sometimes called weight in everyday parlance) in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... â€œKgâ€ redirects here. ... Feet per second is a unit of speed; it expressses the number of feet traveled in one second. ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ...

Each gun rests within an armored turret, but only the top of the turret protrudes above the main deck. The turret extends either four decks (Turrets 1 and 3) or five decks (Turret 2) down. The lower spaces contain rooms for handling the projectiles and storing the powder bags used to fire them. Each turret required a crew of 94 men to operate.^[31] The turrets are not actually attached to the ship, but sit on rollers, which means that if the ship were to capsize the turrets would fall out.^[33] Each turret costs US $1.4 million, but this number does not take into account the cost of the guns themselves^[31] A team at the 2005 ISAF Team Racing World Championship narrowly avoids capsizing. ...

The turrets are "three-gun", not "triple", because each barrel can be elevated independently; they can also be fired independently. The ship could fire any combination of its guns, including a broadside of all nine. Contrary to myth, the ships do not move noticeably sideways when a broadside is fired.^[34] USS Iowa Broadside (1984) A broadside is the side of a ship; the battery of cannon on one side of a warship; or their simultaneous (or near simultaneous) fire in naval warfare. ...

The guns can be elevated from −5° to +45°, moving at up to 12° per second. The turrets can be rotated about 300° at about four degrees per second and can even be fired back beyond the beam, which is sometimes called "over the shoulder." The guns are never fired directly forward because of the shape of the bow and risk that firing the guns forward would damage the ship; in addition to this concern, a satellite up-link antenna was mounted at the bow of each battleship when reactivated in the 1980s. The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the mid-point of its length. ...

Secondary battery

The secondary battery of the ship consists of 5-inch (127 mm) / 38-caliber guns in 10 twin mounts, five each to port and starboard, and four Mark 37 Gun Fire Control Systems. These guns were introduced on destroyers in 1934, but by World War II had been installed on nearly every major U.S. warship.^[35] The secondary battery was intended to fight off aircraft. Its effectiveness soon declined as Japanese airplanes became faster, then rose again toward the end of the war because of an upgrade to the Mark 37 Fire Control System and the proximity-fuzed 5-inch shells. During the 1980s modernization, four twin mounts were removed to make room for missiles, the two farthest aft and the two at mid-ship on each side. In the Gulf War, the secondary battery was largely relegated to shore bombardment and littoral defense.^[36] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 561 pixelsFull resolution (1364 Ã— 956 pixel, file size: 264 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions Image:5-inch 38-caliber. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 561 pixelsFull resolution (1364 Ã— 956 pixel, file size: 264 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions Image:5-inch 38-caliber. ... Eagle, Globe, and Anchor The Eagle, Globe, and Anchor (EGA) is the official emblem of the United States Marine Corps. ... The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States military responsible for providing power projection from the sea,[1] utilizing the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. ... USS New Jersey (BB-62), known as Big J, is an Iowa-class battleship, and was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... 5/38 caliber open mount gun aboard the USS Shaw (DD-373) in 1942. ... USS McFaul underway in the Atlantic Ocean. ... A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze, for variable time) is a fuze that is designed to detonate an explosive automatically when the distance to target becomes smaller than a predetermined value or when the target passes through a given plane. ... A littoral is the region near the shoreline of a body of fresh or salt water. ...

Anti-aircraft batteries

Since they were designed to escort the U.S. fleet of fast attack aircraft carriers the Iowa-class battleships were all outfitted with a fearsome array of anti-aircraft guns to protect U.S. aircraft carriers from Japanese fighters and dive bombers.^[37]^[38]^[39]

Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft guns

The Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft gun was one of the most heavily produced anti-aircraft guns of World War II; The US alone manufactured a total of 124,735 of these guns. When activated in 1941 these guns replaced the 0.50"/90 (12.7 mm) M2 Browning MG on a one-for-one basis. The Oerlikon 20 mm AA gun remained the primary anti-aircraft weapon of the United States Navy until the introduction of the 40 mm Bofors AA gun in 1943.^[40] Oerlikon is a Swiss anti-aircraft artillery manufacturer made famous by its 20mm cannons in World War II. Copies and derivatives of these designs were used by the Germans, French, British and Japanese weapon manufacturers. ... The design of the Oerlikon 20mm cannon, by Reinhold Becker dates back to 1914, and is still in use today, after having been used extensively during the Second World War. ... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft, or air defense, is any method of combating military aircraft from the ground. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... It has been suggested that K6 HMG be merged into this article or section. ... The Bofors 40 mm gun is a famous anti-aircraft auto-cannon designed by the Swedish firm of Bofors. ...

Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns

Arguably the best light anti-aircraft weapon of World War II, the 40 mm Bofors AA gun was used on almost every major warship in the US and UK fleet during World War II from about 1943 to 1945. Although a descendant of German and Swedish designs, the Bofors mounts used by the United States Navy during World War II had been heavily "Americanized" to bring the guns up to the standards placed on them by the US Navy. This resulted in a guns system set to English standards (now known as the Standard System) with interchangeable ammunition, which simplified the logistics situation for World War II. When coupled with hydraulic couple drives to reduce salt contamination and the Mark 51 director for improved accuracy the Bofors 40 mm gun became a fearsome adversary, accounting for roughly half of all Japanese aircraft shot down between 1 October 1944 and 1 February 1945.^[41] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... // The eighth USS Hornet (CV/CVA/CVS-12) was originally named USS Kearsarge, but renamed in honor of the CV-8, which was lost in October of 1942. ... The Bofors 40 mm gun is a famous anti-aircraft auto-cannon designed by the Swedish firm of Bofors. ... U.S. customary units, also known in the United States as English units[1] (but see English unit) or standard units, are units of measurement that are currently used in the USA, in some cases alongside units from SI (the International System of Units â€” the modern metric system). ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Phalanx CIWS

During their modernization in the 1980s each Iowa-class battleship was equipped with four of the United States Navy's Phalanx CIWS mounts, two which sat just behind the bridge and two which were fixed to a platform installed between the ship's funnels. Iowa, New Jersey, and Missouri were equipped with the Block 0 version of the Phalanx, while Wisconsin received the first operational Block 1 version in 1988.^[42] Phalanx CIWS mounts were used by Missouri and Wisconsin during the 1991 Gulf War; Wisconsin alone fired 5,200 20 mm Phalanx CIWS rounds.^[43] Block 1 CIWS The Phalanx CIWS (Close-in weapon system, pronounced see-wiz) is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ...

Missiles

During the modernization in the 1980s, three weapons were added to the Iowa-class battleships. The first was the CIWS anti-aircraft/anti-missile system discussed above. The other two were missiles for use against both land and sea targets. At one point, the NATO Sea Sparrow was to be installed on the reactivated battleships; however, it was determined that the system could not withstand the overpressure effects when firing the main battery.^[44]^[18] Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... USS Iowa. ... USS New Jersey (BB-62), known as Big J, is an Iowa-class battleship, and was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... A RIM-7 Sea Sparrow being launched from the USS Essex (LHD-2) The AIM-7 Sparrow is a medium-range semi-active radar homing air-to-air missile operated by the USAF, US Navy, and USMC as well as various allied air forces. ...

Tomahawk land attack missile

The BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) entered U.S. service in 1983. A long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile, the Tomahawk could hit targets 1,350 nautical miles away, more than 40 times farther than the 16 inch (406 mm) guns' 24 mile (39 km) range.^[45] The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile. ... A Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missile of the Luftwaffe A cruise missile is a guided missile which uses a lifting wing and most often a jet propulsion system to allow sustained flight. ... A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ...

Harpoon anti-ship missile

For protection against enemy ships, the Iowa class carried Boeing RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles in four Mk 141 shock-hardened quad-cell canister launchers located alongside the aft stack, two launchers per side. At firing, the Harpoon weighs 1,530 pounds, including a booster of about 362 pounds. The cruising speed is 0.87 Mach and the range is 64 nautical miles (nm) in Range and Bearing Launch mode and 85 nm in Bearing Only Launch mode.^[46] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 397 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1880 Ã— 2840 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 397 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1880 Ã— 2840 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Edward Boeing. ... The Harpoon is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system, originally developed by McDonnell Douglas of the United States, with development and manufacturing now taken over by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems. ... A funnel is the smokestack on a ship used to expel boiler smoke or engine exhaust ... A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ...

Armor

Aside from its firepower, a battleship's other defining feature is its armor. Battleships are usually armored to withstand an attack from guns the size of its own, but the exact design and placement of the armor — factors inextricably linked with the ship's stability and performance — is a complex science honed over decades.^[47]

The Iowa-class battleships' armor can be divided into the part above the waterline, which is designed to protect the ship against gunfire and aerial bombing, and that below the waterline, intended to protect the vessel from mines, near-miss bombs, and torpedoes.^[47]

Overall, Iowa-class armor is essentially the same as on the earlier South Dakota-class battleships. Both have an internal main belt, a change from the previous two North Carolina-class battleships that was reluctantly adopted because it was difficult to install and repair. But an external belt that could ward off 16-inch shells would have required a belt incline of 19° and a beam too wide for the Panama Canal.^[47] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 539 pixelsFull resolution (2850 Ã— 1920 pixel, file size: 953 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 539 pixelsFull resolution (2850 Ã— 1920 pixel, file size: 953 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Two classes of battleships have been called the South Dakota classâ€”one that was cancelled before launching and one that commissioned and saw action. ... The United States Navy built two North Carolina-class battleships: USS North Carolina (BB-55) USS Washington (BB-56) North Carolina and her sister ship Washington were the first Post-Washington Treaty battleships as well as the first of the fast battleships. ... Two Panamax running the Miraflores Locks The Panama Canal (Spanish: ) is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ...

The underwater armor includes side protection and a triple bottom, both multi-layered systems designed to absorb the energy from an underwater explosion equivalent to 700 pounds of TNT — the Navy's best guess in the 1930s about Japanese weapons. But unbeknownst to U.S. Naval Intelligence, the Japanese 24-inch-diameter "Long Lance" torpedo, carried a charge equivalent to 891 pounds of TNT. R-phrases S-phrases Related Compounds Related compounds picric acid hexanitrobenzene Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. ...

The Iowa-class torpedo defense is virtually the same as the South Dakota's. Each side of the ship is protected by one tank mounted outside the hull and loaded with fuel oil or other liquid ballast, and an empty inboard tank, all running from the third deck to the bottom of the ship. The liquid tanks are to deform and absorb the shock from the explosion and contain most of the shards from the damaged structure. The inner void is expected to contain any leakage into the interior ship spaces. The armor belt is designed to stop fragments that penetrate the second torpedo bulkhead; however, tests in 1943 showed structural defects in the system.^[47]

Aircraft

The Iowa class used several types of aircraft for reconnaissance and for gunnery spotting. The early aircraft were floatplanes launched from catapults on the ship's fantail. They landed on the water, taxied to the stern of the ship, and were lifted by a crane back to the catapult. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (585x744, 96 KB)A Vought OS2U Kingfisher floatplane is hoisted on board after a flight, during the ships shakedown cruise, circa August 1944. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (585x744, 96 KB)A Vought OS2U Kingfisher floatplane is hoisted on board after a flight, during the ships shakedown cruise, circa August 1944. ... Radars: AN/SPS-49 Air Search Radar AN/SPS-67 Surface Search Radar Fire control: 4 Ã— Mk 37 Gun Fire Control 2 Ã— Mk 38 Gun Director 1 Ã— Mk 40 Gun Director EW: AN/SLQ-32 Other: AN/SLQ-25 NIXIE Decoy System 8 Ã— Super Rapid Bloom Rocket Launchers (SRBOC) Armor... The Vought OS2U Kingfisher was a catapult-launched, observation floatplane. ... Mixed reconnaissance patrol of the Polish Home Army and the Soviet Red Army during Operation Tempest, 1944 Reconnaissance is the military term for the active gathering of information about an enemy, or other conditions, by physical observation. ... Fantails are small, insectivorous birds of Australasia belonging to the genus Rhipidura. ...

Kingfisher

Initially, the Iowas carried the Vought OS2U Kingfisher, a lightly armed two-man aircraft designed in 1937. The ships typically carried three Kingfishers: two on the catapults and a spare on a trailer nearby.^[48] The VE-7 was the first plane to make a US carrier takeoff. ... The Vought OS2U Kingfisher was a catapult-launched, observation floatplane. ...

The Kingfisher's high operating ceiling made it well-suited for its primary mission: to observe the fall of shot from the battleship's guns and radio corrections back to the ship. The floatplanes also performed search and rescue for naval aviators who were shot down or forced to ditch in the ocean.^[48] Search and Rescue (acronym SAR) is an operation mounted by emergency services, often well-trained volunteers, to find someone believed to be in distress, lost, sick or injured either in a remote or difficult to access area, such as mountains, desert or forest (Wilderness search and rescue), or at sea... Naval aviation of the United States. ...

Seahawk

In June 1942, the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics requested industry proposals for a new seaplane to replace the Kingfisher and Curtiss SO3C Seamew. The new aircraft was required to be able to use landing gear as well as floats. The Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) was the U.S. Navys material-support organization for Naval Aviation from 1921 to 1959. ... The Curtiss SO3C Seamew was intended as a replacement for the SOC Seagull as the U.S. Navys standard floatplane scout. ...

Curtiss submitted a design on August 1, and received a contract for two prototypes and five service-test aircraft on August 25.^[49] The first flight of a prototype XSC-1 took place 16 February 1944 at the Columbus, Ohio Curtiss plant. The first production aircraft were delivered in October 1944, and by the beginning of 1945 the single-seat Curtiss SC Seahawk floatplane began replacing the Kingfisher.^[50] is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Ohio, USA Coordinates: , Country State Counties Franklin, Delaware, and Fairfield Government - Mayor Michael B. Coleman (D) Area - City 212. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Greater Cleveland Area Ranked 34th - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 kmÂ²) - Width 220 miles (355 km) - Length 220 miles (355 km) - % water 8. ... Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company went public in 1916 with Glenn Curtiss as president. ... The Curtiss SC Seahawk was designed in 1942 as a replacement for the Curtiss SO3C Seamew and the Vought OS2U Kingfisher. ...

Helicopters

Around 1949, helicopters replaced floatplanes on the Iowa class. They operated from atop of Turret 2 until the catapults were removed, allowing helicopter operations to shift to the fantail. The aft guns are forbidden to fire when a helicopter is on the aft deck.^[51]

Helicopters added a logistics role to gunnery spotting and search-and-rescue; they ferried troops and supplies between ships and to and from land bases. Like the seaplanes before them, the helicopters had no hangar facilities,^[1] but the Iowas did have support facilities for five types of helicopters: the UH-1 Iroquois, SH-2 Seasprites, CH-46 Sea Knight, CH-53 Sea Stallion and the LAMPS III SH-60B Seahawk.^[48] This article is about the military versions of the Bell 204 and 205 models. ... The Kaman SH-2 Seasprite was a United States Navy ship-based helicopter with anti-submarine, anti-surface threat capability, including over-the-horizon targeting. ... April 1, 2004: Sailors from USS Saipan (LHA-2) rush out to unchain a CH-46 Sea Knight. ... The CH-53 Sea Stallion is the most common name for the Sikorsky S-65 family of heavy-lift transport helicopters. ... Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk The SH-60B is designed to operate as an integral fighting unit aboard specifically configured Oliver Hazard Perry (FFG-7) class Guided Missile Frigates, Spruance (DDG-963) class Destroyers, Kidd (DDG-993), class Guided Missile Destroyers and Ticonderoga (CG-47) class Guided Missile Cruisers. ...

Mastiff

In 1975, Tadiran Electronic Industries introduced the Mastiff unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). The drone, designed for use in a reconnaissance role, proved its worth during the 1982 Lebanon War, when IDF personnel used Mastiff drones to aid in the location and destruction of Syrian SAM sites.^[52] The Mastiff is a battlefield UAV built by Tadiran Electronic Industries. ... The Â£124 million Taranis UAV built by BAE Systems An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no onboard pilot. ... Emblem of the IDF The Israel Defense Forces are part of the Israeli Security Forces. ... Combatants Israel South Lebanon Army LF (nominally neutral) PLO Syria Amal (switched sides) LCP Commanders Menachem Begin (Prime Minister) Ariel Sharon, (Ministry of Defence) Rafael Eitan, (CoS) Yasser Arafat Strength Israel: 76,000 troops 800 tanks 1,500 APCs 634 aircraft Syria: 22,000 troops 352 tanks 300 APCs 450... Akash Missile Firing French Air Force Crotale battery Bendix Rim-8 Talos surface to air missile of the US Navy A surface-to-air missile (SAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. ...

The Mastiff first came to the attention of the United States Navy after a botched American airstrike against Syrian air defenses in Lebanon in December 1983.^[53] During the operation, U.S. aircraft carriers operating off the coast of Lebanon sent out 28 aircraft to bomb targets in the Bekaa Valley in retaliation for anti-aircraft fire directed at F-14 reconnaissance flights operating from the carriers. The main target of the bombing run was a Syrian radar station, but before the aircraft could reach the site, two American planes were shot down by Syrian guns.^[54] ... The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is a supersonic, twin-engine, two-seat, variable geometry wing aircraft. ...

In an analysis of the incident, U.S. Navy Secretary John Lehman determined that the targeted SAM sites had been within the range of the battleship New Jersey and her 16 inch guns, but there had been no way for the battleship to accurately target the sites without an aerial observer to direct the ship's rounds to the target.^[55] In part because of the Israeli success with the drones, the U.S. Navy made a covert request for a Mastiff drone system. Israel responded by lending a drone to the U.S. in 1984.^[54]^[55] The success of the Mastiff system in tests ultimately led the Navy to develop its own UAV system, resulting in the creation of the RQ-2 Pioneer UAV.^[55] Flag of the United States Secretary of the Navy. ... John F. Lehman, Jr. ...

Image File history File links Source File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Source File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Â£124 million Taranis UAV built by BAE Systems An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no onboard pilot. ... USS Iowa (BB-61), the lead ship of her class of battleship, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy, but second to be commissioned, to be named in honor of the 29th state. ...

Pioneer

In 1985, the United States Navy, impressed with Israeli successes with Mastiff unmanned aerial vehicle in the early 1980s, began looking for UAVs to provide imagery for gun spotters aboard the recently reactivated battleships. The result of this effort was the remote-controlled RQ-2 Pioneer, which made its first deployment in December 1986 aboard the Iowa.^[56] The Mastiff is a battlefield UAV built by Tadiran Electronic Industries. ... The Â£124 million Taranis UAV built by BAE Systems An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no onboard pilot. ... An RQ-2B on the tarmac Crewmen recover an RQ-2 Pioneer aboard USS Iowa Developed jointly by AAI Corporation and Israel Aircraft Industries, the RQ-2 Pioneer unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has served with United States Navy, Marine, and Army units, deploying aboard ship and ashore since 1986. ...

Launched from the fantail using a rocket-assist booster that was discarded shortly after takeoff, a Pioneer used an aft-mounted, push-propeller engine to achieve speeds of up to 90 miles per hour (145 km/h) with a mission endurance of about four hours. The Pioneer carried a video camera in a pod under the belly of the aircraft, which transmitted live video back to the ship so that the operators can observe enemy actions or fall of shot during naval gunnery. Because it was difficult to land the Pioneer without damaging itself or the ship, a large net was strung up for recovery as for a volleyball game, and the aircraft is flown into it.^[56] For the ball used in this sport, see Volleyball (ball). ...

Each battleship could carry as many as eight Pioneers, sometimes referred to as remote piloted vehicles (RPVs). Variety of ROVs: Work Class, General, Mini Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) is the common accepted name for tethered underwater robots in the offshore industry. ...

Pioneer garnered international attention for its use during the 1991 Gulf War, when it saw extensive use from the Missouri and Wisconsin. The latter became the first ship to have enemy forces surrender to one of its remotely controlled observation drones.^[56]
For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ...

Engineering plant

The Iowa-class battleships are the fastest battleships ever launched, capable of sustained speeds of 33 knots (61 km/h) or better. The engineering plant consists of four General Electric double-expansion steam turbine engines, each driving a single shaft that turns one screw. The two outboard screws on the Iowa class have four blades and are just over 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter. The two inboard screws have five blades and are about 17.5 feet (5.3 m) in diameter.^[1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 536 pixelsFull resolution (2775 Ã— 1860 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 536 pixelsFull resolution (2775 Ã— 1860 pixel, file size: 1. ... â€œGEâ€ redirects here. ... A rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power plant A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical work. ...

Eight Babcock and Wilcox M-Type boilers operate at 600 psi (4136.85 kPa) with a maximum superheater outlet temperature of 875 °F (468 °C) The Babcock & Wilcox Company is a world leader in the design, engineering, manufacture, service and construction of power generation and pollution control systems and equipment for utilities and industries. ... A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated under pressure. ... A pressure gauge reading in PSI (red scale) and kPa (black scale) The pound-force per square inch (symbol: lbf/inÂ²) is a non-SI unit of pressure based on avoirdupois units. ... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ...

The double-expansion engines consist of a high-pressure (HP) turbine and a low-pressure (LP) turbine. The steam is first passed through the HP turbine which turns at up to 2100 rpm. The steam, largely depleted at this point, is then passed through a large conduit to the LP turbine. By the time it reaches the LP turbine, it has no more than 50 psi (300 kPa) of pressure left. The LP turbine increases efficiency and power by extracting the last little bit of energy from the steam. For other uses, see Revolutions per minute (disambiguation). ... Boyles law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle-Mariotte law) is one of the gas laws and basis of derivation for the Ideal gas law, which describes relationship between the product pressure and volume within a closed system as constant when temperature remains at a fixed measure; both entities...

After leaving the LP turbine, the exhaust steam passes into a condenser and is then returned as feed water to the boilers. Water lost in the process is replaced by three evaporators, which can make a total of 60,000 US gallons per day (3 liters per second) of fresh water. After the boilers have had their fill, the remaining fresh water is fed to the ship's potable water systems for drinking, showers, hand washing, cooking, etc. All of the urinals and all but one of the toilets on the Iowa class flush with saltwater in order to conserve fresh water.^[1]^[57] Look up condenser in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The gallon is a unit of volume used for measuring liquids (as well as dry matter). ... The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ...

The turbines, especially the HP turbine, can turn at 2,000 rpm; their shafts drive through reduction gearing that turns the propeller shafts at speeds up to 225 rpm, depending upon the desired speed of the ship.

Electricity

Electricity drives many systems aboard ship, including rotating the turrets and elevating the guns. Each of the four engine rooms has a pair of Ship's Service Turbine Generators (SSTGs)^[58] manufactured by Westinghouse. Each SSTG generates 1.25 MW for a total of 10 MW of electricity. The SSTGs are powered by steam from the same boilers that feed the engines. For backup, the ship also has a pair of 250-kW diesel generators.^[1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 542 pixelsFull resolution (2790 Ã— 1890 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 542 pixelsFull resolution (2790 Ã— 1890 pixel, file size: 2. ... Westinghouse logo (designed by Paul Rand) The Westinghouse Electric Company, headquartered in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, is an organization founded by George Westinghouse in 1886. ... The megawatt (symbol: MW) is a unit for measuring power corresponding to one million (106) watts. ... The kilowatt (symbol: kW) is a unit for measuring power, equal to one thousand watts. ...

To allow battle-damaged electrical circuits to be repaired or bypassed, the lower decks of the ship have a Casualty Power System whose large 3-wire cables and wall outlets called "biscuits" can be used to reroute power.^[59]

Radar & electronic warfare systems

Since the first commercial radar system was installed aboard the battleship USS Texas,^[60] battleships have used radar for aerial reconnaissance, surface surveillance, and as part of the fire control system for the battleship's guns. Since their modernization in the 1980s, the four Iowa class battleships have also used electronic countermeasures systems for defense against enemy missiles and aircraft. For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... USS Texas (BB-35), a New York-class battleship, was the second ship of the United States Navy named to honor Texas, the 28th state. ...

Radar

Each of the four Iowa-class battleships are equipped with the AN/SPS-49 Radar Set, an L-band, long-range, two-dimensional, air-search radar system that provides automatic detection and reporting of targets within its surveillance volume. The AN/SPS-49 performs accurate centroiding of target range, azimuth, amplitude, ECM level background, and radial velocity with an associated confidence factor to produce contact data for command and control systems. Additionally, the contact range and bearing information is provided for display on standard plan position indicator consoles.^[61] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 524 pixelsFull resolution (2810 Ã— 1840 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 524 pixelsFull resolution (2810 Ã— 1840 pixel, file size: 3. ... USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72), nicknamed Abe, is the fifth Nimitz-class supercarrier in the United States Navy. ... The AN/SPS-49 is a United States Navy two-dimensional, long range air search radar built by Raytheon that is capable of providing contact bearing and range. ...

The AN/SPS-49 uses a line-of-sight, horizon-stabilized antenna to provide acquisition of low-altitude targets in all sea states, and also utilizes an upspot feature to provide coverage for high diving threats in the high diver mode. External control of AN/SPS-49 modes and operation by the command and control system, and processing to identify and flag contacts as special alerts are provided for self-defense support.^[61] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 530 pixelsFull resolution (2840 Ã— 1880 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 530 pixelsFull resolution (2840 Ã— 1880 pixel, file size: 2. ...

The AN/SPS-49 has several operational features to allow optimum radar performance: an automatic target detection capability with pulse doppler processing and clutter maps, ensuring reliable detection in normal and severe types of clutter; an electronic counter-countermeasures capability for jamming environments; a moving target indicator capability to distinguish moving targets from stationary targets and to improve target detection during the presence of clutter and chaff; the Medium PRF Upgrade (MPU) to increase detection capabilities and reduce false contacts; and a Coherent Sidelobe Cancellation (CSLC) feature.^[61]

The Iowa-class battleships are also equipped with the Radar Set AN/SPS-67, a short-range, two-dimensional, surface-search/navigation radar system that provides highly accurate surface and limited low-flyer detection and tracking capabilities. The AN/SPS-67 is a solid-state replacement for the AN/SPS-10 radar, using a more reliable antenna and incorporating standard electronic module technology for simpler repair and maintenance. The AN/SPS-67 provides excellent performance in rain and sea clutter, and is useful in harbor navigation, since the AN/SPS-67 is capable of detecting buoys and small obstructions without difficulty.^[62] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixelsFull resolution (2820 Ã— 1880 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixelsFull resolution (2820 Ã— 1880 pixel, file size: 2. ... The AN/SPS-67 is a short-range, two-dimensional, surface-search/navigation radar system that provides highly accurate surface and limited low-flyer detection and tracking capabilities. ...

The AN/SPS-67(V)1 radar is a two-dimensional (azimuth and range) pulsed radar set primarily designed for surface operations with a secondary capability of anti-ship-missile and low flier detection. The radar set operates in the 5450 to 5825 MHz range, using a coaxial magnetron as the transmitter output tube. The transmitter/receiver is capable of operation in a long (1.0 msec), medium (0.25 msec), or short (0.10 msec) pulse mode to enhance radar performance for specific operational or tactical situations. Pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) of 750,1200, and 2400 pulses/second are used for the long, medium, and short pulse modes, respectively.^[62]

Electronic warfare

In 1967 Egypt sank the Israeli destroyer Eilat using a Soviet SS-N-2 STYX missile, prompting the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) to consider creating a family of inexpensive Electronic Warfare suites to replace and/or complement existing and planned ship surveillance sensors in the early 1970s, a feeling increased when an analysis of the existing AN/WLR-1 and AN/ULQ-6 systems installed on most ships determined that neither system could counter an Anti-Ship Cruise Missile (ASCM) in time to prevent a hit. In addition, hard kill weapons were not effective because there was little early warning of an attack due to the characteristics of ASCMs. The resulting EW suite was the AN/SLQ-32(V), which debuted in 1979 and was capable of early warning of threat weapon system emitters and emitters associated with targeting platforms, threat information to own ship hard-kill weapons, automatic dispensing of chaff decoys, and Electronic Attack (EA) to alter specific and generic ASCM trajectories. This system, specifically the SLQ-32(V)3 variant, was fitted to the Iowa class battleships in 1980s for defense against enemy anti-ship missiles.^[63] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 538 pixelsFull resolution (2868 Ã— 1927 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 538 pixelsFull resolution (2868 Ã— 1927 pixel, file size: 1. ... The P-15 Termit (Russian: ; English: ) was a type of missile developed by the Soviet Unions Raduga design bureau in the 1950s. ... The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the senior military officer in the United States Navy. ... // Electronic warfare (EW) is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this phenomena by an adversary, while optimizing its use by friendly forces. ... The AN/SLQ-32 is a shipboard electronic warfare suite built by the Raytheon Company of Goleta, California. ... Modern US Navy RR-129 and RR-124 chaff countermeasures and containers Chaff, originally called Window by the British, and DÃ¼ppel by the WWII era German Luftwaffe, is a radar countermeasure in which aircraft or other targets spread a cloud of small, thin pieces of aluminium, metallised glass fibre...

To counter the threat posed by enemy submarines the Iowa class were also outfitted with the AN/SLQ-25 Nixie, a towed torpedo decoy used on US and allied warships. It consists of a towed decoy device, and a shipboard signal generator. The decoy emits signals to draw a torpedo away from its intended target. The Nixie attempts to defeat a torpedo's passive sonar by emitting simulated ship noise, such as propeller and engine noise, which is more attractive than the ship to the torpedo's sensors. Active sonar is decoyed by amplifying and returning "pings" from the torpedo, presenting a larger false target to the torpedo.^[64] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 408 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1925 Ã— 2830 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 408 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1925 Ã— 2830 pixel, file size: 1. ... For other uses, see Submarine (disambiguation). ... The AN/SLQ-25 Nixie is a towed torpedo decoy used on US and allied warships. ... The F70 type frigates (here, La Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C tugged sonars Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation under water to navigate or to detect other watercraft. ... The F70 type frigates (here, La Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C tugged sonars Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation under water to navigate or to detect other watercraft. ...

During their modernization in the 1980s each of the Iowa-class battleships were outfitted with the Mark 36 Super Rapid Bloom Offboard Chaff (SRBOC) system, enabling the Iowas to carry and fire chaff rockets which, when launched from their tubes, release missile decoys or lures. The decoys/lures are intended to act as an anti-missile shield by providing false targets for an enemy missile to attack.^[65] During the 1991 Gulf War, chaff was blamed for a friendly fire incident between the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate Jarrett and the battleship Missouri: during an Iraqi missile attack Missouri fired chaff into the air to confuse the incoming missile; however a Phalanx CIWS mount on Jarrett accidentally engaged the chaff fire by Missouri. Rounds from the Phalanx mount on Jarret struck Missouri, causing one minor injury to a crewman on the battleship; fortunately, no serious injuries or damage resulted from the attack.^[1]^[66] The Mark 36 Super Rapid Bloom Offboard Countermeasures (abbreviated as SRBOC or Super-RBOC) is a short-range rocket intended to launch chaff within the vicinity of naval vessels, with the purpose of foiling anti-shipping missiles. ... Modern US Navy RR-129 and RR-124 chaff countermeasures and containers Chaff, originally called Window by the British, and DÃ¼ppel by the WWII era German Luftwaffe, is a radar countermeasure in which aircraft or other targets spread a cloud of small, thin pieces of aluminium, metallised glass fibre... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Friendly Fire (disambiguation). ... The USS McInerney (FFG 8), an Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate. ... Sailing frigates were 4th, 5th, or 6th-rated ships in the rating system of the Royal Navy. ... USS Jarrett (FFG-33), twenty-fifth ship of the Oliver Hazard Perry class of guided-missile frigates, was named for Vice Admiral Harry B. Jarrett (1898–1974). ... Radars: AN/SPS-49 Air Search Radar AN/SPS-67 Surface Search Radar Fire control: 4 Ã— Mk 37 Gun Fire Control 2 Ã— Mk 38 Gun Director 1 Ã— Mk 40 Gun Director EW: AN/SLQ-32 Other: AN/SLQ-25 NIXIE Decoy System 8 Ã— Super Rapid Bloom Rocket Launchers (SRBOC) Armor... Block 1 CIWS The Phalanx CIWS (Close-in weapon system, pronounced see-wiz) is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division. ...

Reactivation potential

After World War II, the United States maintained the four Iowa-class battleships in the United States Navy reserve fleets, better known as the "mothball fleet", and on several occasions reactivated these battleships for naval gunfire support. The U.S. Navy has held onto its battleships long after the expense and the arrival of aircraft and precision guided munitions led other nations to scrap their big-gun fleets.^[67]^[68] The United States Congress is largely responsible for this. The lawmakers argue that the battleships' large-caliber guns have a militarily useful destructive power lacking in the smaller, cheaper, and faster guns mounted by U.S. cruisers and destroyers.^[69] Image File history File links Wisconsin_museum. ... Image File history File links Wisconsin_museum. ... The United States Navy maintains a number of its ships as part of a reserve fleet, often called the Mothball Fleet. While the details of the activity have changed several times, the basics are constant; keep the ships afloat and sufficiently working as to be reactivated quickly in an emergency. ... The United States Navy maintains a number of its ships as part of a reserve fleet, often called the Mothball Fleet. While the details of the activity have changed several times, the basics are constant; keep the ships afloat and sufficiently working as to be reactivated quickly in an emergency. ... Naval gunfire support (NGFS) comprises the use of naval artillery to provide fire support support for amphibious assault troops. ... BOLT-117, the worlds first laser guided bomb Precision-guided munitions (smart munitions, smart bombs, guided bomb units or GBUs) are guided weapons intended to maximize damage to the target while minimizing collateral damage. ... Ship breaking or ship demolition involves breaking up of ships for scrap. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruiser (really an uprated guided missile destroyer), launched in 1992. ... USS McFaul underway in the Atlantic Ocean. ...

The Navy, which sees the battleships as too costly, is working to persuade Congress to allow it to remove Iowa and Wisconsin from the Naval Vessel Register by developing extended-range guided munitions and a new ship to fulfill Marine Corps requirements for naval surface fire support (NSFS). The Naval Vessel Register (NVR), official inventory of ships and service craft in custody or titled by the United States Navy, traces its origin back to the 1880s. ... The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States military responsible for providing power projection from the sea,[1] utilizing the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. ...

The Navy plan calls for the extension of the range of the 5 inch (127 mm) guns on the Flight I Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers (USS Arleigh Burke to USS Ross) with Extended Range Guided Munitions (ERGMs) that would enable the ships to fire precision guided projectiles about 40 nautical miles (70 km) inland. This program was initiated in 1996 with a preliminary cost of US $78.6 million; since then, the cost of the program has increased 400%. The results of the program have been similarly disappointing, with the original expected operational capability date pushed from 2001 to 2011.^[70] These weapons are not intended or expected to satisfy the full range of the Marine Corps NSFS requirements.^[71] The result of the latter effort to design and build a replacement ship for the two battleships is the Zumwalt-class destroyer program, also known either as the DD(X) or DDG-1000 (in reference to Zumwalt’s hull number). The DD(X) is to mount a pair of Advanced Gun System (AGS) turrets capable of firing specially designed Long Range Land Attack Projectiles (LRLAPs) some 60 miles (100 km) inland. The Navy currently expects sufficient numbers of DD(X) destroyers to be ready to help fill the NSFS gap by 2018 at the earliest.^[69] The Arleigh Burke class of guided missile destroyers, one of the destroyer classes of the United States Navy, is built around the Aegis combat system and the SPY-1D multi-function phased array radar. ... A guided missile destroyer is, as the name suggests, a destroyer designed to launch guided missiles. ... USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51), named for Admiral Arleigh Albert Burke, USN (1901-1996), is the lead ship of the her class of guided missile destroyers. ... USS Ross (DDG-71) is an Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer in the United States Navy. ... The Extended Range Guided Munition is a precision guided rocket-assisted 5-inch artillery shell under development by Raytheon for the U.S. Navy. ... The Zumwalt-class destroyer (DDG-1000) is a planned class of United States Navy destroyers, designed as a multi-mission ship with a focus on land attack. ... Artists impression of the Advanced Gun System aboard a DD(X) Destroyer The Advanced Gun System is a naval gun system under development by British company BAE Systems Armaments Systems Division (formerly United Defense) for the United States Navy as part of the DD(X) destroyer program. ... The Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP) is a developmental program to produce a precision guided 155 mm naval artillery shell for the U.S. Navy. ...

On 17 March 2006 the Secretary of the Navy exercised his authority to strike Iowa and Wisconsin from the Naval Vessel Register, which has cleared the way for both ships to be donated for use as museums. The United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps have both certified that battleships will not be needed in any future war, and have thus turned their attention to development and construction of the next generation Zumwalt-class guided missile destroyers. is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Flag of the United States Secretary of the Navy. ... The Naval Vessel Register (NVR), official inventory of ships and service craft in custody or titled by the United States Navy, traces its origin back to the 1880s. ... USS Wisconsin, one of three Iowa class battleships opened to the public as a museum, and was one of two Iowas maintained in the US Mothball fleet. ... The Zumwalt-class destroyer (DDG-1000) is a planned class of United States Navy destroyers, designed as a multi-mission ship with a focus on land attack. ... A guided missile destroyer is, as the name suggests, a destroyer designed to launch guided missiles. ...

This move has drawn fire from a variety of sources familiar with the subject; among them are dissenting members of the United States Marine Corps, who feel that battleships are still a viable solution to naval gunfire support,^[73]^[74] members of the United States Congress who remain "deeply concerned" over the loss of naval surface gunfire support that the battleships provided,^[70] and number of independent groups such as the United States' Naval Fire Support Association (USNFSA) whose ranks frequently include former members of the armed service and fans of the battleships.^[75]^[76] Although the arguments presented from each group differ, they all agree that the United States Navy has not in good faith considered the potential of reactivated battleships for use in the field, a position that is supported by a 1999 Government Accountability Office report regarding the United States Navy's gunfire support program.^[71] General Accounting Office headquarters, Washington, D.C. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is the non-partisan audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress, and an agency in the Legislative Branch of the United States Government. ...

In response, the Navy has pointed to the cost of reactivating the two Iowa class battleships to their decommissioned capability. The Navy estimates costs in excess of $500 million,^[77] but this does not include an additional $110 million needed to replenish gunpowder for the 16 inch (406 mm) guns because a recent survey found the powder to be unsafe. In terms of schedule, the Navy's program management office estimates that reactivation would take 20 to 40 months, given the loss of corporate memory and the shipyard industrial base.^[69]

Reactivating the battleships would require a wide range of battleship modernization improvements, according to the Navy's program management office. At a minimum, these modernization improvements include command and control, communications, computers, and intelligence equipment; environmental protection (including ozone-depleting substances); a plastic-waste processor; pulper/shredder and wastewater alterations; firefighting/fire safety and women-at-sea alterations; a modernized sensor suite (air and surface search radar); and new combat and self-defense systems. The Navy's program management office also identified other issues that would strongly discourage the Navy from reactivating and modernizing the battleships. For example, personnel needed to operate the battleships would be extensive, and the skills needed may not be available or easily reconstituted. Other issues include the age and unreliability of the battleships' propulsion systems and the fact that the Navy no longer maintains the capability to manufacture their 16 inch (406 mm) gun system components and ordnance.^[69]

Although the Navy firmly believes in the capabilities of the DD(X) destroyer program, members of the United States Congress remain skeptical about the efficiency of the new destroyers when compared to the battleships.^[71] Partially as a consequence the US House of Representatives have asked that the battleships be kept in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again.^[78] Congress has asked that the following measures be implemented to ensure that, if need be, Iowa and Wisconsin can be returned to active duty: The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...

These four conditions closely mirror the original three conditions that the Nation Defense Authorization Act of 1996 laid out for the maintenance of Iowa and Wisconsin while they were in the Mothball Fleet.^[36]^[79] It is unlikely that these conditions will impede the current plan to turn Iowa and Wisconsin into museum ships.

Popular culture

The Iowa class-battleships have been featured prominently in American culture. Iowa was the centerpiece for the book A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the U. S. S. Iowa & Its Cover-Up which dealt with the events surrounding the 1989 explosion of her #2 turret. In 2001 the book was turned into a movie by the same name staring James Caan and directed by Mikael Salomon.^[80] Missouri was featured in the 1977 movie MacArthur, starring Gregory Peck, the 1983 television mini-series The Winds of War, starring Ralph Bellamy and Robert Mitchum, and Cher's music video "If I Could Turn Back Time". The 1992 movie Under Siege, staring Steven Seagal, was also set aboard Missouri, although the movie was actually filmed aboard the battleship USS Alabama. Wisconsin was featured prominently in the news during the 1991 Gulf War, when she became the first ship to receive the surrender of enemy troops on the ground when her Pioneer drone recorded Iraqi soldiers waving white flags after being shelled by Missouri.^[56]^[81]
James Langston Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated American film, stage and television actor. ... Mikael Salomon (b. ... MacArthur is a film made in 1981 based on the William Manchester biography of Gen. ... Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 â€“ June 12, 2003) was an Academy Award-winning American film actor. ... The Winds of War was best-selling novellist Herman Wouks second book about World War II, the first being The Caine Mutiny (1951). ... Ralph Rexford Bellamy (June 17, 1904 â€“ November 29, 1991) was a Tony Award-winning American actor with a career spanning sixty-two years. ... Robert Charles Durman Mitchum (August 6, 1917 â€“ July 1, 1997) was an American film actor and singer. ... This article is about Cher, the entertainer. ... If I Could Turn Back Time is a song written by Diane Warren and was used as the second North American and first European single release from American singer/actress Chers 20th album Heart of Stone. ... Under Siege is a 1992 action film in the Die Hard mould. ... Steven Seagal (born April 10, 1952) is an American action movie actor, producer, writer, director, martial artist, singer-songwriter, and activist. ... USS Alabama (BB-60), a South Dakota-class battleship, was the fifth completed ship named Alabama of the United States Navy, however she was only the third commissioned ship with that name. ... German troops after surrendering to the U.S. Third Army carry the white flag (WW2 photo). ...

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h FactPlace.com USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. Ben M. Schorr. Retrieved on 2006-12-16.
^ A total of nine guns were placed aboard the Iowa-class battleships in 3 gun turrets.
^ A total of 20 gun barrels were placed aboard the Iowa-class battleships in 10 separate gun turrets, five on the port (left) side and five on the starboard (right) side.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Johnston, Ian & McAuley, Rob (2002). The Battleships. London: Channel 4 Books (an imprint of Pan Macmillian, LTD), pages 108–123. ISBN 0752261886.
^ Johnston, Ian & McAuley, Rob (2002). The Battleships. London: Channel 4 Books (an imprint of Pan Macmillan, LTD), page 11. ISBN 0752261886.
^ Although it is frequently cited as the ultimate battleship class, other battleship classes did outclass the 'Iowas in certain fields; for example, the Imperial Japanese Navy's Yamato-class battleships had larger guns (18 in) and more armour than the Iowa’s.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The 10 Greatest Fighting Ships in Military History. The Discovery Channel. Web page: Top Ten Fighting Ships Retrieved 23 April 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rogers, J. David. Development of the World's Fastest Battleships (pdf). Retrieved on 2007-04-28.
^ CONFERENCE ON THE LIMITATION OF ARMAMENT. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1922, Vol. 1. pp. 247–266. (February 1922). Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
^ INTERNATIONAL TREATY FOR THE LIMITATION AND REDUCTION OF NAVAL ARMAMENT. Australian documents archive (1930). Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
^ DiGiulian, Tony (Last updated 12 November 2006). United States of America 16"/50 (40.6 cm) Mark 7. Unofficial U.S. Navy site. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
^ This had already been done on the battlecruisers Lexington and Saratoga.
^ ^a ^b BB-61 Iowa-class Aviation Conversion. Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
^ It is possible that the design originally intended for BB-64, BB-65, and BB-66 was to be implemented in the Montana-class battleships. The Montanas would have had twelve 16 inch guns and heavier armor and were intended to have a slower top speed than the Iowa-class.
^ ^a ^b USS New Jersey (BB 62) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ ^a ^b The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ During this reactivation, the Navy played with various ideas to remove the #3 gun turrets from the battleships and replace them with servicing facilities for 12 AV-8B Harrier STOVL jumpjets. Plans for such a conversion were dropped in 1984.[1]
^ ^a ^b United States General Accounting Office (1981-04-20). Update of the Issues Concerning the Proposed Reactivation of the Iowa class battleships and the Aircraft Carrier Oriskany (pdf) 3–18. United States General Accounting Office. Retrieved on 2005-05-25.
^ 105th Congress, United States Senate and House of Representatives. Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 (pdf) p 200–201. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
^ Naval Vessel Register. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ USS Iowa (BB 61) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ USS Missouri (BB 63) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ USS Wisconsin (BB 64) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ USS Illinois (BB 65) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ Naval Vessel Register. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ ^a ^b USA - IOWA class. Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
^ BB-61 Iowa Class. Global Security. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ USS Kentucky (BB 66) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17.
^ Naval Vessel Register. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-12-17.
^ Originally the armament was to be nine 16"/50 Mark 2 Naval Guns intended for the canceled South Dakota-class battleships; however, a miscommunication between the design bureaus left the class barbettes too small to fit the Mark 2 guns; so the Iowa class was equipped with the Mark 7 Naval Guns instead. [2]
^ ^a ^b ^c United States of America 16"/50 (40.6 cm) Mark 7 (html) (November 2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
^ For comparison, the Space Shuttle, when fully loaded, weighs about 240,000 pounds, so each battleship gun is roughly the weight of a space shuttle [3].
^ Underwater photos of the Bismarck show empty barbettes, vacated as the ship sank. [4]
^ Do battleships move sideways when they fire?
^ United States of America 5"/38 (12.7 cm) Mark 12 (html) (November 2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
^ ^a ^b BB-61 IOWA-class (Specifications). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
^ "Iowa class battleship". World War II: A Visual Encyclopedia (2nd Edition). (2001). Ed. Keegan, John (General Editer). New York, New York: Sterling Publishing. page 264. ISBN 1-85585-878-9. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
^ Toppan, Andrew (2001-10-06). World Battleships List: US Treaty and Post-Treaty Battleships. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
^ Lanzendoerfer, Tim. The United States Navy in the Pacific War website (subsection:Iowa class). Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
^ United States of America 20 mm/70 (0.79") Marks 2, 3 & 4 (html) (September 2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
^ United States of America 40 mm/56 (1.57") Mark 1, Mark 2 and M1 (html) (November 2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
^ United States of America 20 mm Phalanx Close-in Weapon System (CIWS). Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ The USS Wisconsin (BB-64) Ship's History. USS Wisconsin Association. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
^ Statement by Admiral Rowden in the Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1982.
^ The maximum range for the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile is 1350 nautical miles (nm), the maximum range for the Harpoon is 85 nm,[5] and the maximum range for the 16 inch (406 mm) guns is roughly 24 nautical miles (nm).[6]
^ Iowa Class: Missile Battery. Iowa class preservation society. Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Iowa Class: Armor Protection. Iowa class preservation society. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c Iowa Class: Shipboard Aircraft. Iowa Class Preservation Association. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Jane, Fred T. “The Curtiss Seahawk.” Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. p. 221–222. ISBN 1 85170 493 0.
^ Curtiss SC Seahawk. Accsessed 2007-03-14.
^ Grier, Nathan & Fletcher, Marc (edited by Henwood, Daniel). IOWA CLASS BATTLESHIP. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
^ Mastiff. Israeli-weapons.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
^ US Battlefield UAVs. vectorsite.net. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
^ ^a ^b Hellman, Peter (February 1987). The little airplane that could - Mastiff, a remotely piloted vehicle. Discover. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c Unmanned Aviation: a brief history of unmanned aerial vehicles. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pike, John (2000-03-05). Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.
^ The toilet that gets the fresh water is the one in the brig. This john flushes with fresh water to prevent those incarcerated in the brig from drinking the water to make themselves sick, which would entail transferring that person from the brig to the medical room. [7]
^ Diagram and statistics for the Ship’s Service Turbine Generator
^ CASUALTY POWER (doc). Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ Historic Naval Ships Visitors Guide- USS Texas. Historic Naval Ships Association. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c AN/SPS-49 Very Long-Range Air Surveillance Radar. Global Security. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ ^a ^b AN/SPS-67. Global Security. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ AN/SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare (EW) system. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ AN/SLQ-25 NIXIE. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ MK 36 SRBOC. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
^ Rostker, Bernard (December 2000). TAB H -- Friendly-fire Incidents. Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II). United States Department of Defense. Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
^ Government Accountability Office (1999-07-11). GAO Report on Naval Surface Fire Support Program Plans and Costs. GAO/NSIAD-99-91. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
^ The Iowa Class Battleships BB-61 to BB-64. Retrieved on 2007-03-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Government Accountability Office (2004-11-19). Information on Options for Naval Surface Fire Support. GAO report number GAO-05-39R. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c National Defense Authorization Act of 2007 (pdf) Pages 193–194. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c GAO Report on Evaluation of The Navy's 1999 Naval Surface Fire Support Assessment September 14, 1999. NSIAD-99-225. Government Accountability Office (1999-09-14). Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
^ Program Executive Office, Ships (2007-05-27). DDG 1000 (subsection: What is DDG 1000?). United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
^ Novak, Robert. Losing the battleships. CNN.com December 6, 2005.
^ Marine Corps supports the strategic purpose of reactivating two battleships in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996 and supports the Navy's modernization efforts to deliver a sufficient NSFS capability that exceeds that of the Iowa class battleships. [8]
^ The Current Status Of The Iowa Class Battleships. Warships1. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
^ Blazar, Ernest (1996-07-29). NEW DEBATE RESURRECTS OLD ONE /CRITICS SAY CANCEL ARSENAL SHIP, BRING BACK BATTLESHIPS. Navy Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
^ This number is based on 1999 estimate with a 4% annual inflation rate. [9]
^ ^a ^b 109th Congress, House of Representatives. Report 109–452. National Defense Authorization Act of 2007. Page 68. Accessed November 26, 2006
^ 104th Congress, House of Representatives. National Defense Authorization Act of 1996. Page 237. Accessed December 17, 2006.
^ Walter Chaw (March 2002). A Glimpse of Hell. Movie Review. Film Freak Central. Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
^ National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Pioneer RQ-2A. September 14, 2001. Accessed November 26, 2006.

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Turret (highlighted) attached to a tower on a baronial building in Scotland In architecture, a turret is a small tower that projects from the wall of a building, such as a medieval castle or baronial house. ... Turret (highlighted) attached to a tower on a baronial building in Scotland In architecture, a turret is a small tower that projects from the wall of a building, such as a medieval castle or baronial house. ... For Combined Fleet, please see that article. ... The Yamato class battleships ) of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) were the largest naval vessels of World War II and were the largest, heaviest battleships ever constructed to this day, displacing 72,800 metric tons (at full load) and armed with nine 46 cm (18. ... This article is about a battleship as a type of warship. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The fourth USS Lexington (CV-2), nicknamed the Gray Lady or Lady Lex, was the second aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. ... The fifth USS Saratoga (CV-3) was the second aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Montana class battleships of the United States Navy were proposed successors to the Iowa class, being slower, but larger, better armoured, and carrying more guns. ... The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS for short) is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every ship ever used by the United States Navy. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS for short) is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every ship ever used by the United States Navy. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... See also Hawker Siddeley Harrier The Harrier II is a second generation, vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) light_attack jet aircraft used by the United States Marine Corps, Royal Air Force, Spanish Armada and Italian navy. ... General Accounting Office headquarters, Washington, D.C. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is the non-partisan audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress, and an agency in the Legislative Branch of the United States Government. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS for short) is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every ship ever used by the United States Navy. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS for short) is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every ship ever used by the United States Navy. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS for short) is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every ship ever used by the United States Navy. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS for short) is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every ship ever used by the United States Navy. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS for short) is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every ship ever used by the United States Navy. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The first South Dakota class was authorized 4 March 1917, and keels were laid down in 1920 for six ships. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ... 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Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the day. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the institution. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... National Air and Space Museum exterior The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States, and is the most popular of the Smithsonian museums. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Contents

History

Birth of the Iowa class

Service history

The ships

Armament

Main battery

Secondary battery

Anti-aircraft batteries

Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft guns

Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns

Phalanx CIWS

Missiles

Tomahawk land attack missile

Harpoon anti-ship missile

Armor

Aircraft

Kingfisher

Seahawk

Helicopters

Mastiff

Pioneer

Engineering plant

Electricity

Radar & electronic warfare systems

Radar

Electronic warfare

Reactivation potential

Popular culture

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Contents

History var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Birth of the Iowa class

Service history

The ships

Armament

Main battery

Secondary battery

Anti-aircraft batteries

Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft guns

Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns

Phalanx CIWS

Missiles

Tomahawk land attack missile

Harpoon anti-ship missile

Armor

Aircraft

Kingfisher

Seahawk

Helicopters

Mastiff

Pioneer

Engineering plant

Electricity

Radar & electronic warfare systems

Radar

Electronic warfare

Reactivation potential

Popular culture

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

History