Iris
Iris of Costa Rica, Elevation 9000 ft.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Iridaceae Genus: Iris L.
Species
See text Image File history File linksMetadata Mountain_iris. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... It has been suggested that Angiospermae, and Anthophyta be merged into this article or section. ... Hemerocallis flower, with three flower parts in each whorl Wheat, an economically important monocot The monocotyledons or Monocots are a group of flowering plants, (angiosperms) dominating great parts of the earth. ... Families according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Agapanthus Agavaceae Alliaceae Amaryllidaceae Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae Asphodelaceae Asteliaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Doryanthaceae Hemerocallidaceae Hyacinthaceae Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Ixioliriaceae Lanariaceae Laxmanniaceae Orchidaceae Ruscaceae Tecophilaeaceae Themidaceae Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Asparagales is an order of monocots which includes a number of families of non-woody plants. ... Genera Many, see text Iridaceae is a family of plants in Order Asparagales, taking its name from the Irises. ... Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...

Iris is a genus of between 200-300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also very widely used as a common name and refers to all Iris species as well as some closely related genera. It is the state flower of Tennessee. For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Angiospermae, and Anthophyta be merged into this article or section. ... A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ... Full featured double rainbow in Wrangell-St. ...

Description

The genus is widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone. Their habitats are considerably varied, ranging from cold regions into the grassy slopes, meadowlands, stream banks and deserts of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa, Asia and across North America. World map showing the location of Europe. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

They are perennial herbs, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises), or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect, flowering stems, which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3-10 basal, sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species have cylindrical basal leaves. Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... Herbs: basil Herbs (IPA: hə()b, or əb; see pronunciation differences) are plants grown for any purpose other than food, wood or beauty. ... Ginger rhizome A rhizome is, in botany, a usually underground, horizontal stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. ... Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf petiole and new stem rising from node. ... “Foliage” redirects here. ...

The inflorescences are fan-shaped and contain one or more symmetrical, six-lobed, slightly fragrant flowers. These grow on a pedicel or lack a footstalk. The three sepals are spreading or droop downwards. They expand from their narrow base into a broader limb (= expanded portion), often adorned with lines or dots. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards. The sepals and the petals differ from each other. They are united at their base into a floral tube, that lies above the ovary. The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches (see pollination, below). Red clover inflorescence (spike) An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ... A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ... Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ... It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ... Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. ... A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ...

The iris flower is of special interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing the perianth for nectar, will first come in contact of perianth, three with the stigmatic stamens in one whorl surface which is borne and an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorl under side of the stamens, which is beneath the over-arching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma, while in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower, will in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma, while in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower. A flower-fly pollinating a Common Daisy (Bellis perennis) Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). ... {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Insects | fossil_range = Carboniferous - Recent | image = European honey bee extracts nectar. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... The perianth is the outer envelope of a flower. ...

Classification and taxonomy

Iris pseudacorus

Rhizomes of ornamental irises

Up to 300 species have been placed in the genus Iris. Modern classifications, starting with W. R. Dykes' 1913 book, have subdivided them. Dykes referred to the major subgroupings as sections, but later authors have generally called them subgenera, while essentially retaining his groupings. Like some older sources, the influential classification by G. I. Rodionenko removed some groups (particularly the bulbous irises) to separate genera, but even if this is done the genus remains large and several subgenera, sections and/or subsections are recognised within it. Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 736 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 736 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 580 pixel Image in higher resolution (2040 × 1479 pixel, file size: 724 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Copyright © 2006 David Monniaux File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 580 pixel Image in higher resolution (2040 × 1479 pixel, file size: 724 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Copyright © 2006 David Monniaux File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not...

There are six subgenera, of which five are restricted to the Old World, and the sixth (subgenus Limniris) with a Holarctic distribution; the two largest subgenera are further divided into sections. The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus; it includes Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia), plus surrounding islands. ... The Holarctic is a term used by zoologists to define the ecozone covering much of Eurasia and North America, which have often been connected by the Bering land bridge. ...

Iris subgenus Iris

bearded irises, growing from rhizomes.

• Iris subgenus Iris sect. Iris
  • Iris albertii Regel
  • Iris albicans Lange
  • Iris aphylla L. – Stool Iris
  • Iris attica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek
  • Iris cypriana Foster & Baker
  • Iris germanica L. – German Iris
  • Iris imbricata Lindl.
  • Iris lutescens Lam. – Crimean Iris
  • Iris marsica I.Ricci & Colas.
  • Iris mesopotamica – Mesopotamian Iris
  • Iris pallida Lam. – Sweet Iris
  • Iris pumila L.
  • Iris reichenbachii Heuff.
  • Iris sambucina L.
  • Iris scariosa Willd. ex Link
  • Iris schachtii Markgr.
  • Iris suaveolens Boiss. & Reut.
  • Iris subbiflora Brot.
  • Iris taochia Woronow ex Grossh.
  • Iris variegata L. – Hungarian Iris
• Iris subgenus Iris sect. Oncocyclus
  • Iris acutiloba C.A.Mey.
  • Iris assadiana Chaudhary, Kirkw. & C. Weymolauth
  • Iris atrofusca Bak.
  • Iris atropurpurea Bak.
  • Iris barnumae Bak. & Fost.
  • Iris bismarckiana Reg.
  • Iris camillae Grossh.
  • Iris gatesii Foster
  • Iris haynei (Bak.) Mallet.
  • Iris iberica Hoffm.
  • Iris loretii Barbey.
  • Iris mariae Barbey.
  • Iris meda Stapf
  • Iris paradoxa Steven
  • Iris petrana Dinsm.
  • Iris sari Schott ex Bak.
  • Iris sofarana Fost.
  • Iris susiana L. – Mourning Iris
• Iris subgenus Iris sect. Psammiris
  • Iris bloudowii Ledeb.
  • Iris humilis Georgi
• Iris subgenus Iris sect. Hexapogon
  • Iris falcifolia Bunge
  • Iris longiscapa Ledeb.
• Iris subgenus Iris sect. Pseudoregelia
  • Iris goniocarpa Bak.
  • Iris hookeriana Fost.
  • Iris kamaonensis Wall.
  • Iris tigrida Bunge ex Ledeb.
• Iris subgenus Iris sect. Regelia
  • Iris hoogiana Dykes
  • Iris korolkowii Regel
  • Iris stolonifera Maxim.

Iris subgenus Limniris

beardless irises, growing from rhizomes.

• Iris subgenus Limniris sect. Limniris
  • Iris bracteata S.Wats. – Siskiyou Iris
  • Iris brevicaulis Raf. – Zigzag Iris
  • Iris bulleyana Dykes
  • Iris caespitosa Pall. & Link
  • Iris chrysographes Dykes
  • Iris chrysophylla T.J.Howell – Yellowleaf Iris
  • Iris clarkei Bak.
  • Iris crocea Jacquem. ex R.C.Foster
  • Iris delavayi Micheli
  • Iris douglasiana Herbert – Douglas Iris
  • Iris ensata Thunb. – Russian Iris
  • Iris fernaldii R.C.Foster – Fernald's Iris
  • Iris foetidissima L. – Stinking Iris
  • Iris forrestii Dykes
  • Iris fulva Ker-Gawl. – Copper Iris
  • Iris giganticaerulea Small – Giant Blue Iris
  • Iris graminea L.
  • Iris grant-duffii Bak.
  • Iris hartwegii Baker – Hartweg's Iris
  • Iris hexagona Walt. – Dixie Iris
  • Iris innominata Henderson – Del Norte Iris
  • Iris kerneriana Asch. & Sint.
  • Iris koreana Nakai
  • Iris lactea Pall.
  • Iris laevigata Fisch. – Rabbitear Iris
  • Iris lazica Albov
  • Iris loczyi Kanitz
  • Iris longipetala Herb.
  • Iris lorea Jank.
  • Iris macrosiphon Torr. – Bowltube Iris
  • Iris missouriensis Nutt. – Rocky Mountain Iris
  • Iris monnieri DC.
  • Iris munzii R.C. Foster – Munz's Iris
  • Iris nelsonii Randolph – Abbeville iris
  • Iris orientalis Mill. – Yellowband Iris
  • Iris pontica Zapal.
  • Iris prismatica Pursh ex Ker-Gawl. – Slender Blue Flag
  • Iris pseudacorus L. – Yellow Iris
  • Iris purdyi Eastw. – Purdy's Iris
  • Iris ruthenica Ker-Gawl.
  • Iris sanguinea Hornem. ex Donn – Japanese Iris - ja:アヤメ
  • Iris setosa Pallas ex Link – Beachhead Iris
  • Iris sibirica L. – Siberian Iris
  • Iris sintenisii Janka
  • Iris spuria L. – Seashore Iris
  • Iris tenax Dougl. ex Lindl. – Toughleaf Iris
  • Iris tenuifolia Pall.
  • Iris tenuissima Dykes – Longtube Iris
  • Iris tridentata Pursh – Savanna Iris
  • Iris unguicularis Poir.
  • Iris verna L. – Dwarf Violet Iris
  • Iris versicolor L. – Larger Blue Flag
  • Iris virginica L. – Virginia Iris
  • Iris wilsonii C.H.Wright
• Iris subgenus Limniris sect. Lophiris
  • Iris confusa Sealy
  • Iris cristata Ait. – Crested Iris
  • Iris gracilipes A.Gray
  • Iris japonica Thunb.
  • Iris lacustris Nutt. – Dwarf Lake Iris
  • Iris milesii Foster
  • Iris tectorum Maxim. – Wall Iris
  • Iris tenuis S.Wats. – Clackamas Iris
  • Iris wattii Baker ex Hook.f.

Iris subgenus Xiphium (syn. genus Xiphion), a group of bulbous irises.

• Iris subgenus Xiphium sect. Xiphium
  • Iris boissieri Henriq
  • Iris filifolia Boiss.
  • Iris juncea Poir.
  • Iris latifolia Mill.
  • Iris serotina Willk. in Willk. & Lange
  • Iris tingitana Boiss. & Reut. – Morocco Iris
  • Iris xiphium L. – Spanish Iris. or Dutch Iris

Iris subgenus Nepalensis (syn. genus Junopsis); also bulbous.

• Iris subgenus Nepalensis sect. Nepalensis
  • Iris collettii Hook.
  • Iris decora Wall.

Iris subgenus Scorpiris (syn. genus Juno); also bulbous.

• Iris subgenus Scorpiris sect. Scorpiris
  • Iris albomarginata R.C.Foster
  • Iris aucheri (Baker) Sealy
  • Iris bucharica Foster
  • Iris caucasica Hoffm.
  • Iris cycloglossa Wendelbo
  • Iris fosteriana Aitch. & Baker
  • Iris graeberiana Tubergen ex Sealy
  • Iris magnifica Vved.
  • Iris palaestina (Bak.) Boiss.
  • Iris persica L.
  • Iris planifolia (Mill.) Fiori & Paol.
  • Iris pseudocaucasica Grossh.
  • Iris regis-uzziae Feinbrun
  • Iris rosenbachiana Reg.
  • Iris vicaria Vved.

Iris subgenus Hermodactyloides (syn. genus Iridodictyum); also bulbous.

• Iris subgenus Hermodactyloides sect. Hermodactyloides
  • Iris bakeriana Foster
  • Iris danfordiae (Baker) Boiss.
  • Iris histrio Rchb.f.
  • Iris histrioides (G.F.Wilson) S.Arn.
  • Iris reticulata Bieb.
  • Iris vartanii Fost.
  • Iris winogradowii Fomin

Some authors regard the Snake's Head Iris as lying outside genus Iris, and classify it as Hermodactylus tuberosus. Binomial name Iris albertii Regel Iris albertii is a species of iris found in Russia and Central Asia. ... Binomial name Iris albicans Lange Iris albicans, also known as the Cemetery Iris, White Cemetery Iris, or the White Flag Iris, is a species of iris which was planted on graves in Muslem regions and grows in many countries throughout the Middle East and northern Africa. ... Series see text Subgenus Limniris is one subgenus of beardless irises, which dont have hair on their drooping sepals, also called their falls. ... Black Iris (Iris chrysographes) is a plant species that belongs to the genus Iris. ... Binomial name Iris chrysophylla T.J. Howell The Yellowleaf iris, Iris chrysophylla, is a wildflower which ranges from midwestern and southern Oregon west of the Cascades and south to the crest of the Siskiyou Mountains in northern California. ... Binomial name Iris douglasiana The Douglas Iris, Iris douglasiana, is a common and attractive wildflower of the coastal regions of Northern and Central California and southern Oregon. ... Binomial name Iris giganticaerulea Small Iris giganticaerulea (Giant Blue Iris or Giant Blue Flag) is a species of iris native to Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi in the United States. ... Binomial name Iris innominata L. F. Henderson Iris innominata is a woodland iris. ... Binomial name Iris macrosiphon Torrey Iris macrosiphon is a flowering plant of the iris family that occurs in sunny grasslands, meadows, and open woodlands. ... Binomial name Iris pseudacorus L. The iris bearing the Latin name Iris pseudacorus is known by the common names yellow iris, yellow flag, and bastard fleur de lys. ... Binomial name Iris sibirica L. Iris sibirica, the Siberian Iris, is a flowering plant in the genus Iris, native to eastern and central Europe and northern Asia. ... Binomial name Iris sibirica L. Iris sibirica, the Siberian Iris, is a flowering plant in the genus Iris, native to eastern and central Europe and northern Asia. ... Binomial name Iris versicolor L. Iris versicolor, also commonly known as the Harlequin Blueflag the Blue Flag Iris and other varitations of those names, is a species of Iris native to North America where it is common in sedge meadows, marshes, and along streambanks and shores. ... Iris cristata is of the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris. ... Binomial name Iris lacustris Nutt. ... Binomial name Iris lacustris Nutt. ... Binomial name Iris latifolia Mill. ... I. Xiphium (The Spanish Iris) This species as the common name implies, is a native of Spain. ...

Cultivation

Irises are extensively grown as ornamental plants in gardens. The most commonly found garden iris is the bearded German Iris and its numerous cultivars. Various wild forms and naturally occurring hybrids of Iris pallida and I. variegata form the basis of most all modern hybrid bearded iris. Median forms of bearded iris [intermediate bearded (IB), miniature tall bearded (MTB), etc] are derived from crosses between tall and dwarf varieties. Other iris types commonly found in garden are I. siberica and its hybrids (Siberian irises) and I. ensata and its hybrids (Japanese irises). An ornamental plant is a plant that is grown for its ornamental qualities, rather than for its commercial or other value. ... A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

The bearded irises are easy to cultivate and propagate, and have become very popular in gardens. They grow in any good free garden soil, the smaller and more delicate species needing only the aid of turf ingredients, either peat or loam, to keep it light and open in texture. The earliest to bloom are the dwarf forms of Iris pumila, which blossom during March, April and May; and during the latter month and the following one most of the larger growing 'tall bearded' varieties, such as I. germanica, florentina, pallida, variegata, amoena, flavescens, sambucina, neglecta, ruthenica and their modern hybrids.

It should be noted that a true red standard, tall bearded Iris remains an unattained goal of frequent hybridizing and selection. There are species and selections thereof, most notably, Iris fulva, which has a relatively pure red color. However, getting this color into a modern Iris breed has proven very difficult, and thus, the vast majority of Irises are in the purpleblue range of the color spectrum.

The section Iris subgen. Iris sect. Oncocyclus contains the cushion or royal irises, a group of plants noted for their large, strongly marked flowers. Between 30 and 60 species are classified in this section, depending on the authority. Compared with other irises the cushion varieties are scantily furnished with narrow sickle shaped leaves and the flowers are usually borne singly on the stalks. The closely allied Iris subgenus Iris sect. Regelia, includes several garden hybrids with species in sect. Oncocyclus, known as "Regelio-cyclus" irises. They are best planted in September or October in warm sunny positions, the rhizomes being lifted the following July after the leaves have withered.

Iris unguicularis (syn. I. stylosa) is a late winter flowering species from Algeria, with sky-blue flowers blotched with yellow, produced (in the Northern Hemisphere) from November to March or April.

Many other smaller species of bulbous iris, being liable to perish from excess of moisture, should have a well-drained bed of good but porous soil made up for them, in some sunny spot, and in winter should be protected by a covering of half-decayed leaves or fresh coco-fibre refuse. To this set belong I. milifolia, I. junonia, I. danfordiae, I. reichenbachii and others which flower as early as February and March.

The cushion irises are somewhat fastidious growers, and to be successful with them they must be planted rather shallow in very gritty well-drained soil. They should not be disturbed in the autumn, and after the leaves have withered the roots should be protected from heavy rains until growth starts again naturally.

Presby Memorial Iris Gardens in New Jersey is a living iris museum with over 10.000 plants. Presby Memorial Iris Gardens (6. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ...

Uses

Rhizomes of the bearded iris are the source of orris root and are used in perfume and medicine, though more common in ancient times than today. Today Iris essential oil (absolute) from flowers are sometimes used in Aromatherapy as sedative medicines. The dried rhizomes are also given whole to babies to help in teething. Magellan Gin uses iris root and flower, for flavor and color.[1] Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell. ... An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ... Similar to essential oils, absolutes are concentrated, highly-aromatic, oily mixtures extracted from plants. ... A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ... Aromatherapy, commonly associated with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), is the use of volatile liquid plant materials, known as essential oils (EOs), and other aromatic compounds from plants for the purpose of affecting a persons mood or health. ...

Iris rhizomes contain terpenes, organic acids (miristic acid, undecilene acid, tridecilic acid), glycosides iridin, and the leaves contain ascorbic acid. Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons, produced by many plants, particularly conifers. ... An organic acid is an organic compound that is an acid. ... A glycoside is a molecule where a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to a nonsugar group by either an oxygen or a nitrogen atom. ... This article deals with the molecular aspects of ascorbic acid. ...

Perfumery

Iris rhizomes are harvested, dried, and aged for up to 5 years. In this time, the fats and oils inside the roots undergo degradation and oxidation, which produces many fragrant compounds that are invaluable in perfumery. The scent is said to be similar to violets. The aged rhizomes are steamed distilled which produces a thick oily compound, known in the perfume industry as iris butter. The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed...

Art

The Artist George Gessert has specialised in breeding Irises.[2] George Gessert is one of the best-known artists in the contemporary art movement known as bio-art. ...

The Artist Vincent van Gogh has painted several famous pictures of irises. [3] Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch pronunciation: ) (March 30, 1853 – July 29, 1890 ) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist artist. ...

The Artist Philip Hermogenes Calderon painted an iris in Broken Vows - 1856. He followed the principles of an artistic group calling themselves the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. An ancient legacy of the iris is the belief that it served as a warning to be heeded; as it was named for the messenger of Olympus. It also conveys images of lost love and silent grief for young girls were led into the afterlife by Iris. Broken Vows was accompanied with poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow when it was first exhibited. Broken Vows, 1857 Philip Hermogenes Calderon (May 3, 1833 – April 30, 1898) was a British painter of French birth and Spanish ancestry who initially worked in the Pre-Raphaelite style before moving towards historical genre. ...

Symbolism

• The fleur-de-lis, a stylized iris, descends from the white iris which is native to Florence, Italy and which grew even in its city walls. This white iris, displayed against a red background, became the symbol of Florence until the Medici family, to signal a change in political power, reversed the colors making the white one red and setting in motion a centuries-long breeding program to hybridize a red iris. Catherine de Medici carried this symbol of Florence to Paris when she married the king of France where this most famous of irises acquired its moniker, fleur-de-lis. Contemporary uses can seen in the Quebec flag and the logo of the New Orleans Saints professional football team. The iris has been associated with France as Louis XII adopted it as a symbol in the 12th Century. Furthermore it is also the almost universal symbol of Scouting.^{[citation needed]}

Fleurs-de-lys on the flag of Quebec The fleur-de-lis (also spelled fleur-de-lys; plural fleurs-de-lis or -lys) is used in heraldry, where it is particularly associated with the France monarchy (see King of France). ... Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² - Water... City New Orleans, Louisiana Team colors Old Gold, Black, and White Head Coach Sean Payton Owner Tom Benson General manager Mickey Loomis Mascot Gumbo the dog League/Conference affiliations National Football League (1967–present) Eastern Conference (1967-1969) Capitol Division (1967; 1969) Century Division (1968) National Football Conference (1970-present... Louis XII Louis XII the Father of the People (French: Louis XII le Père du Peuple) (June 27, 1462 - January 1, 1515) was King of France from 1498-January 1, 1515. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth movement with the stated aim of supporting young people in their physical, mental and spiritual development, so that they may play constructive roles in society. ...

References and external links

• Kew Checklist: Iris
• Dykes, W. R. (1913). The genus Iris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Rodionenko, G. I. (1961). The genus Iris L.. Moscow and Leningrad.
• Species Group of the British Iris Society (1996) - A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation; Cambridge University Press; ISBN 0-521-44074-2 (a comprehensive, up-to-date survey of Iris)
• Flora of North America: Iris
• Flora of China: Iris
• Flora of Pakistan: Iris
• Flora of Nepal: Iris
• A web site devoted to Irises, by David Payne-Joyce; includes plates from Dykes (1913).
• The American Iris Society
• Iris taxonomy in GBIF Biodiversity Data Portal
• Historic Iris Preservation Society

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Iris

• Iris listings at Wild Flowers of Israel
• Mancoff, Debra N. Flora Symbolica: Flowers in Pre-Raphaelite Art; Pages 6, 16. Prestel Publishing, New York; 2003. ISBN 3-7913-2851-4.
• Bearded Iris colors
• Iris in Art and Culture
• Gouvernement du Québec Emblèmes du Québec - Iris versicolor (french)

A purple bearded iris Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Iris File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...	The blue flag iris is the provincial flower of Québec (Iris versicolor) This was labelled a flag iris in the GIMP photo library, but Im not sure that the species is correct. ... During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ...	Another Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor) Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor) Downloaded from :[[1]] Credits : National Park Service - Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor) (John Mitchell) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...	A modern hybrid bearded iris Sweet Iris (Iris pallida) Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : Agricultural Research Service - Photo by Keith Weller. ...
Dwarf Lake Iris (Iris lacustris) Dwarf Lake Iris (Iris lacustris) Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE DIVISION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...	Iris japonica from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1797 Download high resolution version (829x1469, 255 KB)Iris japonica Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : USDA - from Curtiss Botanical Magazine 1797 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...	Iris germanica Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	Iris germanica var. florentina Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Iris pallida Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	Iris Hybr. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 × 3008 pixel, file size: 3. ...	Iris Hybr. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 × 3008 pixel, file size: 3. ...	Purple Iris Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2448 × 3264 pixel, file size: 3. ...