NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Irish Parliamentary Party

The Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) (commonly called the Irish Party) was formed in 1882 by Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at Westminster within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland up until 1918. Its central objectives were legislative independence for Ireland and land reform. It was instrumental in laying the groundwork for Irish self-government through three Home Rule bills. Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... Charles Stewart Parnell, the uncrowned King of Ireland Charles Stewart Parnell[1] (27 June 1846 â€“ 6 October 1891) was an Irish political leader and one of the most important figures in 19th century Ireland and the United Kingdom; William Ewart Gladstone described him as the most remarkable person he had... The Nationalist Party, an Irish political party, existed under various forms from 1874 to 1978. ... The Home Rule League, sometimes called the Home Rule Party, was a nineteenth and early twentieth century Irish political party which campaigned for home rule for the island of Ireland. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district to a parliament; in the Westminster system, specifically to the lower house. ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ... Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital London Language(s) English Gaelic Welsh (Wales) Scottish Gaelic (parts of Scotland) Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch - 1801â€“1820 George III - 1920â€“1922... Devolution or home rule is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a state to government at national, regional or local level. ...

Severing the union

The IPP evolved out of the Home Government Association founded by Isaac Butt after he defected from the Irish Conservative Party in 1870, to gain a limited form of freedom from Britain in order to protect and control Irish domestic affairs in the interest of the Protestant landlord class, after William E. Gladstone and his Liberal Party came to power in 1868 under his slogan Justice for Ireland, when Irish Liberals gained 65 of the 105 Irish seats at Westminster. Gladstone said his mission was to pacify Ireland and began with the disestablishment of the Protestant Church of Ireland and introducing his first land bill which led to the First Irish Land Act 1870, implementing limited tenant rights , thereby infringing on the powers of the Irish landlords to indiscriminately evict tenant farmers. At first the Catholic hierarchy supported Gladstone supervising Irish affairs, hoping to gain financial aid for a Catholic University. But his educational programme of 1873 did not provide for a denominational university. The Home Government Association was a pressure group founded by Issac Butt in 1870 in support of home rule for Ireland. ... Isaac Butt (September 6, 1813 - May 5, 1879) was the founder and first leader of a number of parties and organisations, including the Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society in 1836, the Home Government Association in 1870 and in 1874 the Home Rule League, subsequently known as the Irish Parliamentary Party. ... The Irish Conservative Party, often called the Irish Tories, was one of the dominant Irish political parties in Ireland in the 19th century. ... William Ewart Gladstone (December 29, 1809 - May 19, 1898) was a British Liberal politician and Prime Minister (1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886 and 1892-1894). ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... Nations with state religions: Buddhism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Roman Catholic Church A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state. ... Church of Ireland The Church of Ireland (Irish: Eaglais na hÃ‰ireann) is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ... // The Irish Question British Prime Minister William Gladstone had taken up the Irish Question in part to win the general election of 1868 by uniting the Liberal Party behind this single issue. ...

The Home Government Association adopted educational issues and land reform into its programme, the hierarchy then favouring a Dublin based parliament. The increasing Catholic numbers within the association frightened off its Protestant, landlord element. The association was dissolved and Butt replaced it by the Home Rule League. Gladstone unexpectedly called a new election in 1874, which helped bring the League to the foreground. Since 1872 the Secret Ballots Act had been introduced, so that voting was to be done secretly for the first time from then on. The League put denominational education, land reform and release of political prisoners at the centre of the movement. It had difficulty finding reliable candidates to support its Home Rule issue, though succeeded in winning fifty-nine Irish seats, many with ex-Liberals. The Home Rule League, sometimes called the Home Rule Party, was a nineteenth and early twentieth century Irish political party which campaigned for home rule for the island of Ireland. ... The Ballot Act 1872 required British Parlamentary elections use the secret ballot. ...

Party inaugurated

After the election they assembled in Dublin and organised themselves into a separate Irish parliamentary party in the Commons. The political outlook appeared encouraging at first, but the party displayed no initiative to achieve anything, the Liberals and Gladstone having lost the election. Butt displayed lack of leadership, did not commit his party to anything. He made some excellent speeches but failed to persuade any of the major parties to support bills beneficial to Ireland, nothing worthwhile reaching the statute books.

A minor group of twenty Irish members, the genuine "Home-Rulers" adopted the method of parliamentary "obstructionism" to snap Westminster out of its complacency towards Ireland by proposing amendments to almost every bill and making lengthy overnight speeches. This did not bring Home Rule closer but helped to revitalise the Irish party. Butt consider obstructionism a threat to democracy, its greatest benefit undoubtedly that it helped bring Charles Stewart Parnell to the fore of the political scene when in 1876 he joined the obstructionists. An internal struggle began between Butt’s majority and Parnell’s minority leading to a rift in the party, Parnell determined to obtain control of the Home Rule League. Obstructionism or policy of obstruction denotes the deliberate interference with the progress of a legislation by various means such as filibustering or slow walking which may depend on the respective parliamentary procedures. ...

Land-war mainspring

Parnell first worked successfully to have Fenians who missed out on Gladstone’s earlier amnesty freed, including Michael Davitt , who was very impressed by Parnell. After his release in 1877 Davitt travelled to America to meet John Devoy, the leading Irish-American Fenian and raise funds. On his return he founded in October 1879 the Irish National Land League to which Parnell was elected president, but did not control it, favouring mass meetings to Fenian militancy. Isaac Butt died of strain later that year and Parnell held back in grabbing control of the party. Instead he too travelled to America with John Dillon on a fund raising mission for political purposes and to relieve distress in Ireland after a world economic depression slumped the sale of agricultural produce. The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was a secret fraternal organisation dedicated to fomenting armed revolt against the British state in Ireland in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. ... Michael Davitt c. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... John Devoy (1842-1928, was born near Kill, County Kildare. ... The Irish painter Henry Jones Thaddeus enlisted the conscience of the propertied classes with the sentimental realism of La retour du bracconier (The Wounded Poacher), exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1881, at the height of the Irish Land War The Irish Land League was an Irish political organization of... John Dillon (September 4, 1851 - August 4, 1927) was an Irish nationalist politician. ...

At the general election of April 1880, sixty-four Home Rulers were elected, twenty-seven Parnell supporters, facilitating in May his nomination as leader of a divided Home Rule Party and of a country on the brink of a land war. He immediately understood that supporting land agitation was a means to achieving his objective of self-government. The Conservatives under Disraeli had been defeated in the election and Gladstone was again Prime Minister. He attempted to defuse the land question with Balfour’s dual ownership Second Land Act of 1881 which failed to eliminate tenant evictions. Parnell and his party lieutenants, William O'Brien, John Dillon, Michael Davitt, Willie Redmond, went into a bitter verbal offensive and were imprisoned for "sabotaging the Land Act", from where the No-Rent Manifesto was issued calling for a national tenant farmer rent strike which was partially followed. Although the League discouraged violence, agrarian crimes increased widely. In the UK general election of 1880, also known as the Midlothian Campaign, the Liberals, led by the fierce oratory of retired former Liberal leader William Gladstone in attacking the supposedly immoral foreign policy of the Beaconsfield government, secured one of their largest ever majorities, leaving the Conservatives a distant... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 24, 1881) was a British Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and author. ... Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848 â€“ 19 March 1930) was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1905. ... // The Irish Question British Prime Minister William Gladstone had taken up the Irish Question in part to win the general election of 1868 by uniting the Liberal Party behind this single issue. ... William OBrien (2 October 1852â€“25 February 1928) was an Irish journalist, writer and politician, particularly associated with campaigns for land reform in Ireland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Major William Hoey Kearney Redmond (1861â€“9 June 1917) (commonly known as Willie Redmond) was an Irish Parliamentary Party and First World War fatality. ...

Image File history File links Parnellsitting. ... Image File history File links Parnellsitting. ... Charles Stewart Parnell, the uncrowned King of Ireland Charles Stewart Parnell[1] (27 June 1846 â€“ 6 October 1891) was an Irish political leader and one of the most important figures in 19th century Ireland and the United Kingdom; William Ewart Gladstone described him as the most remarkable person he had...

Truce and treaty

In April 1882 Parnell moved to make a deal with the government, the settlement involved withdrawing the manifesto and undertaking to move against agrarian crime, seeing militancy would never win Home Rule. The so-called Kilmainham Treaty, a truce not dissimilar to truces to follow, marked a critical turning point in Parnell’s leadership, though it resulted in losing the support of Devoy’s American-Irish. However, his political diplomacy preserved the national Home Rule movement after the Phoenix Park murders in May of the Chief Secretary for Ireland and his Under Secretary. For the next twenty years Fenians and physical-force militancy ceased to play a role in Irish politics. The Kilmainham Treaty was an agreement between the British government under William Ewart Gladstone and the Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell. ... The Chief Secretary was the most important position for determining British policy in Ireland after the Lord Lieutenant, and was frequently a cabinet level position in the 19th and early twentieth centuries. ...

With the Land League suppressed and internally fracturing, Parnell resurrected it in October as the Irish National League (INL). It combined moderate agrarianism, a Home Rule programme with electoral functions, was hierarchical and autocratic in structure with Parnell wielding immense authority and direct parliamentary control. Parliamentary constitutionalism was the future path. The informal alliance between the new, tightly disciplined National League and the Catholic Church was one of the main factors for the revitalisation of the national Home Rule cause after 1882. Parnell saw that the explicit endorsement of Catholicism was of vital importance to the success of this venture. At the end of 1882 the organisation already had 232 branches, in 1885 increased to 592 branches. He left the day-to-day running of the League in the hands of his lieutenants Timothy Harrington as Secretary, William O’Brien editor of its newspaper United Ireland and Timothy Healy. The National League was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ... Timothy Charles Harrington (1851 â€“ 12 March 1910 was an Irish Member of Parliament in the UK House of Commons. ... Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855–26 March 1931) was one of the most brilliant and most controversial of Irish politicians, with a career that spanned the period from Charles Stewart Parnells leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party in the 1880s to the foundation of the Irish...

Parnellism reigns

The result of these reforms and reorganisation were fully reflected in the first general election of November–December 1885 with extended suffrage under the 1884 Reform Act increasing the number of Irishmen, many small farmers, who had a right to vote from 220,000 to 500,000. The election increased the total Irish Party representation from sixty three to eighty-five seats, which included seventeen in Ulster. In January 1886 the INL had developed to 1,262 branches and could claim to contain the vast body of Irish Catholic public sentiment. It acted not merely as an electoral committee for the Irish Party, but as local law-giver, unofficial parliament, government, police and supreme court. Parnell’s personal authority in the organisation was enormous The INL was a formidable political machine built in the traditional political culture of rural Ireland. It was an alliance of tenant-farmers, shopkeepers and publicans. No one could stand against it. The 1885 UK general election was from the 24th November - 18th December 1885. ... In the United Kingdom, The Representation of the People Act of 1884 (48 Vict. ...

Unusually, the party even secured a seat in the English city of Liverpool, where T.P. O'Connor won the Liverpool Scotland seat in 1885 and retained it in every election until his death in 1929 - even after the demise of the actual party (O'Connor being returned unopposed in the elections of 1918, 1922, 1923, 1924, and 1929). Liverpool skyline. ... Thomas Power OConnor (always known as T.P. OConnor or Tay Pay) (5 October 1848 - 18 November 1929) was a journalist and an Irish nationalist political figure. ... Liverpool Scotland was a constituency within the city of Liverpool in England, centred around Scotland Road. ...

Parnell’s new Irish Parliamentary Party emerged swiftly as a tightly disciplined, and on the whole, energetic body of parliamentarians with strict rules. The inauguration of the ‘party pledge’ in 1884 decisively reinforced that each member was required to sit, act and vote with the party, one of the first instances of a whip (Richard Power) in western politics. The members were also paid stipends, or expense allowances from party funds, which helped both to increase parliamentary turnout and enabled middle-class members such as William O’Brien or later D.D. Sheehan attend parliament, long before other MPs first received state pay in 1911. The profiles of the 105 Irish MPs. had changed considerably since 1868 when 69% were landlords or landlords’ sons, reduced to 47% by 1874. Those with professional background increased from 10% to 23% in the same period, by the early 1890s professionals exceeding 50%. In politics, a whip is a member of a political party in a legislature whose task is to ensure that members of the party attend and vote as the party leadership desires. ... Richard Power (1851â€“November 29, 1891) was an Irish Nationalist politician who was a major supporter of Charles Stewart Parnell during the Kitty OShea affair. ... Daniel Desmond Sheehan, usually known as D.D. Sheehan (28 May 1873 â€“ 28 November 1948) was an Irish journalist, labour leader, barrister, and author. ...

Home Rule delayed

Now at his height Parnell pressed Gladstone to resolve the Irish Question with Home Rule, but the Liberals were divided. Parnell then sided with the Conservatives, bringing down Gladstone’s government. Both parties now courted Parnell. In the 1885 election Parnell’s Home Rulers had 86 seats, the 335 seats for the Liberals robbing him of his bargaining position with the Conservatives who only achieved 249 seats. Gladstone by now converted to granting Home Rule, on introducing the first Home Rule Bill 1886 and after a long and fierce debate, made a remarkable Home Rule Speech, beseeching parliament to pass the bill which was however defeated by 341 to 311 votes. Irelands first Home Rule Bill was introduced on 8 April 1886 by William Gladstone. ...

Since 1882 Parnell’s successful drive for Home Rule created great anxiety amongst Protestants and Unionists north and south alike, fearing Catholic intolerance from a nationalist parliament in Dublin under their control. It resulted in the revival of the Orange Order to resist Home Rule and the forming of an Ulster Unionist Party. With the Conservatives playing the "Ulster card" and sections of the Liberal faction voting against the bill, Gladstone hinted that eventually a separate solution for Ulster might need to be sought. His observation echoed far into the next century. With the defeat of his bill he dissolved parliament and called an election for July 1886, the result swinging in the other direction, Conservatives and Liberal Unionists between them winning a clear majority. In the context of Irish politics, Unionists are people in Northern Ireland, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union 1800, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which Northern Ireland, created in that latter Act, remains part of the United Kingdom of Great... The Orange Order is a Protestant fraternal organisation largely based in the province of Northern Ireland and in western Scotland but which has a worldwide membership. ... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party ) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland, which formed its government between 1921 and 1972 and was supported by most unionists throughout the Troubles. ...

The Irish Party retained 85 seats and, in the years up to 1889, centred itself around the formidable figure of Parnell who continued to pursue Home Rule, striving to reassure English voters that it would be of no threat to them. During this period the League was out of contact with him and primarily concerned with its own vested interests, keeping up local agitation to further the not fully resolved land question, and bringing Liberal voters to slowly increase their support for Home Rule.

Zenith eclipse

Parnell successfully exposed a devious Conservative intrigue to associate him and his party with crime and violence through forged "Pigott Papers" from which he was vindicated in February 1890. Gladstone invited Parnell to his house to discuss a renewed Home Rule bill. This was the high point of Parnell’s career. However, since 1880 he had had a family relationship with a separated woman Katherine O'Shea who bore him three children. Her divorce proceedings first came to court late in 1890, in which Parnell was named co-respondent. This was a political scandal for English Victorian society. Gladstone reacted by informing Parnell that if he were re-elected leader of the Irish Party, Home Rule would be withdrawn. Parnell did not disclose this to his party and was selected leader on 25 November. Richard Piggott (1838? - Madrid, 1889) was a journalist for The Times, well known for the Piggott forgeries. Piggott produced fake letters, which purported to indicate that Charles Stewart Parnell supported the Phoenix Park murders. ... Katherine OShea, also known as Katie OShea, Kitty OShea or following her second marriage Katherine Parnell (1845/1846â€“1921) was an English woman whose relationship over many years with Charles Stewart Parnell eventually caused his political downfall. ... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her Ascension to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British industrial revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

A special meeting of the party a week later lasted six days at the end of which 45 "anti-Parnellites" walked out, leaving him with 27 faithful followers, J. J. Clancy one of his key defenders. Both sides returned to Ireland to organise their supporters into two parties, the former Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond and John Dillon’s anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation (INF). By-elections in 1891 were fought with bitter venom by the INF anti-Parnellites, Dillon and Healy making extremely personal attacks on Parnell. The INF was also supported by the Catholic clergy who went to aggressive extremes to ensure that INF candidates were returned. John Joseph Clancy (July 15, 1847 â€“ November 25, 1928), usually known as J. J. Clancy, was Nationalist Member of Parliament (MP) for North County Dublin from 1885 to 1918 in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, one of the leaders of the later Irish Home Rule movement and promoter of... John Redmond, MP John Edward Redmond (September 1, 1856 â€“ March 6, 1918) was the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party from 1900 to 1918. ... The Irish National Federation was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ...

Parnell worked untiringly between Ireland and Britain making speeches for support which he actually got from the (IRB) Fenians who rallied to him. He was married in June 1891 to Mrs O’Shea. His health deteriorated seriously, dying in October in their Brighton home. His funeral in Dublin was attended by 200,000 people. In his speeches he was convinced of an Ireland completely separated from Britain, but was ambiguous, never committing himself nor distancing himself, from the use of physical-force.

Party divided

In the 1892 general elections that followed, Redmond’s Parnellites won a third of the votes but only nine seats, Dillon’s anti-Parnellites returned 72 MPs.. Gladstone aged 81 and the Liberals were again in power, the divided Home Rulers holding the balance of power. He brought in his promised second Home Rule Bill in 1893. It was master-handled through three readings of the Commons by William O’Brien and passed in September by 301 votes to 267, during which Unionist conventions called in Dublin and Belfast to oppose the bill, denounced the possibility of partition. A week later 419 peers in the Lords rejected it, only 41 supporting. Gladstone retired in 1894. The 1892 UK general election was held from 4th - 26th July 1892. ... In August 1892 William Gladstone was re-elected as Prime Minister and he depended on Home Rule MPs to form a majority. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ...

The Conservatives returned to power in the 1895 general election, remaining in office until 1905. During those years Home Rule was not on their agenda. Instead, with Arthur Balfour’s Constructive Unionism approach to settling the Irish Question they enacted many important reforms introduced by the Irish members, who on the other hand, made no effort to settle their party differences. This bred apathy amongst the Irish public towards politics, much needed financial contributions from America ebbing away. In this period of political disarray and disunity of purpose young Irish nationalists turned instead to the country’s’ new cultural and militant movements, enabling the Church to fill the political vacuum. The UK general election of 1895 was held from 13th July - 7th August 1895. ... Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848 â€“ 19 March 1930) was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1905. ...

The unresolved land reform situation was again the mainspring for renewed political activity. William O’Brien had withdrawn from parliament to Mayo and in 1898, driven by the plight of the farming community’s need for more land, formed together with Davitt a new land movement, the United Irish League (UIL). It quickly spread first in the west, the following year nation-wide like the old Land League and attracted members from all factions of the two split parties, O’Brien threatening to displace them and take them both over. The United Irish League (UIL) was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ...

Reconstruction

The outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 was condemned by both Irish factions, their combined opposition helped to bring about a measure of understanding between them. By 1900 the threat of O’Brien swamping and out-manoeuvring them at the upcoming elections forced the two parties to unite. He was the prime mover in merging them under a new programme of agrarian agitation, political reform and Home Rule into a new reunited Home Rule Party. Redmond, leader of the smaller group, was chosen as its leader mainly due to the personal rivalries between the Anti-Parnellite leaders. There followed a period in which much political development occurred. Combatants United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Canada Cape Colony Orange Free State South African Republic Commanders Redvers Buller Frederick Roberts Herbert Kitchener Paul Kruger Martinus Steyn Louis Botha Christiaan de Wet Casualties 22,000 6,500 Civilians killed [mainly Boers]: 24,000+ The Second Boer War, commonly referred to as...

The UIL, explicitly designed to reconcile the fragmented party, was accepted as the parliamentary nationalist’s main support organisation. O’Brien strove ahead with his campaign of agrarian agitation, by 1902 succeeded in bringing landlords and tenants together for discussions. Encouraged by the Chief Secretary George Wyndham a Land Reform Conference followed, its outcome the basis for O’Brien architecting the Wyndham Land Purchase Act 1903 through parliament, which abolished landlordism enabling tenant farmers buy out their landlord’s land at favourable annuities, settling the land question. George Wyndham (1863 - 1913) was a significant English political figure. ... // The Irish Question British Prime Minister William Gladstone had taken up the Irish Question in part to win the general election of 1868 by uniting the Liberal Party behind this single issue. ... Absentee landlord is an economic term for a person who owns and rents out a profit-earning property, but does not live within the propertys local economic region. ...

Renewed rift

But O’Brien stood alone. Dillon and Davitt were opposed to peasant proprietorship, fearing it would weaken their support for Home Rule. In 1904 O’Brien was purged out of the party, his UIL taken over by Dillon’s ally, Joseph Devlin, a young Belfast MP., as its new secretary. Devlin had founded a decade earlier the Catholic sectarian neo-Ribbon Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH), organising its rise first in Ulster and after he had control of the UIL, eventually across the south, displacing the UIL. The Irish Party came to have an unhealthy dependence on the AOH. Joseph (Joe) Devlin (1872-18 January 1934) was an influential Nationalist politician and Member of Parliament in Northern Ireland. ... Ribbonism refers to the secret associations among the lower Irish Catholics, organised in opposition to Orangeism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The 1906 elections saw the Liberals back in power with 379 seats, an overwhelming majority of 88 over all other parties, after promising Home Rule. Redmond’s IPP with 83 seats at first delighted until the Liberals backed down, knowing it had no chance in the Lords. The rift with O’Brien deepened after he guided the Labourers (Ireland) Act 1906 through parliament which provided an extensive social housing programme for rural labourers. He rejoined the party in 1907 for the sake of unity, was then driven out again by the party’s vigorous militant support organisation, Devlin’s "Hibernians", after which O’Brien founded his dissident All-for-Ireland League (AFIL) Party in 1909. The All-for-Ireland League (A.I.L.), was an Irish, Munster based non-sectarian political party (1909-1918). ...

Notable legislation

During the previous years many notable Acts of social legislation were pressed for and passed in Ireland’s interest::

The extensive 1898 Local Government Act abolished the old landlord-dominated Grand Juries and replaced them by forty-nine county, urban and rural district councils, managed by Irish people for the administration of local affairs. The councils were very popular in Ireland as they established a political class, who showed themselves capable of running Irish affairs. It also stimulated the desire to attain Home Rule and to manage affairs on a national level. A less positive consequence was that the councils were largely dominated by the Irish Party, becoming the wielders of local patronage. The Congested Districts Board was formed in 1891 to allieviate poverty and congested living conditions in the west of Ireland. ... Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett (1854-1932), Irish politician, third son of Edward Plunkett, 16th Baron of Dunsany, was born on the 24th of October 1854, and was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford, of which college he became honorary fellow in 1909. ... George Wyndham (1863 - 1913) was a significant English political figure. ... Augustine Birrell (January 19, 1850 - November 20, 1933), was an English author and politician. ... William OBrien (2 October 1852â€“25 February 1928) was an Irish journalist, writer and politician, particularly associated with campaigns for land reform in Ireland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Photograph of James Bryce James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce (1838-1922), was a British jurist, historian and politician, He was the son of James Bryce (LL.D. of Glasgow, who had a school in Belfast for many years), and was born at Belfast on May 10 1838. ... Daniel Desmond Sheehan, usually known as D.D. Sheehan (28 May 1873 â€“ 28 November 1948) was an Irish journalist, labour leader, barrister, and author. ... John Joseph Clancy (July 15, 1847 â€“ November 25, 1928), usually known as J. J. Clancy, was Nationalist Member of Parliament (MP) for North County Dublin from 1885 to 1918 in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, one of the leaders of the later Irish Home Rule movement and promoter of... The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 a piece of legislation passed as an Act of Parliament by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1898, to establish a system of local government in Ireland on lines similar that had been recently created in Great Britain at the time. ...

Home Rule succeeds

Following the December 1910 general election the Liberals lost their majority, and were dependent on Labour and the Irish (IPP and AFIL) parties 84 seats. Redmond, holding the balance of power in the Commons, renewed the old "Liberal Alliance" this time with Asquith as Prime Minister. Asquith for budget reasons had no choice but to agree to a new Home Rule Bill and the removal of the veto power of the Lords. The passing of the 1911 Parliament Act limited the Lords to a two year delaying power and ensured that Redmond’s reward of a Government of Ireland Bill for the whole of Ireland introduced in 1912 would subsequently achieve national self-government in Dublin by 1914. The UK general election of December 1910 was the last held over several days, from 3rd – 19th December 1910. ... Asquith was the name of two automobiles: Asquith (1901 automobile) Asquith (1981 automobile) There are also several notable people with the last name Asquith: Herbert Henry Asquith, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margot Asquith, the second wife of the Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, the Prime Ministers son... The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament. ...

This prospect after 40 years of struggle was greeted optimistically, even when self-government was initially limited to running Irish affairs. But for Unionists, convinced the Union with the United Kingdom was economically best for Ireland, and for Protestants, now that Devlin’s paramilitary AOH organisation had saturated the entire island, fearing a Church dominated nationalist government, it was a disaster.

After the Bill passed its first readings in 1913, Ulster Unionist’s opposition became a repeat scenario of events in 1886 and 1893, their leader Sir Edward Carson approving of a Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) militia to oppose Home Rule. Unionists and the Orange Order in mass demonstrations determined to ensure that it would not apply for them. Nationalists in turn formed the militant Irish Volunteers objectively to enforce Home Rule, recruiting from the former IRB and Fenian movements, Redmond quickly taking over its control. Unfortunately Redmond and his IPP nationalists, as later those who succeeded them in 1919, had little or no knowledge of Belfast, underestimating Unionist resistance as a bluff, insisting “Ulster will have to follow”. William O’Brien who in 1893 had worked closely on passing the Second Home Rule Bill, warned to no avail, that if adequate provisions were not made for Ulster, All-Ireland self-government would never be achieved. Edward Henry Carson, Baron Carson (February 9, 1854 - October 22, 1935) was a leader of the Irish Unionists, a Barrister and a Judge. ... The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) are a loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. ... Irish Volunteers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

The Bill was the centre of intense parliamentary debate and controversy throughout 1913-14 before it passed its final reading in May, denounced by the O’Brienite AFIL Party after Carson made provision in an amending bill for the future partition of Ireland into a North and South, permanent or provisional to be negotiated. This was deeply resented among nationalists and unionists of the southern and western Irish Unionist Party. The Third Home Rule Act 1914 received Royal Assent in September 1914, celebrated with bonfires across southern Ireland.. The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP) is a political party in Northern Ireland representing the unionist community, and was the party of government in Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. ... The Government of Ireland Act 1914, more generally known as the Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) or the (Irish) Home Rule Act 1914, was an Act of Parliament passed by the British House of Commons in May 1914 under the official short title Government of Ireland Act 1914, which...

Europe intervenes

The outbreak of World War I in August led to the suspension of the Act for the duration of the war, expected to last only a year. The war defused the threat of civil war in Ireland and was to prove crucial to subsequent Irish history. After neutral Belgium had been overrun by Germany, Redmond and his party leaders, in order to ensure Home Rule would be implemented after the war, called on the Irish Volunteers to support Britain’s war effort (her commitment under the Triple Entente and the Allied cause of maintaining a Europe free from German oppression). The Volunteers split, a vast majority forming the National Volunteers, enlisting enthusiastically in Irish regiments of the 10th (Irish) Division and the 16th (Irish) Division of the New British Army. Unlike their 36th (Ulster) Division counterparts of the UVF, they were not given their own uniforms and were assigned English officers, a War Office reaction to Redmond’s remark that the Volunteers would soon return as an armed army to oppose the UVF resistance to Home Rule. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow... The first known human settlement in Ireland began around 8000 BC, when hunter-gatherers arrived from Britain and continental Europe, probably via a land bridge. ... European military alliances in 1915. ... Map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Allies side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray. ... The National Volunteers is the name taken by the group of the Irish Volunteers that sided with Irish Parliamentary Party leader John Redmond after the group split in the wake of the question of the Volunteers role in World War I. While Redmond took no role in the creation of... (Redirected from 10th (Irish) Division) The 10th (Irish) Division, was one of the Kitcheners Army divisions raised from Irish volunteers by Lord Kitchener in 1914 It fought at Gallipoli, Salonika and Palestine during the First World War. ... (Redirected from 16th (Irish) Division) The British 16th (Irish) Division was a New Army division formed in Ireland in September 1914 as part of the K2 Army Group. ... WWI recruitment poster for Kitcheners Army. ... The British 36th (Ulster) Division was a New Army division formed in September 1914. ... Old War Office Building, Whitehall, London - the former location of the War Office The War Office was a former department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1963, when its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Defence. ...

As the war situation worsened a new Conservative-Liberal coalition was formed in June 1915, and Redmond was offered a seat in the cabinet, which he refused. This was welcomed in Ireland but greatly weaken his position, his rival Carson accepting a cabinet seat. The IPP’s problems continued to mount as the war prolonged with horrific casualties in Gallipoli and on the Western Front, then the 1916 Easter Rising by a section of the Volunteers and the British reaction to it, followed by Asquith’s attempt to introduce Home Rule in July 1916 failing on the issue of partition, his further initiative to entangle Home Rule in June 1917 when Redmond called the Irish Convention ended unresolved. Combatants British Empire Australia India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Ottoman Empire German Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Otto von Sanders Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk Strength 5 divisions (initial) 14 divisions (final) [] 6 divisions [] Casualties 150,000 [] 250,000 [] The Battle of Gallipoli took place at Gallipoli from April... Combatants Belgium, British Empire, France, United States, other Western Allies of WWI Germany Commanders No unified command until 1918, then General Ferdinand Foch Kaiser Wilhelm II Casualties ~4,800,000 Unknown though considerably higher Following the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the German army opened the Western... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... The Irish Convention was an assembly which sat in Ireland from July 1917 until March 1918 to address the Irish Question and other constitutional problems relating to an early enactment of self-government for Ireland, to debate its wider future, discuss and come to an understanding on recommendations as to...

Redmond died in March 1918 at the close of the Convention, Dillon taking over the IPP leadership. In April the German Spring Offensive overran the Allied front, the severe manpower shortage resulted in a clumsy cabinet dual policy decision by Lloyd George of linking implementing Home Rule with an attempt at conscription. Although never enforced, it radicalised Irish politics to such an extent that the IPP, after losing three by-elections in 1917 to the more physical-force republican Sinn Fein movement, which with 1,200 branches had reached the strength of the old INL, lost almost all of their seats to them in the 1918 general election, and was dissolved. The 1918 Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, which marked the deepest advance by either side since 1914. ... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM (January 17, 1863–March 26, 1945) was a British statesman and the last Liberal to be Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... The Conscription Crisis of 1918 stemmed from a move by the Government of the United Kingdom to impose conscription in Ireland, and contributed to pivotal events in early 20th century politics in Ireland, galvanising popular support for parties favouring separation from the United Kingdom. ... Sinn Féin (in the Irish language ourselves or we ourselves; not as sometimes incorrectly translated, ourselves alone) is an Irish political party. ... The United Kingdom general election of 1918 held on 14th December 1918, after the Representation of the People Act 1918. ...

Britain went ahead in 1919 with its commitment to introduce Home Rule by implementing it under the Fourth Home Rule Act 1921, which as previously predicted with the Partition of Ireland divided Ireland into Northern Ireland and a non-functioning Southern Ireland prior to the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Many IPP members went on to join the pro-Treaty Cumann na nGaedheal in the 1920’s, remaining AOH members lingering on to serve as Francoists in the Spanish Civil War or in the quasi-fascist Blueshirt movement of the 1930s. An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (this is its official short title; the formal citation is 10 & 11 Geo. ... The Partition of Ireland took place in May 1921. ... Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official languages English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, Northern Ireland Sign Language, Irish Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Office... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Capital Dublin Head of State King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Head of Government Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Chairman of the Provisional Government from Jan 1922. ... Signature page of the Anglo-Irish Treaty The Anglo-Irish Treaty, officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom and representatives of the extra-judicial Irish Republic which concluded the Irish War of Independence. ... Cumann na nGaedheal (League of the Gaels) was an Irish language name given to two Irish political parties. ... This article is about the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... Blueshirt refers to two different political movements in the 1930s. ...

Party’s legacy

The greatest achievement of the IPP was the introduction to Irish society of a parliamentary constitutional tradition and all that went with it—a fully up and running local government administration with its diverse institutions, which had rooted itself more deeply than anyone could have imagined into the life of the country. The party had above all (in the era prior to 1914) contributed in its prime to the political maturity of the nation and to the transformation of its society.

This in turn paved the way for the creation of the Irish Free State, in which Dáil Éireann had scarcely started to function before, almost unconsciously, it began to utilise and to build upon the constitutional tradition it had inherited. This is perhaps the highest tribute that can deservedly be bestowed upon the old Irish Parliamentary Party, which during fifty years of hard and exacting as well as frustrating parliamentary labours, established and fostered the development of representative institutions which gave stimulus to democratic action and discussion at every level of political involvement. Its particular legacy remains that it was the last and only party to represent and serve an undivided Ireland. Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch - 1922â€“1936 George V - 1936â€“1936 George VI President of the Executive Council - 1922â€“1932 W.T. Cosgrave - 1932â€“1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas - Upper house Seanad Ã‰ireann - Lower house DÃ¡il Ã‰ireann... The DÃ¡il Chamber DÃ¡il Ã‰ireann[1] is the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of Ireland. ...

Leaders of the Party, 1882-1918

Charles Stewart Parnell, the uncrowned King of Ireland Charles Stewart Parnell[1] (27 June 1846 â€“ 6 October 1891) was an Irish political leader and one of the most important figures in 19th century Ireland and the United Kingdom; William Ewart Gladstone described him as the most remarkable person he had... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... John Redmond, MP John Edward Redmond (September 1, 1856 â€“ March 6, 1918) was the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party from 1900 to 1918. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Justin MCarthy (22 November 1830 - 1912) was an Irish politician, historian and novelist. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... John Dillon (September 4, 1851 - August 4, 1927) was an Irish nationalist politician. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... John Redmond, MP John Edward Redmond (September 1, 1856 â€“ March 6, 1918) was the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party from 1900 to 1918. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... John Dillon (September 4, 1851 - August 4, 1927) was an Irish nationalist politician. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

References

External link

Categories: History of Ireland 1801-1922 | Political parties in pre-partition Ireland | Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom | Political parties established in 1874 | Irish Parliamentary Party MPs The All-for-Ireland League (A.I.L.), was an Irish, Munster based non-sectarian political party (1909-1918). ... The Catholic Union was a political organisation in Ireland in the 1870s. ... The Home Government Association was a pressure group founded by Issac Butt in 1870 in support of home rule for Ireland. ... The Home Rule League, sometimes called the Home Rule Party, was a nineteenth and early twentieth century Irish political party which campaigned for home rule for the island of Ireland. ... The Independent Irish Party (1852-1858) was an Irish political party founded in July 1852 by 40 Irish MPs who had been elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... The Irish Conservative Party, often called the Irish Tories, was one of the dominant Irish political parties in Ireland in the 19th century. ... The Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society was an Irish political movement based in Dublin which was linked to the Irish Conservatives, the main political party in Ireland until 1859. ... The Irish National Federation was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ... The National League was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP) is a political party in Northern Ireland representing the unionist community, and was the party of government in Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. ... The United Irish League (UIL) was a nationalist political party in Ireland. ... The Anti-Partition of Ireland League was a political organisation based in Northern Ireland. ... Aontacht Ã‰ireann was a short lived Irish political party founded by Kevin Boland (former Fianna Fail government minister) after his resignation from that party in 1971. ... Clann na Poblachta (literally meaning Family of the Republic) was an Irish republican political party founded by former IRA Chief of Staff Sean MacBride in 1946. ... Clann na Talmhan (literally meaning Party of the Land) was an Irish political party. ... CÃ³ras na Poblachta (Republican Plan in English) was a minor Irish republican political party founded in 1940. ... Cumann na nGaedhael (IPA: ; Society of the Gaels), sometimes spelt Cumann na nGaedheal,[1] was an Irish language name given to two Irish political parties, the second of which had the greater impact. ... Cumann na Poblachta (League of the Republic in English) was an Irish republican political party. ... In Ireland, Democratic Left was a socialist political party active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland between 1992 and 1997. ... The Democratic Socialist Party was a small social-democratic political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... The Farmers Party or Farmers Union was a political party that existed in the Irish Free State between 1922 and 1932. ... Splinter republican party created by Neil Blaney after his expulsion from Fianna FÃ¡il following the Irish Arms Crisis (1969-1970). ... The Irish Independence Party was a nationalist political party in Northern Ireland, founded in 1977 by Frank McManus (former Unity MP for Fermanagh & South Tyrone between 1970 and 1974) and Fergus McAteer (son of Eddie McAteer, who had been leader of the Nationalist Party between 1953 and 1959). ... The Muintir na hÃ‰ireann or People of Ireland Party was a minor populist political party which was active in Ireland in the 1990s. ... The National Centre Party was a political party in the Irish Free State founded in late 1932 the party was initially know as the National Farmers and Ratepayers League. ... The National Corporate Party was a political party in Ireland founded by Eoin ODuffy. ... The National Labour Party was an Irish political party which was founded in 1944 as a split-off from the Irish Labour Party. ... The National League Party was a political party in Ireland. ... The National Party was a minor conservative political party in Ireland, founded in December 1995 after the divorce referendum of that year, which passed with only 50. ... The National Progressive Democrats was a small Left wing political party political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... The Republican Congress was an Irish Republican political organisation founded in 1934, when left wing republicans left the Irish Republican Army. ... Saor Ã‰ire (meaning Free Ireland) was a left-wing political organisation established in September 1931 by communist-leaning members of the Irish Republican Army, with the backing of the IRA leadership. ... The Socialist Labour Party was a political party in Ireland in the mid 1970s to early 1980s formed under the leadership of the late Matt Merrigan (General Secretary, A.T.G.W.U.) and Noel Browne (TD). ... The Socialist Party of Ireland (SPI) (Cumann SÃ³isialachais na Ã‰ireann in Irish) was a minor leftwing political party which existed in Ireland from 1971 to 1980. ...

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