Poblacht na hÉireann
(Saorstát Éireann)
Irish Republic

Unrecognized state
← 1919 – 1922 → →
Flag Flag (Proclamation)
The Island of Ireland
Capital	Dublin
Language(s)	Irish, English
Government	Republic
President of Dáil Éireann
- 1919	Cathal Brugha
- 1919-1922	Éamon de Valera
- 1922	Arthur Griffith
- 1922	W.T. Cosgrave
Legislature	Dáil Éireann
History
- Proclamation	April 24, 1916
- Dáil Constitution	January 21, 1919
- Free state constitution	December 6, 1922
Area
- 1921	84,116 km2 32,477 sq mi
Population
- 1921 est.	4,400,000
Density	52.3 /km²  135.5 /sq mi

The Irish Republic (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a unilaterally declared independent state of Ireland proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and established in 1919 by Dáil Éireann. Its existence coincided with the Irish War of Independence of 1919-1922 between the Irish Republican Army and the forces of the United Kingdom. Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital London Language(s) English Gaelic Welsh (Wales) Scottish Gaelic (parts of Scotland) Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1801–1820 George III  - 1920–1922... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1922–1936 George V  - 1936–1936 George VI President of the Executive Council  - 1922–1932 W.T. Cosgrave  - 1932–1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas  - Upper house Seanad Éireann  - Lower house Dáil Éireann... Image File history File links Flag_of_Northern_Ireland. ... Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official languages English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, Northern Ireland Sign Language, Irish Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Office... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... The National Flag of Ireland (Irish: An Bhratach Náisiúnta), also known as the Irish tricolour, was adopted officially in 1919 by the the state called Ireland (Éire in Irish), sometimes known as the Republic of Ireland. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ... The head of government under the Dáil Constitution adopted by the First Dáil of the Irish Republic in January 1919. ... Cathal Brugha Cathal Brugha (born Charles William St. ... Éamon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera,IPA: [1][2]) (14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... William Thomas Cosgrave (Irish name Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair; 6 June 1880 – 16 November 1965), known generally as W.T. Cosgrave, was an Irish politician who succeeded Michael Collins as Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government from August to December 1922. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... Irish stamp comemorating the first meeting of Dáil Éireann in 1919. ... The Easter Proclamation, officially referred to as the Proclamation of the Republic, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising in Ireland, which began on 24 April 1916. ... April 24 is the 114th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (115th in leap years). ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Constitution of Dáil Éireann (Irish: Bunreacht Dála Éireann), more commonly known as the Dáil Constitution, was a short, provisional constitution adopted by the First Dáil in January 1919. ... January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the constitution of the independent Irish state established in December 1922. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... Ireland may refer to: Ireland, the island in northwestern Europe the Republic of Ireland, a present-day state occupying most of the titular island. ... A declaration of independence is a proclamation of the independence of a newly formed or reformed independent state from a part or the whole of the territory of another, or a document containing such a declaration. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... The First Dáil (Irish: An Chéad Dáil) was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 1919–1921. ... An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerrilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army under the proclaimed legitimacy of the First Dáil, the extra-legal Irish parliament... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... The Seán Hogan Flying column during the War of Independence. ...

It formally ceased to exist in 1922 with the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty that ended the war, when 26 of the country's 32 counties became the Irish Free State and the other six remained within the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. Signature page of the Anglo-Irish Treaty The Anglo-Irish Treaty, officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom and representatives of the extra-judicial Irish Republic which concluded the Irish War of Independence. ... Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1922–1936 George V  - 1936–1936 George VI President of the Executive Council  - 1922–1932 W.T. Cosgrave  - 1932–1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas  - Upper house Seanad Éireann  - Lower house Dáil Éireann... Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official languages English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, Northern Ireland Sign Language, Irish Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Office...

Name

In English, the revolutionary state was to be known as the 'Irish Republic' or, occasionally, the 'Republic of Ireland'. Two different Irish language titles were used: Poblacht na hÉireann and Saorstát Éireann, based on two alternative Irish translations of the word republic. The word 'poblacht' was a new word, coined by the writers of the Easter Proclamation in 1916.^[2] Saorstát was a compound word based on the Irish words saor ("free") and stát ("state"). Its literal translation was "free state". The term Poblacht na hÉireann is the one used in the Proclamation of 1916, but the Declaration of Independence and other documents adopted in 1919 used Saorstát Éireann. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Irish (Gaeilge), a Goidelic language spoken in Ireland, Britain, and the USA, is constitutionally recognised as the first official language of the Republic of Ireland. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ... The Easter Proclamation, officially referred to as the Proclamation of the Republic, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising in Ireland, which began on 24 April 1916. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Declaration of Independence was a document adopted by Dáil Éireann, the revolutionary parliament of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, at its first meeting in the Mansion House, Dublin, on 21st January, 1919. ...

Saorstát Éireann was adopted as the official Irish title of the Irish Free State when it was established at the end of the Anglo-Irish War (however this Free State was not a republic but a form of constitutional monarchy within the British Empire). Since then, the word saorstát has fallen out of use as a translation of republic. When the Irish state became the Republic of Ireland in 1949, for example, its official Irish description became Poblacht na hÉireann. Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1922–1936 George V  - 1936–1936 George VI President of the Executive Council  - 1922–1932 W.T. Cosgrave  - 1932–1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas  - Upper house Seanad Éireann  - Lower house Dáil Éireann... An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerrilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army under the proclaimed legitimacy of the First Dáil, the extra-legal Irish parliament... This does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...

In ‘’The Aftermath’’^[3], Winston Churchill gives an account of the first meeting of Eamon de Valera with David Lloyd George on 14 July 1921, at which he was present. Lloyd George was a noted Welsh linguist and as such was interested in the literal meaning of 'Saorstát'. De Valera replied that it meant 'Free State'. Lloyd George asked '...what is your Irish word for Republic?' After some delay and no reply, Lloyd George commented: 'Must we not admit that the Celts never were Republicans and have no native word for such an idea?' Churchill redirects here. ... Eamon de Valera (born Edward George de Valera, sometimes Gaelicised Éamon de Bhailéara; October 14, 1882 – August 29, 1975), was an Irish politician, best known as a leader of Irelands struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a British statesman who guided Britain and the Commonwealth of Nations through World War I and the postwar settlement as the Liberal Party Prime Minister, 1916-1922. ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...

However, Lord Longford, in ‘’Peace by Ordeal’’^[4], gives a different account: “The only doubt in de Valera’s mind, as he explained to Lloyd George, arose from the current dispute among Gaelic purists whether the idea Republic was better conveyed by the broader ‘Saorstát’ or the more abstract ‘Poblacht’."

Establishment

In 1916 nationalist rebels participating in the Easter Rising issued the Proclamation of the Republic. By this declaration they claimed to establish an independent state called the "Irish Republic" and proclaimed that the leaders of the rebellion would serve as the "Provisional Government of the Irish Republic" until it became possible to elect a national parliament. The Easter Rising was short-lived, largely limited to Dublin and, at the time it occurred, enjoyed little support from the Irish general public. Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... The Easter Proclamation, officially referred to as the Proclamation of the Republic, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising in Ireland, which began on 24 April 1916. ... In the Easter Rising in Dublin on 24 April 1916, the Proclamation of the Republic read by Padraig Pearse was headed and signed as being issued by the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic. The rising lasted five days and only controlled a few occupied buildings. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ...

The leaders of the Easter Rising had proclaimed a republic. Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin organisation, which had favoured the establishment of a form of dual monarchy between Ireland and Britain, had not taken part in the Rising. In 1917, Griffith's Sinn Féin and republicans under Éamon de Valera, came together to form the new Sinn Féin Party. A compromise was reached at the 1917 Ard Fheis (party conference), where it was agreed that the party would pursue the establishment of an independent republic in the short-term, until the Irish people could be given the opportunity to decide on the form of government they preferred. This agreement was subject to the condition that if the people chose monarchy, no member of the British royal family would be invited to serve as monarch. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Éamon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera,IPA: [1][2]) (14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. ... An Ard Fheis is an annual convention, usually of a political party. ...

In the UK general election of 1918 candidates of the radical Sinn Féin party, including many who had participated in the 1916 rebellion, issued a Manifesto which included: Sinn Féin aims at securing the establishment of that Republic. It also said it would boycott the British Parliament and instead unilaterally establish a new Irish assembly in Dublin. Sinn Féin candidates won a large majority of seats, 73 out of 105, many uncontested. In January 1919, 30 of them gathered in the Mansion House in Dublin to establish Dáil Éireann. At this meeting the Dáil adopted the Irish Declaration of Independence. Because of the Easter Proclamation of 1916, the Dáil retrospectively established the Irish Republic from Easter 1916. The Irish general election of 1918 was that part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election that took place in Ireland. ... Sinn Féin (pronounced in English, in Irish) is a name used by a series of Irish political movements of the 20th century, each of which claimed sole descent from the original party established by Arthur Griffith in 1905. ... Sinn Féin Manifesto for the December 1918 election Following its reform in 1917, the Sinn Féin party campaigned against conscription in Ireland. ... The Houses of Parliament, seen over Westminster Bridge The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... Mansion House is the name applied to the official residences of the Lords Mayor of Dublin and London. ... Irish stamp comemorating the first meeting of Dáil Éireann in 1919. ... The Declaration of Independence was a document adopted by Dáil Éireann, the revolutionary parliament of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, at its first meeting in the Mansion House, Dublin, on 21st January, 1919. ...

On the same day as the Declaration of Independence was issued two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) escorting a cartload of gelignite were killed at Soloheadbeg, in Tipperary, by members of the Irish Volunteers. This incident had not been ordered by the Dáil but the course of events soon drove the Dáil to recognise the Volunteers as the army of the Irish Republic, and so the Soloheadbeg incident became the opening incident of the undeclared Anglo-Irish War between the Volunteers and Great Britain. The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) was one of Irelands two police forces in the early twentieth century, alongside the Dublin Metropolitan Police. ... Gelignite, also known as Blasting gelatin, is an explosive material consisting of collodion-cotton (a type of nitrocellulose or gun cotton) dissolved in nitroglycerine and mixed with wood pulp and sodium or potassium nitrate. ... Soloheadbeg is a small townland, some two miles outside Tipperary Town, near Limerick Junction. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... Irish Volunteers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerrilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army under the proclaimed legitimacy of the First Dáil, the extra-legal Irish parliament...

The decision to establish a republic in 1919, rather than any other form of government, was significant because it amounted to a complete repudiation of all constitutional ties with Great Britain, and set the party against any compromise that might involve initial self-government under the Home Rule Act 1914 or continued membership of the British Empire. The volatile question of the Unionists of the north-east having long indicated that they would never participate in any form of a republic was left unresolved, the six north-eastern counties remaining part of the United Kingdom under the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and later the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Government of Ireland Act 1914, more generally known as the Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) or the (Irish) Home Rule Act 1914, was an Act of Parliament passed by the British House of Commons in May 1914 under the official short title Government of Ireland Act 1914, which... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (this is its official short title; the formal citation is 10 & 11 Geo. ... Signature page of the Anglo-Irish Treaty The Anglo-Irish Treaty, officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom and representatives of the extra-judicial Irish Republic which concluded the Irish War of Independence. ...

Institutions of government

Príomh Aire
Cathal Brugha (January — April 1919)
Éamon de Valera (1919—August 1921)
President of The Republic
Éamon de Valera (August 1921—1922)
Arthur Griffith (January—August 1922)
W.T. Cosgrave (August—December 1922)
Office abolished December 1922

Image File history File links Cathal Brugha (image before 1922) from postcard issued when he was killed. ... Image File history File links Cathal Brugha (image before 1922) from postcard issued when he was killed. ... Cathal Brugha Cathal Brugha (born Charles William St. ... Eamon de Valera. ... Eamon de Valera. ... Éamon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera,IPA: [1][2]) (14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. ... Eamon de Valera. ... Eamon de Valera. ... Éamon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera,IPA: [1][2]) (14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. ... historical image of Arthur Griffith who died in August 1922. ... historical image of Arthur Griffith who died in August 1922. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... cropped image of WT Cosgrave from Image:WTCosgrave. ... cropped image of WT Cosgrave from Image:WTCosgrave. ... William Thomas Cosgrave (Irish name Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair; 6 June 1880 – 16 November 1965), known generally as W.T. Cosgrave, was an Irish politician who succeeded Michael Collins as Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government from August to December 1922. ...

Dáil Éireann

The central institution of the republic was Dáil Éireann, a unicameral assembly formed by the majority of Irish MPs elected in the 1918 general election. Two further general elections called by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,^[5] the head of the British administration in Dublin Castle, were treated by nationalists as elections to the Dáil. The Second Dáil comprised members returned in the 1921 elections for the Parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland; the Third Dáil was elected in 1922 as the "provisional parliament" of "Southern Ireland", as provided for by the Anglo-Irish Treaty. For unicameral alphabets, see the article letter case. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... The Irish general election of 1918 was that part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election that took place in Ireland. ... Official standard of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (plural: Lords Lieutenant), also known as the Judiciar in the early mediaeval period and as the Lord Deputy as late as the 17th century, was the Kings representative and head of the Irish executive during the... The Second Dáil was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 16th August, 1921 until 8th June, 1922. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the home rule legislature created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which existed from June 7, 1921 to March 30, 1972, when it was suspended. ... The Parliament of Southern Ireland was set up under the Government of Ireland Act to legislate for Southern Ireland. ... The Third Dáil, also known as the Provisional Parliament or the Constituent Assembly, was the parliament of the post-partition twenty-six county Irish state which met from 9th September, 1922 until 9th August 1923. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... The Third Dáil, also known as the Provisional Parliament or the Constituent Assembly, was the parliament of the post-partition twenty-six county Irish state which met from 9th September, 1922 until 9th August 1923. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Capital Dublin Head of State King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Head of Government Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Chairman of the Provisional Government from Jan 1922. ... Signature page of the Anglo-Irish Treaty The Anglo-Irish Treaty, officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom and representatives of the extra-judicial Irish Republic which concluded the Irish War of Independence. ...

At its first meeting the Dáil adopted a brief, provisional constitution known as the Dáil Constitution, as well as a series of basic laws, notably the Democratic Programme. It also passed a Declaration of Independence. The Constitution of Dáil Éireann (Irish: Bunreacht Dála Éireann), more commonly known as the Dáil Constitution, was a short, provisional constitution adopted by the First Dáil in January 1919. ... The Democratic Programme was a declaration of economic and social principles adopted by the First Dáil at its first meeting on 21st January, 1919. ...

Aireacht

The Dáil Constitution vested executive authority in a cabinet called the "Aireacht" or "Ministry". The Aireacht was answerable to the Dáil which elected its head, known initially as the "Príomh Aire". He in turn appointed the ministers. According to the original version of the constitution enacted in January 1919, there were to be four ministers: Alternate meanings in cabinet (disambiguation) A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ... The ireacht was the name of the cabinet or ministry in the D il Constitution passed by the First D il of the Irish Republic in January 1919. ...

1. Minister of Finance (Aire Airgid),
2. Minister of Home Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Duthchais),
3. Minister of Foreign Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Coigcríoch)
4. Minister of Defence (Aire Cosanta).

In April 1919 the ministry was increased in size to not more than nine ministers. In August 1921 it underwent a final overhaul linked to the creation of a head of state. A ministry of six was created. These were a

1. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
2. Secretary of State for Home Affairs,
3. Secretary of State for National Defence,
4. Secretary of State for Finance,
5. Secretary of State for Local Government,
6. Secretary of State for Economic Affairs

A number of previous cabinet ministers, notably Constance Markievicz, were demoted to undersecretary level. Constance Georgine Markiewicz (1868?1927), was an Irish politician and nationalist. ...

The Aireacht met as often as secrecy and safety allowed.

Head of State / Head of Government

Initially, partly because of the division between republicans and monarchists, the Irish Republic had no head of state. The Republic's leader was known initially as the "Príomh Aire", literally "prime minister" but referred to in the English version of the constitution as "President of the Ministry". Later the English title President of Dáil Éireann also came to be used for the same post, especially during President de Valera's tour of the United States. In August 1921, de Valera, standing for re-election as President of Dáil Éireann, had the Dáil replace by a new post of "President of the Republic", so that he would be regarded as the head of state in the forthcoming Treaty negotiations, so asserting the claim that the negotiations were between two sovereign states (Ireland's view) and not that it was between the British government and local politicians (Britain's view). After de Valera's resignation in January 1922, his successors Griffith and Cosgrave called themselves "President of Dáil Éireann". Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The head of government under the Dáil Constitution adopted by the First Dáil of the Irish Republic in January 1919. ... This article is about the president of the 1919-1922 Irish Republic Republic of Ireland see: President of Ireland. ...

Military

The military branch of the Irish Republic were the Irish Volunteers who, in the course of the War of Independence, who were formally renamed the "Irish Republican Army" to reflect their status as the national army of the declared republic. Despite being theoretically under the command of the Dáil's Ministry, in practice individual IRA columns enjoyed a high level of autonomy, subject to H.Q. in Dublin. Arrangements were made in August 1920 for the volunteers to swear an oath of allegiance to the Dáil. Irish Volunteers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Seán Hogan Flying column during the War of Independence. ...

Judiciary and police

The judicial arm of the Irish Republic consisted of a network of Dáil Courts administered by IRA officers, which at first operated in parallel with the British judicial system, and gradually came to supersede it as public opinion swung against the British in some parts of the island. In other cases the Dáil Courts proved more popular because of the speed and efficiency of their functioning, compared to the local Assize courts. These were first established in June 1919 and filled a vacuum at the local level. Following the Treaty of July 1921 to the formal end of the Republic they proved unable to deal with most violent crimes. The Dáil Courts were established in June 1920 by Dáil Éireann as part of its policy of undermining British authority in Ireland during the Anglo-Irish War. ... The Courts of Assize, or Assizes, were periodic criminal courts held around England and Wales until 1972, when together with the Quarter Sessions they were abolished by the Courts Act 1971 and replaced by a single permanent Crown Court. ...

The enforcement of law and the decrees of the Dáil Courts was vested in the Irish Republican Police. The Irish Republican Police (IRP) was the police force of the Irish Republic. ...

Functionality

The Irish Republic had some of the attributes of a functioning state; a ministry (with a head of state in the latter stages), a parliament, a courts system, a police force and a constitution. The extent to which these functioned fluctuated in different parts of the island, with the success or otherwise of republican institutions depending on the brutality of the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries. The more brutal the 'Tans' the more they alienated the local populace from the Dublin Castle administration and Assize courts and the greater success the republican alternatives had. At the height of the Irish War of Independence, as Tan atrocities reached such as scale as to result in the burning of the city of Cork (leading to widespread criticism in the United States and from King George V), the Republican Police and Dáil courts reached their zenith, and senior barristers who had qualified within the British courts system also represented defendants in the Dáil Courts. After the Treaty was signed, the continuing effectiveness of the Dáil courts and police was seen to be patchy until after the Civil War. This article deals with the RIC Reserve Force of the Anglo-Irish War. ... This article is about the city in Ireland. ... George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936) was the first British monarch belonging to the House of Windsor, as a result of his creating it from the British branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ... The Irish Civil War (June 28, 1922 – May 24, 1923) was a conflict between supporters and or2=Liam Lynch† Frank Aiken |commander1=Michael Collins† Richard Mulcahy |strength2= c. ...

The cabinet met frequently, though necessarily in secret, and dealt with everyday matters as well as the conduct of the war.

Support for the Republic, though it ebbed and flowed constantly during the war, was strongest in the south of the country. The claim to authority of the Irish Republic was rejected in Unionist-dominated Northern Ireland, whose parliament first sat on 7 July 1921 south county Dublin and in other pockets in the country. Historians debate the extent to which the Republic was accepted by the ordinary citizens, and whether that acceptance where it existed was positive (the endorsement of its principles) or negative (revulsion at the behaviour of the Black and Tans, or fear of the Irish Republican Army). In the Irish context, Unionists form a group of largely (though not exclusively) Protestant people in Ireland, of all social classes, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which the Northern Ireland provincial state created in... Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official languages English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, Northern Ireland Sign Language, Irish Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Office... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ...

Recognition

Efforts by President de Valera in the United States, and the republic's "ambassador" at the Versailles Peace Conference, Sean T. O'Kelly, to win international recognition failed. O'Kelly had already established the Republic's "embassy" in Paris in April of 1919, and Dr. Patrick MacCartan set one up in Washington, D.C. at the same time. Despite heavy lobbying from prominent Irish-Americans, President Woodrow Wilson refused to raise the Irish case at the conference. The only foreign recognition won for the Irish Republic occurred when the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), under Vladimir Lenin, borrowed money from Michael Collins' Ministry of Finance and paid it back in the Russian Crown Jewels. The issue of recognition raises the question of how much the new Dáil understood about diplomacy, statesmanship and the wider world outside Ireland; however, Wilson had promised self-determination for nations and international norms were changing. The Paris Peace Conference was an international conference, organized by the victors of the World War I for negotiating the peace treaties between the Allied and Associated Powers and their former enemies. ... Sean Thomas OKelly, Irish name: Seán Tomás Ó Ceallaigh (25 August 1882 – 23 November 1966) was the second President of Ireland (1945-1959). ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D... Distribution of Irish Americans according to the 2000 Census Irish Americans are residents of the United States who acknowledge Irish ancestry and self-identify with the term. ... The presidential seal was first used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson, PhD (December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924), was the 28th President of the United States. ... State motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None (Russian in practice) Capital Moscow Chairman of the Supreme... Lenin redirects here. ... Michael John (Mick) Collins (Irish: ; 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander... The Imperial Crown of Russia is the crown that was used to crown Emperors of Russia until the abolition of the monarchy in 1917. ...

The main problem was that the Irish Republic's Declaration of Independence of January 1919 was hostile to Britain, which was one of the four main powers arranging terms at Versailles. The RSFSR was also not invited to Versailles. Although armistices were holding, World War I was technically unfinished until the treaties ending it were signed, starting with Germany on 28 June 1919. The Republic's envoys depended on numerous supporters in America to make their case, not an element considered by international lawyers and statesmen. The British view was that the 73 new Sinn Fein members of parliament had chosen not to take their seats at Westminster, to the relief of the Conservative Party, and that an Irish settlement would be arranged after the treaties with the former Central Powers had been signed off, involving Sinn Féin as the representatives of the majority, whether or not it had proclaimed a republic. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Sinn Féin (in the Irish language ourselves or we ourselves; not as sometimes incorrectly translated, ourselves alone) is an Irish political party. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Triple Alliance. ...

The Irish Republic was not recognised by the British government. Because its original contents were not seen as workable, the government under David Lloyd George abandoned plans to amend the Third Home Rule Act enacted in 1914. As originally proposed in 1918 by Walter Long, the British cabinet decided in September 1919 to work on a proposal and in 1920 they opted in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920. This allowed for two home rule Irelands, partitioning Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. Each Ireland was to have a two bicameral parliaments, with a shared chief executive, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and a Council of Ireland which was intended to be an embryonic all-Ireland single parliament. The proposal was greeted with mild enthusiasm among Irish Unionists in the new Northern Ireland, who had never sought their own home rule, but was rejected by a combination of Irish Republicans, Irish Nationalists and Irish Unionists who were not in Northern Ireland. While rejecting the right of the British parliament to legislate for Ireland, Sinn Fein took the opportunity of the two general elections in May 1921, one in the north and one in the south, to seek a renewed mandate for the Republic. In reality no contests resulted in the south, with all seats returning the nominated Sinn Féin candidate. The new parliament in Belfast first sat on 7 June 1921, and while it did not formally recognise the Republic its premier, Sir James Craig, had secretly met with Eamon de Valera in Dublin in May 1921. This was the a de facto recognition of De Valera's position, but also recognition by De Valera that Craig could not be ignored. It is telling that neither man could mention the meeting to his supportive public. Her Majestys Government, or when the sovereign is male, His Majestys Government, abbreviated HMG, is the formal title used by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the governments of some other kingdoms where executive authority is theoretically vested in the monarch... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a British statesman who guided Britain and the Commonwealth of Nations through World War I and the postwar settlement as the Liberal Party Prime Minister, 1916-1922. ... The Third Home Rule Act, more correctly known as the Home Rule Act, 1914 was an Act of the parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which allowed for the creation of a separate home rule parliament in Ireland. ... This article is about the American actor. ... An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (this is its official short title; the formal citation is 10 & 11 Geo. ... Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official languages English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, Northern Ireland Sign Language, Irish Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Office... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Capital Dublin Head of State King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Head of Government Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Chairman of the Provisional Government from Jan 1922. ... In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ... The Council of Ireland may refer to one of two councils, one proposed and one implemented for a brief period. ... Sinn Féin (in the Irish language ourselves or we ourselves; not as sometimes incorrectly translated, ourselves alone) is an Irish political party. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... James Craig may refer to: James Henry Craig (1748-1812); British military officer and colonial administrator of The Canadas James Craig, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1855 James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon (1871-1940); first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland James Craig, birth name James Henry Meador (1912...

The Truce signed between representatives of the Dáil and Britain was agreed on 9 July 1921, to become effective from noon on 11 July. This marked the end of the Irish War of Independence. On 14 July 1921 Eamon de Valera as president, met David Lloyd George for the first time to find some common ground for a settlement. In August, in preparation for the formalities, de Valera had the Dáil upgrade his status from prime minister to full President of the Republic. As a head of state he then accredited envoys plenipotentiary, an accreditation approved by the Dáil. This accreditation gave them the legal ability to sign a treaty without waiting for approval from the Republic's cabinet, some of whose members were among the envoys. July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ...

By September the British called for a conference with the envoys 'to ascertain how the association of Ireland with the community of nations known as the British Empire can best be reconciled with Irish national aspirations'. De Valera replied on 12 September 'Our nation has formally declared its independence and recognises itself as a sovereign State.' The same invitation was repeated and negotiations started on 11 October.

The Treaty

Each side in the 1921 negotiations used sufficiently elastic language to enable the Republic's delegates to suggest that was taking place was inter-state negotiations, while allowing the British Government to suggest that it was an internal United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland matter. The Anglo-Irish Treaty, when signed on 6 December, was similarly put through three processes to satisfy both sides. It was Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital London Language(s) English Gaelic Welsh (Wales) Scottish Gaelic (parts of Scotland) Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1801–1820 George III  - 1920–1922... Signature page of the Anglo-Irish Treaty The Anglo-Irish Treaty, officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom and representatives of the extra-judicial Irish Republic which concluded the Irish War of Independence. ...

• passed by Dáil Éireann, to satisfy the belief in the Republic's supporters that it was a state and its parliament was sovereign;
• passed by the United Kingdom, to satisfy British constitutional theory that a treaty had been negotiated between His Majesty's Government and His Majesty's subjects in Ireland;
• passed by the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, to reflect the belief in British constitutional law that Ireland already possessed a home rule parliament. (In reality the House of Commons had the same membership (bar four) as the Dáil, though anti-Treaty members of the House stayed away.

Finally, the two structures of government (the British government's administration in Dublin Castle) and the Republic's began a process of convergence, to cover the year until the coming into force of the new Irish Free State. House of Commons of Southern Ireland was the lower house of the Irish parliament created by the Government of Ireland Act, passed in 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. ... Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1922–1936 George V  - 1936–1936 George VI President of the Executive Council  - 1922–1932 W.T. Cosgrave  - 1932–1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas  - Upper house Seanad Éireann  - Lower house Dáil Éireann...

Dissolution

The Anglo-Irish Treaty

By approving the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 7 January 1922 and the Constitution of the Irish Free State in October 1922 the Dáil agreed to the replacement of the Republic with the system of constitutional monarchy of the Irish Free State. Download high resolution version (433x684, 11 KB)Signature page from the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 From the National Archives of Ireland at [1] File links The following pages link to this file: Anglo-Irish Treaty Categories: UK Government images ... Download high resolution version (433x684, 11 KB)Signature page from the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 From the National Archives of Ireland at [1] File links The following pages link to this file: Anglo-Irish Treaty Categories: UK Government images ... Signature page of the Anglo-Irish Treaty The Anglo-Irish Treaty, officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom and representatives of the extra-judicial Irish Republic which concluded the Irish War of Independence. ... January 7 is the seventh day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the constitution of the independent Irish state established in December 1922. ... Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1922–1936 George V  - 1936–1936 George VI President of the Executive Council  - 1922–1932 W.T. Cosgrave  - 1932–1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas  - Upper house Seanad Éireann  - Lower house Dáil Éireann...

In 1922 the Provisional Government came into being but the Irish Republic was not dismantled, rather its institutions continued to operate in parallel with those of the provisional authority. Michael Collins was designated as Chairman of the Provisional Government, in theory answerable to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and appointed by the Lord Lieutenant^[6] In contrast the Republic's Aireacht continued with Arthur Griffith as President of the Republic following de Valera's resignation.^[7] However the two administrations were progressively merged until in August, following the deaths of both Griffith and Collins, W. T. Cosgrave assumed both leadership positions simultaneously and so the two most important offices effectively became one, producing a unique constitutional hybrid; a crown-appointed prime minister and a president of a republic. Both parliaments, the Second Dáil and the House of Commons, were replaced by a joint parliament known variously as the Third Dáil or the Provisional Parliament, elected on 16 June 1922. As a constituent assembly this enacted a new constitution with the passage of the Irish Free State Constitution Act. The Chairman of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland was a transitional post established in January 1922, lasting until the creation of the Irish Free State in December 1922. ... House of Commons of Southern Ireland was the lower house of the Irish parliament created by the Government of Ireland Act, passed in 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. ... Flag of a Lord-Lieutenant The title Lord-Lieutenant is given to the British monarchs personal representatives around the United Kingdom. ... ... The Third Dáil, also known as the Provisional Parliament or the Constituent Assembly, was the parliament of the post-partition twenty-six county Irish state which met from 9th September, 1922 until 9th August 1923. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting, and in some cases, adopting a constitution. ... The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the constitution of the independent Irish state established in December 1922. ...

On the 6 December 1922 the Constitution of the Irish Free State came into effect and the institutions of both the Irish Republic and the Provisional Government ceased to be. December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

Legacy

The goal of those who established the Irish Republic was to create a de facto independent republic comprising the whole island of Ireland. They failed in this goal, but the Irish Republic paved the way for the creation of the Irish Free State, a Commonwealth dominion with self-government, and a territory that extended to the 26 counties originally foreseen in the 1914 Home Rule Act. By 1949 the Free State became a fully independent republic, the 'Republic of Ireland'. The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as The Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, all of which, with the exception of Mozambique, are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ... A dominion, often Dominion, is the territory or the authority of a dominus (a lord or master). ... The Government of Ireland Act 1914, more generally known as the Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) or the (Irish) Home Rule Act 1914, was an Act of Parliament passed by the British House of Commons in May 1914 under the official short title Government of Ireland Act 1914, which...

Speaking in the Dáil on 29 April 1997 Bertie Ahern, the leader of the Fianna Fáil party, which is the successor of the anti-treaty Sinn Féin, and the then Taoiseach (head of government) John Bruton, leader of the Fine Gael party, which is the successor of the pro-Treaty Sinn Féin, agreed that as a basis for inclusive commemoration, the date from which Irish independence should be measured was not the formation of the Irish Republic in 1919, but the 1922 establishment of the Irish Free State, the first modern Irish state to achieve de facto independence and international recognition. April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Patrick Bartholomew Ahern (known as Bertie Ahern, Irish: ; born 12 September 1951) is an Irish politician. ... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party (IPA ; (mistranslated by the party into English as Soldiers of Destiny, though a literal translation is Soldiers [Fianna] of Ireland),¹ is currently the largest political party in Ireland with 55,000 members. ... The Taoiseach ( or [1]) — plural: Taoisigh ( or [1]) — or, more formally, An Taoiseach[2], is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet, the rough equivalent of a prime minister under the Westminster System. ... John Gerard Bruton (born May 18, 1947) was the ninth Taoiseach (Prime Minister) of the Republic of Ireland. ... Fine Gael (IPA: , though often anglicized to (approximate English translation: Family of the Irish) and officially, Fine Gael - The United Ireland Party, is the second largest political party in Ireland, presently forming the largest opposition party in the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament), and claims a membership of over 34,000. ...

The Irish Republic in the post-Treaty Republican tradition

Main article: Irish republican legitimatism

Since the Civil War of 1922-1923 the Irish Republic has been an important symbol for radical republicans. The Civil War began in June 1922 when both Sinn Féin and the IRA split between those pragmatists, who supported the Treaty, and those hardline republicans who opposed the compromises it contained. In particular the anti-Treaty faction objected to the continued role in the Irish constitution that would be granted to the British monarch under the Irish Free State. When the Dáil ratified the Treaty its opponents of the agreement walked out, arguing that the Dáil was attempting to 'destroy' the Irish Republic, and that its members had no right to do so. After the Irish electorate voted in a majority of pro-Treaty candidates to the Dáil, Éamon de Valera declared that "the people have no right to do wrong." Irish republican legitimatism is a term that may be used to describe a current within Irish republicanism that denies the legitimacy of the political entities of Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and argues that the Irish Republic continues to exist. ... The Irish Civil War (June 28, 1922 – May 24, 1923) was a conflict between supporters and or2=Liam Lynch† Frank Aiken |commander1=Michael Collins† Richard Mulcahy |strength2= c. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... {{year nav|1939 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Opponents of the Treaty refused to recognise either the Provisional Government or, when it was established, the Irish Free State, insisting that the Irish Republic continued to exist as a de jure entity. The anti-treaty faction also refused to recognise the Third Dáil, as the Second Dáil had never met to dissolve itself. These Republicans therefore considered the Third Dáil, and all future institutions arising from it, as illegal. (See Second Dáil). The Second Dáil was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 16th August, 1921 until 8th June, 1922. ...

The anti-Treaty side was defeated in the Civil War. Most militant opposition to the Free State came to an end on 24 May 1923 when Frank Aiken, chief-of-staff of the IRA issued the order to "dump arms" and Eamon de Valera issued his address to the "Legion of the Rearguard". Éamon de Valera continued as president of the Sinn Féin political party. In March 1926, Éamon de Valera, along with most anti-Treaty politicians, founded a new party called 'Fianna Fáil' and ended their boycott of the institutions of the Free State. May 24 is the 144th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (145th in leap years). ... {{year nav|1939 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Frank Aiken (February 13, 1898 - May 18, 1983) was a senior Irish politician. ... Sinn Féin (pronounced in English, in Irish) is a name used by a series of Irish political movements of the 20th century, each of which claimed sole descent from the original party established by Arthur Griffith in 1905. ... Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party (IPA ; (mistranslated by the party into English as Soldiers of Destiny, though a literal translation is Soldiers [Fianna] of Ireland),¹ is currently the largest political party in Ireland with 55,000 members. ...

Nonetheless a small hard-line minority continued to reject the legitimacy of the Free State and its successor, the Republic of Ireland. Most importantly, the Provisional IRA (PIRA), which conducted a campaign of bombings and shootings in Northern Ireland from the late 1960s until 1998, and its political wing, the modern Sinn Féin party, used to insist that the Irish Republic was still legally in existence, with the IRA as its national army, and the IRA Army Council Ireland's sole legitimate government. This view are is still upheld by Republican Sinn Féin and the Continuity IRA. As of 2006, the Provisional IRA continue to use the title Oglaigh na hÉireann (lit. Volunteers of Ireland), the official Irish title for the Republic of Ireland's armed forces. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) is a paramilitary group which aimed, through the use of violence, to achieve three goals: (i) British withdrawal from Ireland, (ii) the political unification of Ireland through the merger of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland , and (iii) the creation of an all... The IRA Army Council is the decision-making body of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, more commonly known as the IRA, a paramilitary group dedicated to the removal of the British presence in Ireland. ... Republican Sinn Féin (RSF) is a political party[2] operating in Ireland. ... The Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA) is an Irish republican paramilitary group that split from the Provisional IRA in 1986 in a dispute over the attendance of the elected representatives of Sinn Féin (the political party affiliated to the Provisional IRA) at Dáil Éireann (the lower house of... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Irish Defence Forces are the army, navy and air force of the Republic of Ireland. ...

Latterly Gerry Adams, president of Sinn Féin, has recast the doctrine to state that there is no legitimate government in Ireland, but his party has both recognised the legal fact of partition by signing the Good Friday Agreement and accepted the legitimacy of the government of the Republic of Ireland by openly speculating on taking up posts in a coalition government. However Sinn Féin still avoids giving linguistic legitimacy to either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland by refusing to use the name of either, referring still to the "twenty-six counties" and the "six countries", or "the state" and "the North". The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 by the British and Irish Governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties. ...

Footnotes

Irish states in order of creation (1171–present)
Lordship of Ireland | Kingdom of Ireland | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Irish Republic | Southern Ireland | Northern Ireland | Irish Free State | Ireland The Ireland Act 1949 is a UK Act of Parliament which was intended to deal with the consequences of the then recently passed Republic of Ireland Act 1948 as passed by the Irish parliament (Oireachtas). ... Map of Éire Éire (pronounced ) is the Irish name for Ireland. ... The Governor of Northern Ireland was the Crown representative in Northern Ireland. ... Dublin Castle. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This page includes English translations of several Latin phrases and abbreviations such as . ... Timothy Patrick Coogan is an Irish historian, broadcaster, newspaper columnist and was appointed editor of the Irish Press newspaper in 1968. ... Robert Fitzroy Foster (born 1949) - generally known as Roy Foster - is the Carroll Professor of Irish History at Hertford College, Oxford in the UK. Foster grew up in Waterford, the son of two teachers: Betty Foster (nee Fitzroy), a primary teacher, and Fef Foster, a teacher of Irish. ... F. S. L. Lyons (1923 - 1983) was one of Irelands premier historians. ... Cover image: Peter Stanfords biography of Lord Longford, The Outcasts Outcast (2003) Francis Aungier Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, KG, PC (5 December 1905–3 August 2001) was a politician, author, and social reformer. ... Dorothy Macardle (1899 — 1958) was an Irish author and historian. ... Éamon de Valera De Valera inherited the royalties from the book. ... From 1801 to 1922 the whole island of Ireland formed a constituent part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK). ... The state known today as the Republic of Ireland came into being when twenty-six of the counties of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom (UK) in 1922. ... Éire, the official Irish name of the state since 1937, appears on all Irish euro coins. ... Irish States have existed under a number of different names for nearly a thousand years. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (746x945, 684 KB)Topography of Ireland Source: http://earthobservatory. ... The Lordship of Ireland (1171-1541) was a nominally all-island Irish state created in the wake of the Norman invasion of the east coast of Ireland in 1169, an area that became known in the later middle ages as the Pale or Pale of Dublin from its defences in... Image File history File links Flag_of_England_(bordered). ... Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Monarchy King¹  - 1542-1547 Henry I  - 1760-1801 George III Chief Secretary  - 1660 Matthew Lock  - 1798-1801 Viscount Castlereagh Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House of Commons History  - Act of Parliament 1541  - Act of Union... Image File history File links St_Patrick's_saltire. ... Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital London Language(s) English Gaelic Welsh (Wales) Scottish Gaelic (parts of Scotland) Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1801–1820 George III  - 1920–1922... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Capital Dublin Head of State King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Head of Government Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Chairman of the Provisional Government from Jan 1922. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland. ... Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official languages English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, Northern Ireland Sign Language, Irish Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Office... Image File history File links Flag_of_Northern_Ireland. ... Territory of the Irish Free State Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1922–1936 George V  - 1936–1936 George VI President of the Executive Council  - 1922–1932 W.T. Cosgrave  - 1932–1937 Eamon de Valera Legislature Oireachtas  - Upper house Seanad Éireann  - Lower house Dáil Éireann... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ...
See also: Confederate Ireland | Republic of Connaught | Republic of Munster | Free Derry Kilkenny Castle, where the Confederate General Assembly met. ... Image File history File links St_Patrick's_saltire. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Connacht. ... The IRA West Cork Flying Column (Anti-Treaty) during the War of Independence. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Munster. ... Free Derry was the name given to the self-declared autonomous republican region of the city of Derry, Northern Ireland, following the Battle of the Bogside of August 12-August 14, 1969. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ...