NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Iron

Main article: Isotopes of iron
iso	NA	half-life	DM	DE (MeV)	DP
⁵⁴Fe	5.8%	>3.1×10²²y	2ε capture	?	⁵⁴Cr
⁵⁵Fe	syn	2.73 y	ε capture	0.231	⁵⁵Mn
⁵⁶Fe	91.72%	⁵⁶Fe is stable with 30 neutrons
⁵⁷Fe	2.2%	⁵⁷Fe is stable with 31 neutrons
⁵⁸Fe	0.28%	⁵⁸Fe is stable with 32 neutrons
⁵⁹Fe	syn	44.503 d	β^-	1.565	⁵⁹Co
⁶⁰Fe	syn	1.5×10⁶ y	β^-	3.978	⁶⁰Co

References

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Iron (pronounced /ˈаɪɚn/) is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 element. Iron is a lustrous, silvery soft metal. It is one of the few ferromagnetic elements. Iron can refer to: Iron, a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Fe and atomic number 26 a device used to iron clothing, see ironing a type of golf club the cutting blade of a woodworking hand plane, see Plane: Parts of a Plane set of... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number Ruthenium, Ru, 44 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight 101. ... Image File history File links Fe-TableImage. ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... Categories: Chemical elements ... sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... A Group 8 element is an element in periodic table group 8 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table, which consists of: Iron (26) Ruthenium (44) Osmium (76) Hassium (108) All of these elements are classed in Group 8 because their valence shell holds four electrons. ... A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Iron sample. ... Stylized lithium-7 atom: 3 protons, 4 neutrons & 3 electrons (~1800 times smaller than protons/neutrons). ... To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10âˆ’36 kg and 1053 kg. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... This box: For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of density and is represented as kg/m³, where kg stands for kilogram and m³ stands for cubic metre. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The heat of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval. ... Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... In crystallography, the cubic crystal system is the most symmetric of the 7 crystal systems. ... In crystallography, the cubic crystal system is the most symmetric of the 7 crystal systems. ... Not to be confused with oxidation state. ... In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react with either an acid or base (more generally, the word describes something made of, or acting like, two components). ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius Van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... Ferromagnetism is the phenomenon by which materials, such as iron, in an external magnetic field become magnetized and remain magnetized for a period after the material is no longer in the field. ... // Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ... K value redirects here. ... During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ... For other uses, see Speed of sound (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... In solid mechanics, Youngs modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. ... Shear strain In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or Î¼, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:[1] where = shear stress; is the force which acts is the area on which the force acts = shear strain; is... The bulk modulus (K) of a substance essentially measures the substances resistance to uniform compression. ... Figure 1: Rectangular specimen subject to compression, with Poissons ratio circa 0. ... The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ... A Vickers hardness tester The Vickers hardness test was developed in the early 1920s as an alternative method to measure the hardness of materials. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Iron (Fe) Standard atomic mass: 55. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... A year (from Old English gÄ“r) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... REDIRECT [[ Insert text]]EWWWWWWWWWWWWW YO General Name, symbol, number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... A Group 8 element is an element in periodic table group 8 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table, which consists of: Iron (26) Ruthenium (44) Osmium (76) Hassium (108) All of these elements are classed in Group 8 because their valence shell holds four electrons. ... A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... Look up element in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A ferromagnet is a piece of ferromagnetic material, in which the microscopic magnetized regions, called domains, have been aligned by an external magnetic field (e. ...

Iron and nickel are notable for being the final elements produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, and are therefore the heaviest elements which do not require a red giant or supernova for formation. Iron and nickel are therefore the most abundant metals in metallic meteorites and in the dense-metal cores of planets such as Earth. Iron and iron alloys are also the most common source of ferromagnetic materials in everyday use. For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ... Cross section of a red giant showing nucleosynthesis and elements formed Stellar nucleosynthesis is the collective term for the nuclear reactions taking place in stars to build the nuclei of the heavier elements. ... According to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a red giant is a large non-main sequence star of stellar classification K or M; so-named because of the reddish appearance of the cooler giant stars. ... For other uses, see Supernova (disambiguation). ... Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ... Ferromagnetism is a phenomenon by which a material can exhibit a spontaneous magnetization, and is one of the strongest forms of magnetism. ...

1 Occurrence
2 Characteristics
3 Allotropes
4 Applications
- 4.1 Iron compounds
5 History
6 Production of iron from iron ore
- 6.1 Blast furnace
- 6.2 Further processes
7 Isotopes
8 Iron in organic synthesis
9 Iron in biology
- 9.1 Nutrition and dietary sources
- 9.2 Regulation of iron uptake
10 See also
11 Bibliography
12 References
13 External links

[edit] Occurrence

See also: Category:Iron minerals

Iron is believed to be the sixth most abundant element in the universe, formed as the final act of nucleosynthesis by carbon burning in massive stars. While it makes up only about 5% of the Earth's crust, the earth's core is believed to consist largely of an iron-nickel alloy constituting 35% of the mass of the Earth as a whole. Iron is consequently the most abundant element on Earth, but only the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust.^[1] Most of the iron in the crust is found combined with oxygen as iron oxide minerals such as hematite and magnetite. About 1 in 20 meteorites consist of the unique iron-nickel minerals taenite (35-80% iron) and kamacite (90-95% iron). Although rare, meteorites are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. The abundance of a chemical element measures how relatively common the element is, or how much of the element there is by comparison to all other elements. ... For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). ... Nucleosynthesis is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from preexisting nucleons (protons and neutrons). ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Geologic provinces of the world (USGS) In geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon. ... Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ... For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... Iron oxide pigment There are a number of iron oxides: Iron oxides Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide (FeO) The black-coloured powder in particular can cause explosions as it readily ignites. ... For other uses, see Hematite (disambiguation). ... Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic mineral with chemical formula Fe3O4, one of several iron oxides and a member of the spinel group. ... Willamette Meteorite A meteorite is a natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with the Earths surface without being destroyed. ... Taenite is a mineral found naturally on Earth mostly in iron meteorites. ... Kamacite is a mineral. ... Worlds second largest Meteorite in Culiacan, Mexico A meteorite is a relatively small extra-terrestrial body that reaches the Earths surface. ...

The reason for Mars' red colour is thought to be an iron-oxide-rich soil.

The red appearance of this water is due to iron in the rocks.

Water colored by Iron. ... Water colored by Iron. ...

[edit] Characteristics

Iron is a metal extracted mainly from the iron ore hematite. It oxidises readily in air and water to form Fe₂O₃ and is rarely found as a free element. In order to obtain elemental iron, oxygen and other impurities must be removed by chemical reduction. The properties of iron can be modified by alloying it with various other metals and some non-metals, notably carbon and silicon to form steels. This article is about metallic materials. ... This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ... For other uses, see Hematite (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Silicone. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...

Nuclei of iron have some of the highest binding energies per nucleon, surpassed only by the nickel isotope ⁶²Ni. The universally most abundant of the highly stable nuclides is, however, ⁵⁶Fe. This is formed by nuclear fusion in stars. Although a further tiny energy gain could be extracted by synthesizing ⁶²Ni, conditions in stars are unsuitable for this process to be favoured, and iron abundance on Earth greatly favors iron over nickel, and also presumably in supernova element production.^[2] Nickel (Ni) Standard atomic mass: 58. ...

Iron (as Fe²⁺, ferrous ion) is a necessary trace element used by almost all living organisms. The only exceptions are several organisms that live in iron-poor environments and have evolved to use different elements in their metabolic processes, such as manganese instead of iron for catalysis, or hemocyanin instead of hemoglobin. Iron-containing enzymes, usually containing heme prosthetic groups, participate in catalysis of oxidation reactions in biology, and in transport of a number of soluble gases. See hemoglobin, cytochrome, and catalase. Microminerals (also known as trace elements) are micronutrients that are chemical elements. ... Single Oxygenated Hemocyanin protein from Octopus Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins) are respiratory proteins containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O2). ... Structure of Heme b A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. ... Structure of hemoglobin. ... Cytochromes are generally membrane-bound proteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport or catalyse reductive/oxidative reactions. ... RNA expression pattern Orthologs Human Mouse Entrez Ensembl Uniprot Refseq Location Pubmed search Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms. ...

[edit] Allotropes

Main article: Allotropes of iron

Iron represents perhaps the best-known example of allotropy in a metal. There are three allotropic forms of iron, known as alpha, gamma, and delta. Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. ...

As molten iron cools down it crystallises at 1538°C into its delta allotrope, which has a body-centred cubic (BCC) crystal structure. As it cools further its crystal structure changes to face-centred cubic (FCC) at 1394°C, when it is known as gamma-iron, or austenite. At 912°C the crystal structure again becomes BCC as alpha-iron is formed, and at 770°C (the Curie point, Tc) the iron becomes magnetic. As the iron passes through the Curie temperature there is no change in crystalline structure, but there is a change in 'domain structure', where each domain contains iron atoms with a particular electronic spin. In unmagnetised iron, all the electronic spins of the atoms within one domain are in the same direction; however, in neighbouring domains they point in various directions and thus cancel out. In magnetised iron, the electronic spins of all the domains are all aligned, so that the magnetic effects of neighbouring domains reinforce each other. Although each domain contains billions of atoms, they are very small, about one thousandth of a centimetre across. Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The cubic crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. ... In physics, magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ...

Iron is of most importance when mixed with certain other metals and with carbon to form steels. There are many types of steels, all with different properties; and an understanding of the properties of the allotropes of iron is key to the manufacture of good quality steels.

Alpha iron, also known as ferrite, is the most stable form of iron at normal temperatures. It is a fairly soft metal that can dissolve only a small concentration of carbon (no more than 0.021% by mass at 910 °C).

Above 912°C and up to 1401°C alpha iron undergoes a phase transition from body-centred cubic to the face-centred cubic configuration of gamma iron, also called austenite. This is similarly soft and metallic but can dissolve considerably more carbon (as much as 2.04% by mass at 1146°C). This form of iron is used in the type of stainless steel used for making cutlery, and hospital and food-service equipment. This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions. ... Iron-carbon phase diagram, showing the conditions under which austenite (Î³) is stable in carbon steel. ... The 630 foot (192 m) high, stainless-clad (type 304) Gateway Arch defines St. ...

[edit] Applications

Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for 95% of worldwide metal production. Its low cost and high strength make it indispensable in engineering applications such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, automobiles, the hulls of large ships, and structural components for buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly used in the form of steel. Some of the forms in which iron is produced commercially include: Car redirects here. ... A hull is the body or frame of a ship or boat. ... For other uses, see Ship (disambiguation). ... Old Executive Office Building, Washington D.C. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, China In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following: Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or An... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...

Pig iron has 3.5—4.5% carbon^[3] and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. Its only significance is that of an intermediate step on the way from iron ore to cast iron and steel.
Cast iron contains 2—4% carbon, 1—6% silicon, and small amounts of manganese. Contaminants present in pig iron that negatively affect material properties, such as sulfur and phosphorus, have been reduced to an acceptable level. It has a melting point in the range of 1420—1470 K, which is lower than either of its two main components, and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together. Its mechanical properties vary greatly, dependent upon the form carbon takes in the alloy. 'White' cast irons contain their carbon in the form of cementite, or iron carbide. This hard, brittle compound dominates the mechanical properties of white cast irons, rendering them hard, but unresistant to shock. The broken surface of a white cast iron is full of fine facets of the broken carbide, a very pale, silvery, shiny material, hence the appellation. In grey iron the carbon exists free as fine flakes of graphite, and also renders the material brittle due to the stress-raising nature of the sharp edged flakes of graphite. A newer variant of grey iron, referred to as ductile iron is specially treated with trace amounts of magnesium to alter the shape of graphite to spheroids, or nodules, vastly increasing the toughness and strength of the material.
Wrought iron contains less than 0.25% carbon.^[3] It is a tough, malleable product, but not as fusible as pig iron. If honed to an edge, it loses it quickly. Wrought iron is characterised by the presence of fine fibers of slag entrapped in the metal. Wrought iron is more corrosion resistant than steel. It has been almost completely replaced by mild steel for traditional "wrought iron" products and blacksmithing. Mild steel does not have the same corrosion resistance but is cheaper and more widely available.
Carbon steel contains 2.0% carbon or less,^[4] with small amounts of manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon.
Alloy steels contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals, such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, etc. They are used for structural purposes, as their alloy content raises their cost and necessitates justification of their use. Recent developments in ferrous metallurgy have produced a growing range of microalloyed steels, also termed 'HSLA' or high-strength, low alloy steels, containing tiny additions to produce high strengths and often spectacular toughness at minimal cost.
Iron(III) oxides are used in the production of magnetic storage media in computers. They are often mixed with other compounds, and retain their magnetic properties in solution.

The main disadvantage of iron and steel is that pure iron, and most of its alloys, suffer badly from rust if not protected in some way. Painting, galvanization, passivation, plastic coating and bluing are some techniques used to protect iron from rust by excluding water and oxygen or by sacrificial protection. Two weights used in the theatre and made of pig iron; because of this, they are dubbed pig weights or simply pigs. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Not to be confused with Silicone. ... General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Silicone. ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Cementite or iron carbide is a chemical compound with the formula Fe3C, and an orthorhombic crystal structure. ... Gray iron or grey iron was the original cast iron. It is relatively easy and inexpensive to make. ... For other uses, see Graphite (disambiguation). ... -1... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... A wrought iron railing in Troy, New York. ... Slag is also an early play by David Hare. ... Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. ... For other uses, see Blacksmith (disambiguation). ... Carbon steel,is very fun 2 play with also called plain carbon steel, is a metal alloy, a combination of two elements, iron and carbon, where other elements are present in quantities too small to affect the properties. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... Not to be confused with Silicone. ... Steel framework Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... REDIRECT [[ Insert text]]EWWWWWWWWWWWWW YO General Name, symbol, number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... General Name, symbol, number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Standard atomic weight 50. ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 95. ... For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Tungsten (disambiguation). ... Iron(III) oxide â€” also known as ferric oxide, Hematite, red iron oxide, synthetic maghemite, colcothar, or simply rust â€” is one of the several oxide compounds of iron, and has paramagnetic properties. ... Magnetic storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on a magnetised medium. ... For other uses, see Rust (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... Galvanization or galvanisation refers to any of several electrochemical processes named after the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani. ... Passivation is the process of making a material passive in relation to another material prior to using the materials together. ... Bluing is a passivation process in which steel is partially protected against rust, and is named after the blue-black appearance of the resulting protective finish. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...

Iron is believed to be the critical missing nutrient in the ocean that limits the growth of plankton. Experimental iron fertilization of areas of the ocean using iron(II) sulfate has proven successful in increasing plankton growth.^[5]^[6]^[7] Larger scaled efforts are being attempted with the hope that iron seeding and ocean plankton growth can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby counteracting the greenhouse effect that is generally agreed by climatologists to cause global warming.^[8] The main problem with iron fertilisation is the low photic depth of the Southern Ocean when compared with the mixing depth, resulting in phytoplankton death and reducing the NET amount of carbon dioxide taken up. The NET deposition of carbon into the ocean bed is only around 2% of the carbon taken up by the phytoplankton as carbon dioxide, as shown by research by IASOS (Institute of Antarctic & Southern Ocean Studies), AAD (Australian Antarctic Division) and ACE CRC (Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre).^{[citation needed]} This article is about the real-life under-sea organisms. ... It has been suggested that Ocean Nourishment be merged into this article or section. ... Iron(II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula (FeSO4). ... Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... A schematic representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earths atmosphere, and the Earth surface. ... Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. ...

[edit] Iron compounds

Iron chloride hexahydrate

Iron oxides (FeO, Fe₃O₄, and Fe₂O₃) are ores used for iron production (see bloomery and blast furnace). They are common components of terrestrial rocks.

Iron(III) acetate (Fe(C₂H₃O₂)₃ is used in the dyeing of cloth.

Iron(III) ammonium oxalate (Fe(NH₄)₃(C₂O₄)₄) is used in blueprints.

Iron(III) arsenate (FeAsO₄) is used in insecticide.

Iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃) is used: in water purification and sewage treatment, in the dyeing of cloth, as a coloring agent in paints, as an additive in animal feed, and as an etching material for engravement, photography and printed circuits.

Iron(III) chromate (Fe₂(CrO₄)₃) is used as a yellow pigment for paints and ceramic.

Iron(III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)₃) is used as a brown pigment for rubber and in water purification systems.

Iron(III) phosphate (FePO₄) is used in fertilizer and as an additive in human and animal food.

Iron(II) acetate (Fe(C₂H₃O₂)₂ is used in the dyeing of fabrics and leather, and as a wood preservative.

Iron(II) gluconate (Fe(C₆H₁₁O₇)₂) is used as a dietary supplement in iron pills.

Iron(II) oxalate (FeC₂O₄) is used as yellow pigment for paints, plastics, glass and ceramic, and in photography.

Iron(II) sulfate (FeSO₄) is used in water purification and sewage treatment systems, as a catalyst in the production of ammonia, as an ingredient in fertilizer and herbicide, as an additive in animal feed, in wood preservative and as an additive to flour to increase iron levels.

Iron-Fluorine complex (FeF₆)^3- is found in solutions containing both Fe(III) ions and fluoride ions.

Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate This image has been released into the public domain by its creator and original copyright holder. ... Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate This image has been released into the public domain by its creator and original copyright holder. ... This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ... A bloomery is a type of furnace once widely used for smelting iron from its oxides. ... Blast furnace in Sestao, Spain. ... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Textile be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Blueprint (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... R-phrases , S-phrases , Related Compounds Other anions Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) bromide Other cations Iron(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride Ruthenium(III) chloride Related coagulants Iron(II) sulfate Polyaluminium chloride Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... -1... This article is about ceramic materials. ... Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH)), also called hydrated iron oxide and yellow iron oxide, is an oxide-hydroxide of iron. ... Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... A sample of (FePO4)2Â·5H2O Iron(III) phosphate, also ferric orthophosphate, or ferric phosphate, FePO4, is a phosphate of iron. ... Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... Iron(II) acetate is an off-white or light brown solid ionic compound of iron. ... For other uses, see Leather (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... The chemical structure of iron(II) gluconate Iron(II) gluconate, or ferrous gluconate,[1] is a black compound often used as an iron supplement. ... Iron supplements are supplements that can be prescribed by a doctor for a medical reason. ... For other uses, see Plastic (disambiguation). ... This article is about the material. ... -1... Iron(II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula (FeSO4). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ... An herbicide is used to kill unwanted plants. ... For other uses, see Flour (disambiguation). ... ... Fluoride is the ionic form of fluorine. ... ...

[edit] History

Main article: History of ferrous metallurgy

The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron, with the right illustration displaying men working a blast furnace, from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, published 1637 by Song Yingxing.

The first iron used by mankind during prehistory came from meteors. The smelting of iron in bloomeries probably began in Anatolia or the Caucasus in the second millennium BC or the later part of the preceding one.^{[citation needed]} Cast iron was first produced in China about 550 BC, but not in Europe until the medieval period. During the medieval period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron (in this context known as pig iron) using finery forges. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel. The history of ferrous metallurgy began far back in prehistory, most likely with the use of iron from meteors. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 762 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (794 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 392 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Chinese iron workers smelting iron ore to make pig iron and wrought iron. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 762 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (794 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 392 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Chinese iron workers smelting iron ore to make pig iron and wrought iron. ... Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace Puddling was an Industrial Revolution means of making iron and steel. ... For other uses, see Ore (disambiguation). ... A wrought iron railing in Troy, New York. ... Two weights used in the theatre and made of pig iron; because of this, they are dubbed pig weights or simply pigs. ... Blast furnace in Sestao, Spain. ... Song Yingxing (Traditional Chinese:å®‹æ‡‰æ˜Ÿ; Simplified Chinese:å®‹åº”æ˜Ÿ; Wade Giles: Sung Ying-Hsing; 1587-1666 AD) was a Chinese scientist and encyclopedist who lived during the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). ... Stonehenge, England, erected by Neolithic peoples ca. ... Electric phosphate smelting furnace in a TVA chemical plant (1942) Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of extractive metallurgy. ... A bloomery is a type of furnace once widely used for smelting iron from its oxides. ... This article is about two nested areas of Turkey, a plateau region within a peninsula. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... A wrought iron railing in Troy, New York. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... Two weights used in the theatre and made of pig iron; because of this, they are dubbed pig weights or simply pigs. ... Iron tapped from the blast furnace is pig iron, and contains significant amounts of carbon and silicon. ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ...

Steel (with a smaller carbon content than pig iron but more than wrought iron) was first produced in antiquity. New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century AD. In the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel. In the late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process, involving blowing air through molten pig iron, to produce mild steel. This and other 19th century and later processes have led to wrought iron no longer being produced. For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... Two weights used in the theatre and made of pig iron; because of this, they are dubbed pig weights or simply pigs. ... A wrought iron railing in Troy, New York. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... Carburization is the name of the process by which carbon is introduced into a metal. ... The cementation process is a obsolete technique for making steel. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) Sir Henry Bessemer (January 19, 1813 â€“ March 15, 1898), English engineer and inventor, was born at Charlton near Hitchin in Hertfordshire. ... A wrought iron railing in Troy, New York. ...

[edit] Production of iron from iron ore

See also: Iron ore

The production of iron or steel is a process unless the desired final product is cast iron. The first stage is to produce pig iron in a blast furnace. The second is to make wrought iron or steel from pig iron by a further process. This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... Two weights used in the theatre and made of pig iron; because of this, they are dubbed pig weights or simply pigs. ... Blast furnace in Sestao, Spain. ... A wrought iron railing in Troy, New York. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...

[edit] Blast furnace

Main article: Blast furnace

How Iron was extracted in the 19th century

Iron output in 2005

Encyclopedia > Iron

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