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Pre-European contact distribution of the Iroquoian languages.

The Iroquoian languages are a Native American language family. The language family includes Mohawk, Huron-Wyandot and Cherokee. Image File history File links Iroquoian_langs. ... Image File history File links Iroquoian_langs. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... Mohawk is a Native American language spoken by the Mohawk nation in the United States and Canada. ... Wyandot is the Iroquoian language traditionally spoken by the people known variously as Wyandot, Wendat, or Huron. ... Original distribution of the Cherokee language Cherokee (; Tsalagi) is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people which uses a unique syllabary writing system. ...

Every language in this family has at least one nasal vowel phoneme. Cherokee's is a nasal schwa, written in transliteration as 'v' (for example, "Hv?" sounds like "Huh?" nasalized, and means the same thing). A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ... The IPA symbol for the Schwa In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa can mean: An unstressed and toneless neutral vowel sound in any language, often but not necessarily a mid-central vowel. ...

Family division

The Iroquoian family comprises 11 languages:

Southern Iroquoian

1. Cherokee

Northern Iroquoian

Tuscarora-Nottoway

2. Tuscarora

3. Nottoway

Huronian

4. Neutral

5. Huron-Wyandot

Five Nations and Susquehannock

6. Seneca

7. Cayuga

8. Susquehannock

9. Onondaga

Mohawk-Oneida

10. Oneida

11. Mohawk

What has been called the Laurentian language appears to be actually more than one dialect or language. Original distribution of the Cherokee language Cherokee (; Tsalagi) is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people which uses a unique syllabary writing system. ... Tuscarora or Skarure is an Iroquoian language of the Tuscarora people, spoken in Canada and the United States, in western New York and southern Ontario. ... The Neutrals were a tribe of American Indians who lived in what is now upstate New York and southern Ontario. ... This article is about the First Nations people, the Wyandot, also known as the Huron. ... Wyandot is the Iroquoian language traditionally spoken by the people known variously as Wyandot, Wendat, or Huron. ... For other uses, see Iroquois (disambiguation). ... Susquehannock The Susquehannock people were natives of areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York, through Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay. ... Seneca is the language of the Seneca Native Band, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. ... Cayuga (In Cayuga Goyogohó:nǫ’) is a Northern Iroquoian language of the Iroquois Proper (a. ... Susquehannock The Susquehannock people were natives of areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York, through Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay. ... Onondaga (Onundagaono or People of the Hills) is the language of the Onondaga First Nation, one of the original five constituent tribes of the League of the Iroquois (Hodenosaunee) This language is spoken in the United States and Canada, primarily on reservations in western New York state, and near Brantford... Oneida is an Iroquoian language spoken primarily in the American states of New York and Wisconsin, and the Canadian province of Ontario. ... Mohawk is a Native American language spoken by the Mohawk nation in the United States and Canada. ... Territory occupied by the St. ...

In 1649 the tribes constituting the Huron and Petun confederations were displaced by war parties from Five Nations villages (Mithun 1985). Many of the survivors went on to form the Wyandot tribe. Ethnographic and linguistic field work with the Wyandot (Barbeau 1960) yielded enough documentation to be able to make some characterizations of the Huron and Petun languages. The Wyandot, or Wendat, is an indigenous people of North America, originally from what is now Southern Ontario, Quebec, Canada and Southeast Michigan. ... The Wyandot, or Wendat, is an indigenous people of North America, originally from what is now Southern Ontario, Quebec, Canada and Southeast Michigan. ...

The languages of the tribes that constituted the Neutral and the Erie confederations were very poorly documented. These groups were called Atiwandaronk meaning 'they who understand the language' by the Huron, and thus are historically grouped with them. The Neutrals were a tribe of American Indians who lived in what is now upstate New York and southern Ontario. ... The Erie (also Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat) were a prehistoric group of Native Americans, related to the Iroquois, who lived from western New York to northern Ohio on the south shore of Lake Erie. ... This article is about the First Nations people, the Wyandot, also known as the Huron. ...

The group known as the Meherrin were neighbors to the Tuscarora and the Nottoway (Binford 1967)and may have spoken an Iroquoian language, but there is not enough data to determine this with certainty. The Meherrin Tribe is one of eight state-recognized tribes of Native Americans in North Carolina and received formal state recognition in 1986. ...

The Huronian languages, Tuscarora, Nottoway, and Susquehannock are all now extinct. An extinct language is a language which is no longer natively spoken: it is estimated that one natural human language dies every two weeks. ...

Distant relationships

Some linguists group the Iroquoian languages with the Siouan languages as the Macro-Siouan family, but this larger family is not recognized by a consensus of linguists. Pre-contact distribution of the Siouan languages The Siouan (a. ... The Macro-Siouan languages are a proposed language family that includes the Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan languages. ...

Bibliography

• Barbeau (1960), Huron-Wyandot Traditional Narratives in Translations and Native Texts, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 47; Anthropological Series 165, [Ottawa]: Canada Dept. of Northern Affairs and National Resources, OCLC 1990439 .
• Binford, Lewis R. (1967), "An Ethnohistory of the Nottoway, Meherrin and Weanock Indians of Southeastern Virginia", Ethnohistory 14 (3/4): 103-218, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0014-1801%28196722%2F23%2914%3A3%2F4%3C103%3AAEOTNM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7> .
• Chilton, Elizabeth (2004), "Social Complexity in New England: AD 1000-1600", in Pauketat, Timothy R. & Loren, Diana Dipaolo, North American Archaeology, Malden, MA: Blackwell Press, pp. 138-160, OCLC 55085697 .
• Goddard, Ives, ed. (1996), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 17: Languages, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, ISBN 0160487749, OCLC 43957746 .
• Lounsbury, Floyd G. (1978), "Iroquoian Languages", in Trigger, Bruce G., Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 334-343 [unified volume Bibliography, pp. 807-890], OCLC 58762737 .
• Mithun, Marianne (1984), "The Proto-Iroquoians: Cultural Reconstruction from Lexical Materials", in Foster, Michael K.; Campisi, Jack & Mithun, Marianne, Extending the Rafters: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Iroquoian Studies, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 259-282, ISBN 0873957814
• Mithun, Marianne (1985), "Untangling the Huron and the Iroquois", International Journal of American Linguistics 51 (4): 504-507, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-7071%28198510%2951%3A4%3C504%3AUTHATI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q> ., OCLC 9646457 .
• Mithun, Marianne (1999), The Languages of Native North America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521232287, OCLC 40467402 .
• Rudes, Blair A. (1993), "Iroquoian Vowels", Anthropological Linguistics 37 (1): 16-69 .

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