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In contrast to regular verbs, irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of conjugation in the languages in which they occur. A regular verb is a verb whose conjugation can be predicted given a few verb forms (principal parts) and a few rules. ...
It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ...
In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ...
What counts as an irregular verb is strongly dependent on the language itself. In English, the surviving strong verbs are considered irregular. In Old English, by contrast, the strong verbs are usually not considered irregular, at least not only by virtue of being strong verbs: there were several recognized classes of strong verbs, which were regular within themselves. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
A strong inflection is an irregular inflection, in which the stem of a word changes. ...
Old English redirects here. ...
In Latin, similarly, most verbs outside the first or fourth conjugations have three principal parts, which form part of the lexicon and must be learned. The three principal parts are the present tense stem, the perfect tense stem, and the past participle; a variety of inflections, ablaut, and sometimes reduplication are used to form these parts. For example, the principal parts of spondeō ("I promise") include spondēre ("to promise"), spopondī ("I promised"), showing reduplication, and sponsus ("promised"); these forms cannot be predicted from the present stem, but when you know all four, the entire system can be constructed from these three parts by rule. This verb is not usually considered irregular in Latin. Latin also exhibits deponent verbs, inflected in the passive voice alone; and defective verbs, missing some principal parts. Truly irregular verbs in Latin are a rather small class; they include esse ("to be"); dare and its derivatives ("to give"); êsse ("to eat"); ferre and its derivatives ("to carry"); velle and its derivatives ("to wish"); ire and its derivatives ("to go"); and fieri ("to become"). Most irregular Latin verbs are themselves vestiges of the athematic conjugations of Indo-European, a surviving (and regular) group found in Greek. For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...
In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ...
In language learning, the principal parts of a verb are the series of key forms which the student has to learn by heart in order to be able to conjugate the verb through all its forms. ...
Look up lexicon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. ...
This article is about the grammatical term. ...
In linguistics, a participle is an adjective derived from a verb. ...
In linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of vowel gradation (i. ...
Reduplication, in linguistics, is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word, or only part of it, is repeated. ...
In linguistics, a deponent verb is a verb that is active in meaning but takes its form from a different voice, most commonly the middle or passive. ...
In grammar, voice is the relationship between the action or state expressed by a verb, and its arguments (subject, object, etc. ...
In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb with an incomplete conjugation. ...
For other uses of athematic see Thematic. ...
Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Indo-European languages include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. ...
Greek and Sanskrit show even greater complexities, with widely different thematic and athematic inflection sets; which set goes with which verb stem cannot be predicted by rule. In languages of this type, these variations are not usually enough to label a verb "irregular". They instead form a part of the lexicon; when a verb is learned, the various patterns used to conjugate it must also be learned. The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Theta role. ...
Look up lexicon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
By contrast, in modern English, the strong verbs are largely a closed and vestigial class. (Analogy has created a few new strong verbs, such as dive.) All of the surviving strong verbs differ markedly from other verbs, and thus are classified as "irregular"; here, they are conspicuous exceptions in the midst of a much larger class of rule-bound regular verbs. Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. ...
In some languages, the count of irregular verbs could be greatly expanded if one were to count verbs that are irregular only in their spelling, but not in their pronunciation. For example, in Spanish, the verb rezar ("to pray") is conjugated in the present subjunctive as rece, reces, rece, etc. The substitution of c for z does not affect the pronunciation. It is strictly a matter of orthography. Therefore, this verb is not normally considered irregular. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. ...
Other issues affecting the count of irregular verbs in various languages are:
- How many patterns of conjugation are considered standard. If a large enough group of irregular verbs in a language have parallel conjugations, it is arbitrary whether to count that as an additional "standard" conjugation or as a large collection of irregular verbs.
- Which verbs are to be counted as separate, rather than merely prefixed. For example, in English, to withhold conjugates exactly like to hold, and in Spanish, detener ("to detain") conjugates exactly like tener ("to have"). In each case, are these to be counted as two separate irregular verbs, or as a single irregular verb, with and without a prefix?
Number of irregular verbs in different languages While the term "irregular verb" is not precisely enough defined to allow a definitive count of the irregular verbs in all languages, the following table is illustrative of how much this phenomenon varies across languages. | Language | Count[citation needed] | Notes | | Latin | 924 | | | Italian | over 400 | | | German | 181 | The verb sein “to be” is the only completely irregular verb in German. | | English | 178 | see English irregular verbs, List of English irregular verbs and Wiktionary appendix: Irregular English verbs | | Danish | 131 | | | French | 81 | | | Swedish | 76 | | | Dutch | 55 | | | Spanish | 46 | see Spanish irregular verbs | | Catalan | 40 | | Scottish Gaelic | 11 | | | Welsh | 11 | | | Finnish | ≤4 + 4 | Only the verb olla "to be" has one truly irregular ending (added with some consonant assimilation), and a few verbs have rare consonant elision patterns warranting memorizing them. For example, juoks+en "I run" elides 'k' to give juos+ta "to run", and näh+dä "to see" elides 'h' to give nä+en "I see". Spoken Finnish has further irregularity on the verb "to be" (oo- pro ole-, also occasionally o pro on), and four additional irregular verbs (tuu "come", mee "go", paa "put", nää "see"). | | Japanese | ≤5 | する suru "to do", 来る kuru "to come", 行く iku "to go", ある aru "to exist (inanimate)", and くれる kureru "to give (to the in-group)" are irregular. There are also several categories of verbs with either a very small number of members (the five honorific verbs), or conjugations based on multiple stems (aisuru and aisu "to love" are used interchangeably but the former is not used in certain forms such as the imperative *aishiro); these are considered by some authorities irregular and by others not. | | Ukrainian | ≤3 | Бути (to be), їсти (to eat), давати (to give) are the only irregular "basic" verbs. Also, бути is irregular in that sense that it withstands inflection except for when forming infinitive (бути (inf.) — є (non inf.)). Though the actual number of irregular verbs may be considered to be much higher since language's synthetic nature allows to make complex verbs based on these. | | Latvian | 3 | these 3 verbs are būt, iet, dot | | Chinese | 1 | 有 yǒu forms its negative with 没 méi rather than with 不 bù in Mandarin and has a separate negative form 冇 mou in Cantonese | | Northern Sami | 1 | Only the verb leat "to be" is irregular; all others are conjugated regularly. | | Quechua | 1 | Only the verb kay "to be" is irregular. | | Turkish | 0 | - | | Interlingua | 0 | While Interlingua has no true irregular verbs, it has three short verb forms: es ("is", "am", "are"), ha ("have", "has"), and va ("go", "goes"). These forms are optional but widely used. Interlingua also has a few alternate forms of esser ("to be"), such as sera for essera ("will be"). These alternate forms differ from an irregular verb in that they are not a full conjugation. They are optional and rare. | | Esperanto | 0 | (like most constructed languages) | For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
English has a large number of irregular verbs. ...
This is list of irregular verbs in the English language. ...
Spanish verbs are a complex area of Spanish grammar, with many combinations of tenses, aspects and moods (up to fifty conjugated forms per verb). ...
Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia, and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of Sardinia. ...
// Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ...
Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...
Assimilation is a regular and frequent sound change process by which a phoneme changes to match an adjacent phoneme in a word. ...
This article deals with features of the spoken Finnish language, specifically how it is spoken in Greater Helsinki capital region and the cities in the Central Finnish dialectal area, such as Jyväskylä, Lahti, Hyvinkää, and Hämeenlinna. ...
In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. ...
A synthetic language, in linguistic typology, is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio. ...
This article is on all of the Northern and Southwestern Chinese dialects. ...
This article is about all of the Cantonese (Yue) dialects. ...
Northern or North Sami (also written Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Quechuan languages. ...
This article is about the auxiliary language created by the International Auxiliary Language Association. ...
This article is about the language. ...
A constructed or artificial language — known colloquially as a conlang — is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been devised by an individual or group, instead of having naturally evolved as part of a culture. ...
See also English has a large number of irregular verbs. ...
This is list of irregular verbs in the English language. ...
Spanish verbs are a complex area of Spanish grammar, with many combinations of tenses, aspects and moods (up to fifty conjugated forms per verb). ...
External links - Other Indo-European languages
- PDF on irregular verbs in the Greek New Testament
Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ...
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