Isabella I
Reign	December 10, 1474-November 26, 1504
Born	April 22, 1451
Birthplace	Madrigal de las Altas Torres
Died	November 26, 1504 (aged 53)
Place of death	Medina del Campo
Buried	Capilla Real, Granada, Spain
Predecessor	Henry IV
Successor	Joanna and Philip I
Consort to	Ferdinand II of Aragon
Issue	Isabella of Asturias Juan, Prince of Asturias Joanna Maria of Aragon Catherine of Aragon
Royal House	House of Trastámara
Father	John II
Mother	Isabella of Portugal

Henry II and I of Leon Children include    John I    Eleanor, Queen of Navarre John I Children include    Henry III of Castile and II of Leon)    Ferdinand I of Aragon, Valencia and Sicily Henry III and II of Leon Children include    John II    Maria, Queen of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Naples John II Children include    Henry IV of Castile and III of Leon    Isabella I    Alfonso, Prince of Asturias Henry IV and III of Leon Children    Joan, Queen of Portugal Isabella I with Ferdinand V Children    Isabella, Queen of Portugal    Juan, Prince of Asturias    Joanna I    Maria, Queen of Portugal    Catherine, Queen of England Grandchildren include    Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Spain Joanna with Philip I Children    Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France    Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor    Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway    Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor    Mary, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia    Catherine, Queen of Portugal

Isabella I (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504, reigned 1474-1504) was Queen regnant of Castile and León. She and her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon, laid the foundation for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Image File history File links From en. ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events December 12 - Upon the death of Henry IV of Castile a civil war ensues between his designated successor Isabella I of Castile and her sister Juana who was supported by her husband, Alfonso V of Portugal. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1504 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... Country Autonomous community Province Ávila Municipality Madrigal de las Altas Torres Area  - City 106 km²  (40. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1504 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Annual temperature average: 11,6ºC Annual range of temperatures: 18,4ºC Annual precipitations: 392 mm/m² Dry months: June, July, August and September Months with average temperatures under 0ºC: none Climate: MEDITERRANEAN CONTINENTALIZED // Introduction Medina del Campo is a small town located in the middle of de... The Capilla Real, or Royal Chapel, in Granada is a mausoleum that houses the remains of the Catholic Kings (Spanish: ), Don Fernando de Aragón and Doña Isabel de Castilla. ... For other uses, see Granada (disambiguation). ... Henry IV of Castile Enrique IV (5 January 1425 - 11 December 1474), King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454-1474), was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile. ... Joanna of Aragon and Castile (Spanish: ) (November 6, 1479 – April 12, 1555), called Joan the Mad (Juana La Loca), Queen regnant of Castile and mother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was the second daughter of Ferdinand, King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen regnant of Castile, and was born... Philip the Handsome redirects here. ... Ferdinand V of Castile & II of Aragon the Catholic (Spanish: , Catalan: , Aragonese: ; March 10, 1452 – January 23, 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Castile, Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. ... Isabella of Asturias (1470–1498) was the Queen Consort of Portugal and the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile. ... Francisco Pradilla Ortizs painting Cortejo del bautizo del Príncipe Don Juan, hijo de los Reyes Católicos, por las calles de Sevilla (Retinue of the Baptism of Don Juan, son of the Catholic Monarchs, Along the Streets of Seville), 1910 Infante don Juan de Trastamare de Aragon y... Joanna of Aragon and Castile (Spanish: ) (November 6, 1479 – April 12, 1555), called Joan the Mad (Juana La Loca), Queen regnant of Castile and mother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was the second daughter of Ferdinand, King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen regnant of Castile, and was born... Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal Maria of Aragon (Mary of Aragon or Mary of Spain or even Mary of Castile) (June 29, 1482 - March 7, 1517) was an Aragonese princess, second wife of Portuguese King Manuel I and because of that queen consort of Portugal from 1500 until her... Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) (Castilian Infanta Catalina de Aragón y Castilla), was the Queen of England as the first wife of Henry VIII of England. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 503 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1016 × 1211 pixel, file size: 145 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The House of Trastámara was a dynasty of kings, of Spanish origin, which governed in Castile from 1369 to 1504, in Aragón from 1412 to 1516, in Navarre from 1425 to 1479, and in Naples from 1442 to 1501. ... Juan II (March 6, 1405 – July 20, 1454) was King of Castile from 1406 to 1454. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The House of Trastámara was a dynasty of kings, of Spanish origin, which governed in Castile from 1369 to 1504, in Aragón from 1412 to 1516, in Navarre from 1425 to 1479, and in Naples from 1442 to 1501. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 503 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1016 × 1211 pixel, file size: 145 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Henry of Trastamara (January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada) (Enrique de Trastámara), was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Leonora de Guzman, and half brother to Pedro I the Cruel (or the Lawful, depending on who wrote the history). ... John I (August 24, 1358 – October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Joan, daughter of John Manuel of Villena, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile. ... Eleanor of Castile (after 1363-27 February 1416) was an infanta of Castile and the Queen consort of Navarre. ... John I (August 24, 1358 – October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Joan, daughter of John Manuel of Villena, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile. ... Henry III (October 4, 1379 — 1406), sometimes known as Henry the Sufferer or Henry the Infirm (Spanish: Enrique el Doliente) was the son of John I and succeeded him as King of Castile and León in 1390. ... Ferdinand I (of Aragón and Sicily), called The Just (27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416) was King of Aragón and Sicily from 1412 to 1416. ... Henry III (October 4, 1379 — 1406), sometimes known as Henry the Sufferer or Henry the Infirm (Spanish: Enrique el Doliente) was the son of John I and succeeded him as King of Castile and León in 1390. ... Juan II (March 6, 1405 – July 20, 1454) was King of Castile from 1406 to 1454. ... Maria of Castile (1401–1458) was a daughter of Henry III of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster. ... Juan II (March 6, 1405 – July 20, 1454) was King of Castile from 1406 to 1454. ... Henry IV of Castile Enrique IV (5 January 1425 - 11 December 1474), King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454-1474), was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile. ... Isabella I of Castile (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen regnant of Castile and Leon. ... Infante don Alfonso de Trastamare y Aviz, Prince of Asturias (1453-68) was the figurehead of rebelling magnates against his brother Henry IV of Castile. ... Henry IV of Castile Enrique IV (5 January 1425 - 11 December 1474), King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454-1474), was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile. ... Portrait of Joan the Beltraneja. ... Ferdinand II of Aragon (Fernando de Aragón in Spanish and Ferran dAragó in Catalan), nicknamed the Catholic (March 10, 1452 – June 23, 1516) was king of Aragon, Castile, Sicily, Naples and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. ... Isabella of Asturias (1470–1498) was the Queen Consort of Portugal and the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile. ... Francisco Pradilla Ortizs painting Cortejo del bautizo del Príncipe Don Juan, hijo de los Reyes Católicos, por las calles de Sevilla (Retinue of the Baptism of Don Juan, son of the Catholic Monarchs, Along the Streets of Seville), 1910 Infante don Juan de Trastamare de Aragon y... Joanna of Aragon and Castile (Spanish: ) (November 6, 1479 – April 12, 1555), called Joan the Mad (Juana La Loca), Queen regnant of Castile and mother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was the second daughter of Ferdinand, King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen regnant of Castile, and was born... Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal Maria of Aragon (Mary of Aragon or Mary of Spain or even Mary of Castile) (June 29, 1482 - March 7, 1517) was an Aragonese princess, second wife of Portuguese King Manuel I and because of that queen consort of Portugal from 1500 until her... Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) (Castilian Infanta Catalina de Aragón y Castilla), was the Queen of England as the first wife of Henry VIII of England. ... Infante Miguel da Paz de Trastámara e Avis (1498–1500, pron. ... Joanna of Aragon and Castile (Spanish: ) (November 6, 1479 – April 12, 1555), called Joan the Mad (Juana La Loca), Queen regnant of Castile and mother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was the second daughter of Ferdinand, King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen regnant of Castile, and was born... Philip the Handsome redirects here. ... Eleanor of Habsburg Eleanor of Habsburg, also called Leonor of Castile or Eleanor of Austria (November 15, 1498 – February 25, 1558) was born Archduchess of Austria and Infanta of Castile, became subsequently in turn queen consort of Portugal (1518–1521) and of France, also duchess of Touraine (1547–1558) as... For the Carlist claimant King Carlos V, see Infante Carlos, Count of Molina. ... Isabella of Hapsburg Isabella of Habsburg (also known as Isabella or Elisabeth of Burgundy, of Austria, or of Castile (18 July 1501–19 January 1526), Archduchess of Austria, Infanta of Spain and Princess of Burgundy by birth and Queen of Denmark and Norway by marriage, was the daughter of Philip... Ferdinand in 1531, the year of his election as King of the Romans Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was an Austrian monarch from the House of Habsburg. ... Mary of Habsburg Mary of Habsburg, also named Mary, Maria, or Marie of Hungary, of Austria, of Castile, or of Burgundy (18 September 1505 – 18 October 1558) was the Queen consort of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, and later governor of the Netherlands for her nephew, Emperor Charles V... Catherine of Habsburg, also called Catherine of Austria, Catherine of Burgundy or Catherine of Castile (14 January 1507– 12 February 1578) was Queen consort of Portugal. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1504 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of kings and queens of Castile. ... Ferdinand V of Castile & II of Aragon the Catholic (Spanish: , Catalan: , Aragonese: ; March 10, 1452 – January 23, 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Castile, Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. ... For the Carlist claimant King Carlos V, see Infante Carlos, Count of Molina. ...

The Castilian version of her name was Ysabel (Isabel in modern spelling), which is etymologically the same as Elizabeth, but in Germanic countries she is nevertheless usually known by a Latin form of her name, Isabella. The official inscription on her tomb renders her names in Latin as "Helizabeth". Pope Alexander VI named Isabella and her husband the Catholic Monarchs, therefore she is often known as Isabel la Católica ("Isabella the Catholic") in Spanish. This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... Look up Isabel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Elizabeth or Elisabeth is the Greek form Ελισ(σ)άβετ Elis(s)avet of the Hebrew Elisheva, meaning my God is an oath or perhaps my God is abundance. ... Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), born Roderic Borja (Italian: Borgia), (reigned from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. ...

Early years

Isabella was born in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Spain on April 22, 1451. Her brother Alfonso was born three years later. When her father, John II, died in 1454, her much older half-brother Henry IV became king. As soon as he ascended to the throne, he sequestered his half-siblings to Segovia and his stepmother to Arévalo, in virtual exile. Henry IV, whose first marriage to Blanca of Navarre was not consummated and had been annulled, remarried to have his own offspring. He then married Joana of Portugal. His wife gave birth to Joan, princess of Castile. When Isabella was about ten, she and her brother were summoned to the court, to be under more direct supervision and control by the king. In the Representation of Burgos the nobles challenged the King; among other items, they demanded that Alfonso, Isabella's brother, should be named the heir to the kingdom. Henry agreed, provided Alfonso would marry his daughter, Joan. A few days later, he changed his mind. is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... Juan II (March 6, 1405 – July 20, 1454) was King of Castile from 1406 to 1454. ... Henry IV of Castile Enrique IV (5 January 1425 - 11 December 1474), King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454-1474), was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile. ... Sequestration, the act of removing, separating or seizing anything from the possession of its owner, particularly in law, of the taking possession of property under process of law for the benefit of creditors or the state. ... The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed. ... 30%   Translation In Progress ----- Arévalo Arévalo ---- (more info) Stage 2 : In Progress (How-to) I can provide a basic translation but not much more than that. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... Blanca of Navarre (1420-1464) was the daughter of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre. ... Joan of Portugal (Portuguese: Joana, pron. ... Portrait of Joan the Beltraneja. ...

Statue of Isabella I at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (G.D. Olivieri, 1753).

The nobles, now in control of Alfonso and claiming him to be the true heir, clashed with Henry's forces at the Battle of Olmedo in 1467. The battle was a draw. One year later, Alfonso died at the age of fourteen, and Isabella became the hope of the rebelling nobles. But she refused their advances, acknowledging instead Henry as king, and he, in turn, recognized her as the legitimate heir in the Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando, rather than Joan whose paternal origin was in dispute. In 1475, Joan married her uncle, the King of Portugal, but their marriage was later annulled by the Pope because of their family relation. Henry tried to get Isabella married to a number of people of his choice, yet she evaded all these propositions. Instead she chose Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Aragon. They were married October 19, 1469 in Valladolid. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 309 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (528 × 1024 pixel, file size: 373 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Statue of Isabella of Castile, the Catholic (1451–1504), at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (Spain). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 309 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (528 × 1024 pixel, file size: 373 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Statue of Isabella of Castile, the Catholic (1451–1504), at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (Spain). ... Sabatini Gardens, ca. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... The Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando (Spanish: Tratado de los Toros de Guisando) is the name of a treaty agreed on top of the hill of Guisando near the Bulls of Guisando (located in El Tiemblo, Ávila, Spain) on September 18, 1468, between Henry IV of Castile and his... Ferdinand V of Castile & II of Aragon the Catholic (Spanish: , Catalan: , Aragonese: ; March 10, 1452 – January 23, 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Castile, Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. ... Anthem: Himno de Aragón Capital Zaragoza Official languages Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47,719 km²  9. ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events July 26 - Battle of Edgecote Moor October 17 - Prince Ferdinand of Aragon wed princess Isabella of Castile. ...

The events of 1492

1492 was an important year for Isabella: seeing the conquest of Granada and hence the end of the 'Reconquista' (reconquest), her successful patronage of Christopher Columbus, and her expulsion of the Jews. For other uses, see Granada (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer and one of the first Europeans to explore the Americas after the Vikings. ...

Granada

The Kingdom of Granada had been held by the Nasrids dynasty. Protected by natural barriers and fortified towns, it had withstood the long process of the reconquista. However, in contrast to the determined leadership by Isabella and Ferdinand, Granada's leadership was divided and never presented a united front. It took ten years to conquer Granada, culminating in 1492. For other uses, see Granada (disambiguation). ... The Nasrid dynasty or Banu Nasri (Arabic: ) was the last Muslim dynasty in Spain. ... For other uses, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ...

The Capitulation of Granada by F. Padilla: Boabdil before Ferdinand and Isabella.

When the Spaniards, early on, captured Boabdil (Sultan of Granada) they set him free - for a ransom - so that he could return to Granada and resume his reign. The Spanish monarchs recruited soldiers from many European countries and improved their artillery with the latest and best cannons. Systematically, they proceeded to take the kingdom piece by piece. Often Isabella would inspire her followers and soldiers by praying in the middle of, or close to, the battle field, that God's will may be done. In 1485 they laid siege to Ronda, which surrendered after extensive bombardment. The following year, Loja was taken, and again Boabdil was captured and released. One year later, with the fall of Málaga, the western part of the Muslim Nasrid kingdom had fallen into Spanish hands. The eastern province succumbed after the fall of Baza in 1489. The siege of Granada began in the spring of 1491. When the Spanish camp was destroyed by an accidental fire, the camp was rebuilt, in stone, in the form of a cross, painted white, and named Santa Fe (i.e. 'Holy Faith'). At the end of the year, Boabdil surrendered. On January 2, 1492 Isabel and Ferdinand entered Granada to receive the keys of the city and the principal mosque was reconsecrated as a church. The Treaty of Granada signed later that year was to assure religious rights to the Muslims - but it did not last. The Capitulation of Granada, by F. Padilla: Boabdil confronts Ferdinand and Isabella The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... The Capitulation of Granada, by F. Padilla: Boabdil confronts Ferdinand and Isabella The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Sword of Boabdil Boabdil (a corruption of the name Abu Abdullah, or, in full, Abu abd Allah Muhammad XII, Arabic: ‎) (1460?–1527) was the last Moorish king of Granada (of the Nasrid dynasty). ... Ronda sits at the edge of a canyon Ronda city view Ronda is a city in the Spanish province of Málaga. ... Location Location of Loja Coordinates : Time zone : General information Native name Loja (Spanish) Spanish name Loja Postal code 183XX Website http://www. ... Location of Málaga Government  - Mayor Francisco de la Torre Prados Area  - Total 385. ... Nasrid is the name referring to the royal dynasty that ruled the kingdom of Granada in southern Spain from the mid 13th century to the 15th century, which is considered to be one of the longest Islamic dynasties in the history of Islamic Spain. ... Baza is a town in the province of Granada in southern Spain, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. ... is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also film, 1492: Conquest of Paradise. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... The Treaty of Granada was a treaty ratified on 25 November of 1491 between the king of Granada Abú `Abd Allah Muhammad Boabdil and King and Queen of Castille, Leon, Aragón and Sicily. ...

Columbus

Columbus before Queen Isabella. Detail of the Columbus monument in Madrid (1885).

Queen Isabella rejected Christopher Columbus's plan to reach the Indies by sailing west three times before changing her mind. His conditions (the position of Admiral; governorship for him and his descendants of lands to be discovered; and ten percent of the profits) were met. On August 3, his expedition departed and arrived in America on October 12. He returned the next year and presented his findings to the monarchs, bringing natives and gold under a hero's welcome. Spain entered a Golden Age of exploration and colonization. In 1494, by the Treaty of Tordesillas, Isabella and Ferdinand divided the Earth, outside of Europe, with king John II of Portugal. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 690 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2111 × 1835 pixel, file size: 685 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 690 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2111 × 1835 pixel, file size: 685 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer and one of the first Europeans to explore the Americas after the Vikings. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and Southeast Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Explorer redirects here. ... The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spains conquest, settlement, and rule over much of the western hemisphere from 1492-1898. ... Cantino planisphere of 1502 depicting the meridian designated by the treaty. ... John II of Portugal João II of Portugal (Portuguese pron. ...

Isabella tried to defend the American aborigines against the abuse of the colonists. In 1503, she established the Secretary of Indian Affairs, which later became the Supreme Council of the Indies. Aboriginal Americans (or alternatively, American Aborigines) are the aboriginal (original residents) peoples of the Americas. ... The Consejo de Indias (Council of the Indies), in full the Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire, both in administering the Americas and in the Philippines, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions. ...

Expulsion of the Jews and Muslims

With the institution of the Roman Catholic Inquisition in Spain, and with the Dominican friar Tomás de Torquemada as the first Inquisitor General, the Catholic Monarchs pursued a policy of religious unity. Though Isabella opposed taking harsh measures against Jews on economic grounds, Torquemada was able to convince Ferdinand. On March 31, 1492, the Alhambra Decree for the expulsion of the Jews was issued (See main article on Inquisition). Approximately 200,000 left Spain. Others converted, but often came under scrutiny by the Inquisition investigating relapsed conversos (Marranos) and the Judaizers who had been abetting them. The Muslims of the newly conquered Granada had been initially granted religious freedom, but pressure to convert increased, and after some revolts, a policy of forced expulsion or conversion was also instituted in 1502 (see Moriscos). Laudare, Benedicere, Praedicare (Praise, Bless, Preach) Saint Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization to address the needs of his time, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities... Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada “Torquemada” redirects here. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also film, 1492: Conquest of Paradise. ... ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... This article is about one of the historical Inquisitions. ... The term marrano refers to the Sephardim, Jews from the Iberian peninsula, who were forced to adopt the identity of Christians, either through coercion as consequence of the cruel persecution of Jews by the Spanish Inquisition, or for forms sake, and became Catholic converts. ... Morisco (Spanish Moor-like) or mourisco (Portuguese) is a term referring to a kind of New Christian in Spain and Portugal. ...

Later years

A document signed by Isabella I in Granada in March 1501.

Isabella received with her husband the title of Reina Católica by Pope Alexander VI, a pope of whose secularism Isabella did not approve. Along with the physical unification of Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand embarked on a process of spiritual unification, trying to bring the country under one faith (Roman Catholicism). As part of this process, the Inquisition became institutionalized. After an uprising in 1499, the Treaty of Granada was broken in 1502 and Muslims were forced to either be baptized or to be expelled. Isabella's confessor, Cisneros, was named Archbishop of Toledo. He was instrumental in a program of rehabilitation of the religious institutions of Spain, laying the groundwork for the later Counter-Reformation. As Chancellor, he exerted more and more power. The Catholic monarchs (Spanish: Reyes Católicos) is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. ... Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), born Roderic Borja (Italian: Borgia), (reigned from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... The Treaty of Granada was a treaty ratified on 25 November of 1491 between the king of Granada Abú `Abd Allah Muhammad Boabdil and King and Queen of Castille, Leon, Aragón and Sicily. ... Cisneros (sitting) directs the construction of the Hospital of the Charity. ... For other uses, see Toledo (disambiguation). ... The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ...

Queen Isabella's Will, by Eduardo Rosales. On the left: Juana and Ferdinand; on the right: Cardinal Cisneros (black cap).

Isabella and her husband had created an empire and in later years were consumed with administration and politics; they were concerned with the succession and worked to link the Spanish crown to the other rulers in Europe. Politically this can be seen in attempts to outflank France and to unite the Iberian peninsula. By early 1497 all the pieces seemed to be in place: Don Juan, the Crown Prince, married Margaret of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs. The eldest daughter, Infanta Isabella, married Manuel I of Portugal, and the Infanta Juana was married to another Habsburg prince, Philip of Burgundy. However, Isabella's plans for her children did not work out. Juan died shortly after his marriage. Isabella, Princess of Asturias died in childbirth and her son Miguel died at the age of two. Queen Isabella's titles passed to her daughter Joan the Mad (Juana la Loca) whose marriage to Philip the Handsome was troubled. Another daughter,Catherine, became the first wife of King Henry VIII of England. She gave birth to a daughter, Mary, who would become the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Isabella died in 1504 in Medina del Campo, before Philip and Ferdinand became enemies. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Francisco Pradilla Ortizs painting Cortejo del bautizo del Príncipe Don Juan, hijo de los Reyes Católicos, por las calles de Sevilla (Retinue of the Baptism of Don Juan, son of the Catholic Monarchs, Along the Streets of Seville), 1910 Infante don Juan de Trastamare de Aragon y... The name Margaret of Austria belongs to several notable historical figures, including the following: Margaret of Austria (d. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Infanta dona Isabel, Princess of Asturias (1851–1931), was twice the recognized heir to the throne of Spain. ... Manuel I of Portugal (pron. ... Joanna of Castile Joanna (Spanish: Juana) (November 6, 1479 – April 12, 1555), called Juana the Mad (Juana La Loca), queen of Castile and mother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was the second daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain, and was born at Toledo on... Philip I (July 22, 1478 — September 25, 1506), sometimes called Philip the Handsome (Felipe el Hermoso) was king of Castile, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and husband of Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, was the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. ... Infanta dona Isabel, Princess of Asturias (1851–1931), was twice the recognized heir to the throne of Spain. ... Infante Miguel da Paz de Trastámara e Avis (1498–1500, pron. ... Joanna of Castile Joanna (Spanish: Juana) (November 6, 1479 – April 12, 1555), called Juana the Mad (Juana La Loca), queen of Castile and mother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was the second daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain, and was born at Toledo on... Philip I (July 22, 1478 — September 25, 1506), sometimes called Philip the Handsome (Felipe el Hermoso) was king of Castile, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and husband of Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, was the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. ... Annual temperature average: 11,6ºC Annual range of temperatures: 18,4ºC Annual precipitations: 392 mm/m² Dry months: June, July, August and September Months with average temperatures under 0ºC: none Climate: MEDITERRANEAN CONTINENTALIZED // Introduction Medina del Campo is a small town located in the middle of de...

Isabella is entombed in Granada in the Capilla Real, which was built by her grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Carlos I of Spain), alongside her husband Ferdinand, her daughter Juana and Juana's husband Philip; and Isabella's 2-year old grandson, Miguel (the son of Isabella's daughter, also named Isabella, and King Manuel of Portugal). The museum next to the Capilla Real houses her crown and scepter. For other uses, see Granada (disambiguation). ... The Capilla Real, or Royal Chapel, in Granada is a mausoleum that houses the remains of the Catholic Kings (Spanish: ), Don Fernando de Aragón and Doña Isabel de Castilla. ... For the Carlist claimant King Carlos V, see Infante Carlos, Count of Molina. ... A crown is a symbolic form of headgear worn by a monarch or by a god, for whom the crown is traditionally one of the symbols of power and legitimacy (See Regalia for a broader treatment). ... A sceptre or scepter is an ornamental staff held by a ruling monarch, a prominent item of kingly regalia. ...

Influence

Isabella and her husband established a highly effective coregency under equal terms. They utilized a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to their joint motto of equality: Tanto monta, monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando ("They amount to the same, Isabella and Ferdinand"). In addition to her sponsorship of Columbus, Isabella was also the principal sponsor of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, the greatest military genius and innovator of the age. Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements are remarkable - Spain was united, the crown power was centralized, the reconquista was successfully concluded, the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid, a legal framework was created, the church reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Isabella and contemporary politics and religion

In the twentieth century, the regime of Francisco Franco claimed the prestige of the Catholic Monarchs. As a result, Isabella was despised by those opposed to Franco. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (December 4, 1892 - November 20, 1975), commonly known as Francisco Franco (pronounced ) or Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was leader of Spain from October 1936, as regent of Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in 1975. ...

Some Catholics from different countries have attempted to have Isabella declared as Blessed, with the aim of later having her canonized as a Saint. Their justification is that Isabella was a protector of the Spanish poor and of the American Indians from the rapacity of the Spanish nobility; in addition, miracles have reportedly been attributed to her. This movement has met with opposition from Jewish organizations, Liberation theologians and Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger, due to the fact that Isabella had many Moors killed after her entrance to Cordoba. In 1974, Pope Paul VI opened her cause for beatification. This places her on the path toward possible sainthood. In the Catholic Church, she is thus titled Servant of God. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the process of declaring saints. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Miracle (disambiguation). ... Liberation theology is a school of theology within the Catholic Church that focuses on Jesus Christ as not only the Redeemer but also the Liberator of the oppressed. ... Jean-Marie Lustiger (French pronunciation: ; September 17, 1926 – August 5, 2007)[1] [2] was a French prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Location Coordinates : , , Time zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer : CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Córdoba (Spanish) Spanish name Córdoba Founded 8th century BC Postal code 140xx Website http://www. ... This article cites very few or no references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... General definition of saint In general, the term Saint refers to someone who is exceptionally virtuous and holy. ... Servant of God is the title given to a person of the Roman Catholic Church upon whom a pope has opened a cause of sainthood. ...

Isabella was the first named woman to appear on a United States coin, an 1893 commemorative quarter, celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage. In the same year she was the first woman to be featured on U.S. postal stamps, namely on three stamps of the Columbian Issue, also in celebration of Columbus. She appears in the Spanish court scene replicated on the 15-cent Columbian, on the $ 1 issue, and in full portrait, side by side with Columbus, on the $4 Columbian, the only stamp of that denomination ever issued and one which collectors prize not only for its rarity (only 30,000 were printed) but its beauty, an exquisite carmine with some copies having a crimson hue. Mint specimens of this commemorative have been sold for more than $20,000. Commemorative coinage of the United States consists of coins that have been minted to commemorate a particular event, person or organization. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer and one of the first Europeans to explore the Americas after the Vikings. ... The 2¢ Landing of Columbus is the most common stamp of the Columbian Issue The Columbian Issue, often simply called the Columbians, is a set of 16 postage stamps issued by the United States to mark the 1893 World Columbian Exposition held in Chicago. ...

Isabella in popular culture

• Ferdinand and Isabella appear in Lope de Vega's play Fuente Ovejuna (c. 1611), represented positively as supporters of a group of villagers in their struggle against their feudal overlord.
• Isabella appears as the mother of Catherine, the titular heroine of the novel The Constant Princess, by Philippa Gregory.
• The Royal Diaries, a series of biographical novels about royal women from around the world, includes Isabel, Jewel of Castilla, Spain, 1466 by Carolyn Meyer. It details her life from the time she was exiled to the time she married.
• Isabella is movingly evoked in Norah Lofts' historical novel "Crown of Aloes" (1973).
• Christopher Columbus negotiates with Isabella and her husband, Ferdinand of Aragon, in Orson Scott Card's Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus.
• Isabella is a character in the short story "Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain Consummate Their Relationship" by Salman Rushdie.
• In film, Isabella has been played by Lola Flores, in Juana la Loca, de vez en cuando (1983), by Sigourney Weaver, in Ridley Scott's 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992), by Rachel Ward, in "Christopher Columbus: The Discovery" (1992), and fictionally interpreted by Rachel Weisz in Darren Aronofsky's film, The Fountain (2006).
• She was also played in the 1985 TV miniseries "Christopher Columbus" by Faye Dunaway, opposite Gabriel Byrne as Colombus.
• In the video game Civilization IV Isabella appears as a leader for the Spanish Empire.
• Isabella is the Royal leader of the Spanish Empire in the computer game Age of Empires III.

Lope de Vega Lope de Vega (also Félix Lope de Vega Carpio or Lope Félix de Vega Carpio) (25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright and poet. ... Lope de Vega Fuente Ovejuna is a play by the Spanish playwright, Lope de Vega. ... Feudalism comes from the Late Latin word feudum, itself borrowed from a Germanic root *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which means fief, or land held under certain obligations by feodati. ... Philippa Gregory (born 9 January 1954) is a British novelist, mainly associated with the historical fiction genre. ... The Royal Diaries is a series of twenty books published by Scholastic Press from 1999 to 2005. ... Carolyn Meyer (b. ... Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951)[1] is a bestselling American author, as well as being a critic, political writer, and speaker. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (born June 19, 1947) is an Indian-British novelist and essayist. ... La Faraona Lola Flores, born January 21, 1923 in Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz, Spain - died May 16, 1995, was a singer, dancer, and actress. ... Sigourney Weaver (born Susan Alexandra Weaver on October 8, 1949 in New York City) is an Oscar-nominated American actress. ... Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30, 1937 in South Shields, South Tyneside) is a British film director and producer. ... 1492: Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 American/Spanish adventure/drama film. ... Rachel Ward Rachel Claire Ward, AM, (born at Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, September 12, 1957), granddaughter of the 3rd Earl of Dudley and of the cricketer Giles Baring, is an English actress (and more recently, a director) who has made most of her career in Australia. ... Rachel Weisz (born March 7, 1971) is an Academy Award-winning English film and television actress. ... Darren Aronofsky (born February 12, 1969 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American film director, screenwriter and film producer. ... For the comic book based on this films early script, see The Fountain (graphic novel). ... Faye Dunaway (born January 14, 1941, in Bascom, Florida) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. ... Sid Meiers Civilization IV (Civilization IV or Civ4) is a turn-based strategy computer game released in 2005 and developed by lead designer Soren Johnson under the direction of Sid Meier and Meiers studio Firaxis Games. ... An anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire (1492-1898) in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange. ... Age of Empires III (also called AoE III, or simply Age 3) is a real-time strategy (RTS) game developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios. ...

Ancestors

Isabella's great-great-grandfather, the founder of the Trastámara dynasty, Henry II of Castile was a son of Castilian King Alfonso XI and his mistress Eleanor of Guzman. Katherine of Lancaster, Isabella's paternal grandmother, was a granddaughter of Peter of Castile and his mistress/wife Maria de Padilla. Her maternal grandmother was the daughter of Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza, whose mother Ines Pirez, a mistress of John I of Portugal. The House of Trastámara was a dynasty of kings, of Spanish origin, which governed in Castile from 1369 to 1504, in Aragón from 1412 to 1516, in Navarre from 1425 to 1479, and in Naples from 1442 to 1501. ... Henry of Trastamara (January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada) (Enrique de Trastámara), was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Leonora de Guzman, and half brother to Pedro I the Cruel (or the Lawful, depending on who wrote the history). ... Alfonso XI of Castile (August 13, 1311 _ March 26/27, 1350) was the king of Castile and León, the son of Spain in 1340. ... Eleanor of Guzman (1310 - 1351) was a mistress of King Alfonso XI of Castile. ... Katherine of Lancaster (also known as Catherine Plantagenet and as Queen Catalina of Castile and Leon) (1372/1373 – 2 June 1418) was the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his second wife, Constance of Castile. ... Pedro of Castile Peter (or Pedro; August 30, 1334–March 23, 1369), sometimes called the Cruel (el Cruel) or the Lawful (el Justiciero), was the king of Castile from 1350 to 1369. ... Maria de Padilla was the mistress of the Peter I, King of Castille. ... Afonso I, Duke of Braganza (1377-1461; pron. ... Joao I KG (Portugues: João, IPA pron. ...

Juan II (March 6, 1405 – July 20, 1454) was King of Castile from 1406 to 1454. ... Henry III (October 4, 1379 — 1406), sometimes known as Henry the Sufferer or Henry the Infirm (Spanish: Enrique el Doliente) was the son of John I and succeeded him as King of Castile and León in 1390. ... John I (August 24, 1358 – October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Joan, daughter of John Manuel of Villena, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile. ... Henry of Trastamara (January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada) (Enrique de Trastámara), was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Leonora de Guzman, and half brother to Pedro I the Cruel (or the Lawful, depending on who wrote the history). ... Juana Manuel of Castile (1339 — 27 March 1381) was from 1369 the Queen consort of Castile. ... Eleanor of Aragon (20 January 1358 – 13 August 1382) was a daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. ... Peter IV of Aragon (1319-1387), king of Aragon (1336-1387), the Ceremonious or el del punyalet (the one of the little dagger). ... Katherine of Lancaster (also known as Catherine Plantagenet and as Queen Catalina of Castile and Leon) (1372/1373 – 2 June 1418) was the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his second wife, Constance of Castile. ... John of Gaunt John of Gaunt John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (March 6, 1340 – February 3, 1399) was the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. ... This article is about the King of England. ... Philippa of Hainault Philippa of Hainault (~1314 - August 15, 1369) was the Queen consort of Edward III of England. ... this should be made as an disambiguation page. ... Pedro of Castile Peter (or Pedro; August 30, 1334–March 23, 1369), sometimes called the Cruel (el Cruel) or the Lawful (el Justiciero), was the king of Castile from 1350 to 1369. ... María de Padilla (1334 – August 1361) was the mistress of Pedro I, King of Castile, whom she married in secret in 1353. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... John of Portugal (Portuguese: João, pron. ... Joao I KG (Portugues: João, IPA pron. ... Pedro I of Portugal (pron. ... Philippa of Lancaster (1359 - July 19, 1415) was an English princess, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster by his wife and cousin Blanche of Lancaster. ... John of Gaunt John of Gaunt John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (March 6, 1340 – February 3, 1399) was the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. ... Blanche of Lancaster (March 25, 1345 - September 12, 1369) was an English noblewoman, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster by his wife Isabel de Beaumont. ... Afonso I, Duke of Braganza (1377-1461; pron. ... Joao I KG (Portugues: João, IPA pron. ... NunÁlvares Pereira 1360-1431 Blessed Nuno Álvares Pereira (1360-1431), also spelled NunÁlvares Pereira, was a Portuguese General of great success with an decisive role in the 1383-1385 Crisis that assured Portugals independence of Castile. ...

Notes

References

• Townsend Miller. The Castles and the Crown: Spain 1451-1555 (New York: Coward-McCann, New York, 1963)
• Warren H. Carroll. Isabel Of Spain: The Catholic Queen (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press)
• Carolyn Meyer. Isabel: Jewel of Castilla (The Royal Diaries) (New York: Scholastic Press, 2000)
• Nancy Rubin Stuart. Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991)
• Peggy K. Liss, "Isabel the Queen," New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 165
• Norman Roth, "Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain," Madison, WI, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995,p. 150
• Isabel Violante Pereira, De Mendo da Guarda a D.Manuel I, Lisboa, 2001, Livros Horizonte
• James Reston, Jr. "Dogs of God," New York: Doubleday, 2005, p. 18

Dr. Warren H. Carroll is a historian who is the author of many books. ... James Reston Jr. ...

See also

• Al-Andalus
• Cardinal Cisneros, Isabella and Ferdinand's famous and powerful Cardinal
• History of Spain
• Moors
• Reconquista
• Monarchs of Spain family tree

Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Cisneros visits the construction of the Hospital of the Charity. ... The history of Spain spans the period from pre-historic times, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spains modern-day renaissance in the post-Franco era. ... For other uses, see moor. ... For other uses, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ... This is a collection of the family trees of the kingdom of Spain. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Isabella of Castile

• El obispo judío que bloquea a la "santa". A report in Spanish about the beatification at El Mundo
• Isabella I in the Catholic Encyclopedia
• Medieval Sourcebook: Columbus' letter to King and Queen of Spain, 1494
• Music at Isabella's court
• University of Hull: Genealogy information on Isabella I