Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Brunel before the launching of the Great Eastern
Born	9 April 1806 Portsmouth, Hampshire, England
Died	15 September 1859 (aged 53)
Education	Lycée Henri-Quatre, Paris, France and University of Caen, Normandy, France
Occupation	Engineer
Spouse	Mary Elizabeth Horsley
Children	Isambard Brunel Junior, Henri Marc Brunel, Florence Mary Brunel
Parents	Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom

Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) (IPA: [ˈɪzəmbɑ(ɹ)d ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl]), was a British engineer. He is best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern day engineering. Download high resolution version (461x714, 80 KB)Isambard Kingdom Brunel. ... The SS Great Eastern was an iron sailing steam ship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For other places with the same name, see Portsmouth (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hampshire (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Lycée Henri IV (sometimes nicknamed HIV to be pronounced H4) is a public high school located in Paris. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Caen University is a university in Caen, France. ... For other uses, see Normandy (disambiguation). ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... ... Marc Isambard Brunel, engraving by G. Metzeroth, circa 1880 Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, FRS (April 25, 1769 – December 12, 1849) was a French-born engineer who settled in the United Kingdom. ... Lady Sophia Kingdom (d. ... The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The original Bristol Temple Meads station, first terminus of the GWR, is the building to the left of this picture The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a British railway company, linking South West England, the West Country and South Wales with London. ... Paddle steamers - Lucerne-Switzerland Left: original paddlewheel from a paddle steamer on the lake of Lucerne. ... This article is about the edifice (including an index to articles on specific bridge types). ...

Though Brunel's projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. During his short career, Brunel achieved many engineering "firsts," including assisting in the building of the first tunnel under a navigable river and development of SS Great Britain, the first propeller-driven ocean-going iron ship, which was at the time also the largest ship ever built.^[1] A disused railway tunnel now converted to pedestrian and bicycle use, near Houyet, Belgium A tunnel is an underground passage. ... A navigable river is a river which can be navigated by ships. ... ss Great Britain was the first ocean-going ship to have an iron hull and a screw propeller and, when launched in 1843, was the largest vessel afloat. ... For other uses, see Propeller (disambiguation). ...

Brunel suffered several years of ill health, with kidney problems, before succumbing to a stroke at the age of 53. Brunel was said to smoke up to 40 cigars a day and to sleep as few as four hours each night. The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ...

In 2006, a major programme of events celebrated his life and work on the bicentenary of his birth under the name Brunel 200.^[2] Two hundred year anniversary. ...

Early life

The son of engineer Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (the name Brunel is probably a derivation from the Italian name Brunelli), a Frenchman, and Sophia (née Kingdom) Brunel (d. 1854), Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, on 9 April 1806.^[3] His father was working there on block-making machinery for the Portsmouth Block Mills. Marc Isambard Brunel, engraving by G. Metzeroth, circa 1880 Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, FRS (April 25, 1769 – December 12, 1849) was a French-born engineer who settled in the United Kingdom. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other places with the same name, see Portsmouth (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hampshire (disambiguation). ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Portsmouth Block Mills form part of the Portsmouth Dockyard at Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, and were built during the Napoleonic Wars to supply the British Royal Navy with pulley blocks. ...

At 14 he was sent to France to be educated at the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris and the University of Caen in Normandy.^[4] Brunel rose to prominence when, aged 20, he was appointed chief assistant engineer of his father's greatest achievement, the Thames Tunnel, which runs beneath the river between Rotherhithe and Wapping. The Lycée Henri IV (sometimes nicknamed HIV to be pronounced H4) is a public high school located in Paris. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Caen University is a university in Caen, France. ... For other uses, see Normandy (disambiguation). ... Interior of the Thames Tunnel, mid-19th century The Thames Tunnel was the worlds first underwater tunnel, built beneath the River Thames in London. ... St Olavs, Rotherhithes Norwegian church. ... Wapping Old Stairs, one of many points of access to the foreshore in the area. ...

The first major sub-river tunnel, it succeeded where other attempts had failed, thanks to Marc Brunel's ingenious tunnelling shield — the human-powered forerunner of today's mighty tunnelling machines — which protected workers from cave-in by placing them within a protective casing. Marc Brunel had been inspired to create the shield after observing the habits and anatomy of the shipworm, Teredo navalis. A tunnelling shield is a protective structure used in the excavation of tunnels through soil that is too soft or fluid to remain stable during the time it takes to line the tunnel with a support structure of concrete or steel. ... A tunnel boring machine that was used at Yucca Mountain. ... Genera Kuphus Bactronophorus Neoteredo Dicyathifer Teredothyra Teredora Psiloteredo Uperotus Lyrodus Teredo Nototeredo Spathoteredo Nausitoria Bankia … Shipworms are not in fact worms at all, but rather a group of marine mollusc (Eulamellibranchiata) in the family Teredinidae. ...

Most modern tunnels are cut in this way, notably the Channel Tunnel between England and France.^[5] The British terminal at Cheriton in west Folkestone, from the Pilgrims Way. ...

Brunel established his design offices at 17–18 Duke Street, London, and he lived with his family in the rooms above.^[6]

On 5 July 1836, Brunel married Mary Elizabeth Horsley (b. 1813), the eldest daughter of composer and organist William Horsley, who came from an accomplished musical and artistic family. is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

R.P. Brereton, who became his chief assistant in 1845, was in charge of the office in Brunel's absence, and also took direct responsibility for major projects such as the Royal Albert Bridge as Brunel's health declined. Robert Pearson Brereton (1819 - 1894) joined Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1836, aged 17, and became his chief assistant in 1844, aged 25. ... {{, Brunel truss bridge, and lenticular truss The Royal Albert bridge in 1859 The Royal Albert bridge seen from Saltash railway station Royal Albert Bridge seen from the Tamar Bridge. ...

Thames Tunnel

The Thames Tunnel in 2005, now part of the London Underground East London Line between Rotherhithe and Wapping.

Main article: Thames Tunnel

Brunel worked for nearly two years to create a tunnel under London's River Thames, with tunnellers driving a horizontal shaft from one side of the river to the other under the most difficult and dangerous conditions. Brunel's father, Marc, was the chief engineer, and the project was funded by the Thames Tunnel Company. The composition of the Thames river bed at Rotherhithe was often little more than waterlogged sediment and loose gravel, and although the extreme conditions proved the ingenuity of Brunel's tunnelling machine, the work was hard and hazardous.^[7] ImageMetadata File history File links ThamesTunnelFromWapping. ... ImageMetadata File history File links ThamesTunnelFromWapping. ... Interior of the Thames Tunnel, mid-19th century The Thames Tunnel was the worlds first underwater tunnel, built beneath the River Thames in London. ... The London Underground is an underground railway system - also known as a rapid transit system - that serves a large part of Greater London, United Kingdom and some neighbouring areas. ... London Transport Portal The East London Line is a line of the London Underground, coloured orange on the Tube map. ... St Olavs, Rotherhithes Norwegian church. ... Wapping Old Stairs, one of many points of access to the foreshore in the area. ... Interior of the Thames Tunnel, mid-19th century The Thames Tunnel was the worlds first underwater tunnel, built beneath the River Thames in London. ... This article is about the River Thames in southern England. ... St Olavs, Rotherhithes Norwegian church. ...

For the workers the building of the tunnel was particularly unpleasant because the Thames at that time was still little better than an open sewer, so the tunnel was usually awash with foul-smelling, contaminated water. The tunnel was often in imminent danger of collapse due to the instability of the river bed, yet the management decided to allow spectators to be lowered down to observe the diggings at a shilling a time. Two severe incidents of flooding halted work for long periods, killing several workers and badly injuring the younger Brunel. A sewer is an artificial conduit or system of conduits used to remove sewage (human liquid waste) and to provide drainage. ... This article is about coinage. ...

The later incident, in 1828, killed the two most senior miners, Collins and Ball, and Brunel himself narrowly escaped death; a water break-in hurled him from a tunnelling platform, knocking him unconscious, and he was washed up to the other end of the tunnel by the surge. As the water rose, by luck he was carried up a service stairway, where he was plucked from almost certain death by an assistant moments before the surge receded. Brunel was seriously hurt (and never fully recovered from his injuries), and the event ended work on the tunnel for several years.^[4]

The tunnel is still in operation, accommodating the London Underground East London Line between Rotherhithe and Wapping.^[8] The building that contained the pumps to keep the Thames Tunnel dry was saved from demolition in the 1970s by volunteers and made a Scheduled Ancient Monument. It now houses the Brunel Museum, which documents not just the Thames Tunnel but also Brunels' other two achievements. The London Underground is an underground railway system - also known as a rapid transit system - that serves a large part of Greater London, United Kingdom and some neighbouring areas. ... London Transport Portal The East London Line is a line of the London Underground, coloured orange on the Tube map. ... St Olavs, Rotherhithes Norwegian church. ... Wapping Old Stairs, one of many points of access to the foreshore in the area. ... A Scheduled Ancient Monument is defined in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and the National Heritage Act 1983 of the United Kingdom government. ... The Brunel Engine House is a building in Rotherhithe, East London. ...

Bridges

The Maidenhead Railway Bridge, at the time the largest span for a brick arch bridge.

The Clifton Suspension Bridge spans the Avon Gorge, linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in North Somerset.

The Royal Albert Bridge, seen from Saltash railway station.

Brunel's solo engineering feats started with bridges — the Royal Albert Bridge spanning the River Tamar at Saltash near Plymouth, and an unusual timber-framed bridge near Bridgwater.^[9] Looking north, Maidenhead Railway Bridge (Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1838) crossing the River Thames at Maidenhead. ... Looking north, Maidenhead Railway Bridge (Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1838) crossing the River Thames at Maidenhead. ... Maidenhead Railway Bridge is a railway bridge carrying the main line of the Great Western Railway over the River Thames in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. ... The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England. ... The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England. ... The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a suspension bridge, spanning the Avon Gorge and linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in North Somerset, England. ... The Avon Gorge and Clifton Suspension Bridge, looking south from the Downs The Avon Gorge (Grid reference ST560743) is a 2. ... The crowded Princess Victoria Street lies at the heart of Clifton Village Clifton is an inner suburb of the English port city of Bristol. ... This article is about the English city. ... One of the quarries, seen from The Downs. ... This article is about the county of Somerset in England. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Saltashrab. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Saltashrab. ... {{, Brunel truss bridge, and lenticular truss The Royal Albert bridge in 1859 The Royal Albert bridge seen from Saltash railway station Royal Albert Bridge seen from the Tamar Bridge. ... The station, looking northeastward Saltash railway station serves the town of Saltash in Cornwall, UK. It is situated on the south side of the town between the Royal Albert Bridge over the River Tamar and Coombe Viaduct which spans a small tributary of the same river. ... {{, Brunel truss bridge, and lenticular truss The Royal Albert bridge in 1859 The Royal Albert bridge seen from Saltash railway station Royal Albert Bridge seen from the Tamar Bridge. ... The Tamar is a river in south western England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east) and Cornwall (to the west). ... Location within the British Isles Saltash (Cornish: Essa) is a town in Cornwall, UK. It has a population of about 16,000. ... This article is about the city of Plymouth in England. ... , Bridgwater in Somerset, England, is a market town, the administrative centre of the Sedgemoor district, and the leading industrial town in the county. ...

Built in 1838, the Maidenhead Railway Bridge over the Thames in Berkshire was the flattest, widest brick arch bridge in the world and is still carrying main line trains to the west. There are two arches, with each span totalling 128 ft (39 m), having a rise of only 24 ft (7 m), and a width that carries four tracks. The rather flat arches reduce the difficulty railway engines have with steep gradients (especially on hump back bridges) and today's trains are about 10 times as heavy as Brunel ever imagined.^[10] Maidenhead Railway Bridge is a railway bridge carrying the main line of the Great Western Railway over the River Thames in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... This article is about the unit of length. ...

In 1845 Hungerford Bridge, a suspension footbridge across the Thames, near Charing Cross Station in London, was opened only to be replaced by a new railway bridge in 1859. Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges, seen from the north The Hungerford Bridge runs over the River Thames in London, between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge. ... A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been created since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge. ... Charing Cross railway station. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Throughout his railway building, but particularly on the South Devon and Cornwall Railways where economy was needed and there were many valleys to cross, Brunel made extensive use of wood for the construction of substantial viaducts;^[11] these have had to be replaced over the years. The South Devon Railway is a railway is run by a charity organisation, the South Devon Railway Trust, they run the railway between Buckfastleigh and Totnes in southern Devon. ... The Cornwall Railway was a broad gauge railway (7 feet 0. ...

The Royal Albert Bridge was designed in 1855 for the Cornwall Railway Company, after Parliament rejected his original plan for a train ferry across the Hamoaze — the estuary of the tidal Tamar, Tavy and Lynher. The bridge (of bowstring girder or tied arch construction) consists of two main spans of 455 ft (139 m), 100 ft (30 m) above mean high spring tide, plus 17 much shorter approach spans. Opened by Prince Albert on 2 May 1859, it was completed in the year of Brunel's death. The Cornwall Railway was a broad gauge railway (7 feet 0. ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin MP Lord Speaker Hélène Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn Féin... The ferryboat Dongan Hills, filled with commuters, about to dock at a New York City pier, circa 1945. ... Devonport Dockyard and the Hamoaze from the Rame Peninsula, Cornwall The Hamoaze (IPA: in Cornish) is an estuarine stretch of water at the point where the tidal River Tamar, the River Tavy, and the River Lynher enter Plymouth Sound. ... The Tamar is a river in south western England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east) and Cornwall (to the west). ... The Tavy is a river on Dartmoor, Devon, England It is a tributary of the River Tamar and has as its own tributaries the: Collybrooke River Burn River Wallabrooke River Lumburn River Walkham. ... The River Lynher flows through Cornwall, passing St Germans and enters Plymouth Sound at the Hamoaze. ... The tide is the regular rising and falling of the oceans surface caused by changes in gravitational forces external to the Earth. ... Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel, of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha branch of the House of Wettin) (26 August 1819 - 14 December 1861) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

However, Brunel is perhaps best remembered for the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol. Spanning over 700 ft (213 m), and nominally 200 ft (61 m) above the River Avon, it had the longest span of any bridge in the world at the time of construction. Brunel submitted four designs to a committee headed by Thomas Telford and gained approval to commence with the project. Afterwards, Brunel wrote to his brother-in-law, the politician Benjamin Hawes: "Of all the wonderful feats I have performed, since I have been in this part of the world, I think yesterday I performed the most wonderful. I produced unanimity among 15 men who were all quarrelling about that most ticklish subject — taste." He did not live to see it built, although his colleagues and admirers at the Institution of Civil Engineers felt the bridge would be a fitting memorial, and started to raise new funds and to amend the design. Work started in 1862 and was complete in 1864, five years after Brunel's death.^[12] The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a suspension bridge, spanning the Avon Gorge and linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in North Somerset, England. ... The Avon Gorge and Clifton Suspension Bridge The River Avon is a river in the south west of England. ... Thomas Telford (August 9, 1757 - September 2, 1834) was born in Westerkirk, Scotland. ... The Institutions headquarters Founded on 2 January 1818, the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) is an independent professional association, based in central London, representing civil engineers. ...

In 2006, there is the possibility that several of Brunel's bridges over the Great Western Railway might be demolished because the line is planned to be electrified, and there is inadequate clearance for the overhead wires. Buckinghamshire County Council is petitioning to have further options pursued, in order that all nine of the historic remaining bridges on the line can remain.^[13][14] Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is one of the home counties in South East England. ...

Great Western Railway

Paddington Station, still a mainline station, was the London terminus of the Great Western Railway.

Main article: Great Western Railway

In the early part of Brunel's life, the use of railways began to take off as a major means of transport for passengers and goods. This influenced Brunel's involvement in railway engineering, including railway bridge engineering. Paddington station from pixelquelle. ... Paddington station from pixelquelle. ... Paddington Station, March 2005 during rush hour Paddington station or London Paddington station is a major National Rail and London Underground station complex in the Paddington area of London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Terminal Station was also the name of a railway station in Chattanooga, Tennessee; see Chattanooga Choo Choo. ... The original Bristol Temple Meads station, first terminus of the GWR, is the building to the left of this picture The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a British railway company, linking South West England, the West Country and South Wales with London. ... The original Bristol Temple Meads station, first terminus of the GWR, is the building to the left of this picture The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a British railway company, linking South West England, the West Country and South Wales with London. ...

In 1833, before the Thames Tunnel was complete, Brunel was appointed chief engineer of the Great Western Railway, one of the wonders of Victorian Britain, running from London to Bristol and later Exeter.^[15] The Company was founded at a public meeting in Bristol in 1833, and was incorporated by Act of Parliament in 1835. The original Bristol Temple Meads station, first terminus of the GWR, is the building to the left of this picture The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a British railway company, linking South West England, the West Country and South Wales with London. ... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her accession to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... This article is about the English city. ... The city of Exeter is the county town of Devon, in the southwest of England, also known as the West Country. ... This article is about the English city. ... An Act of Parliament or Act is law enacted by the parliament (see legislation). ...

Brunel made two controversial decisions: to use a broad gauge of 7 ft 0¼ in (2,140 mm) for the track, which he believed would offer superior running at high speeds; and to take a route that passed north of the Marlborough Downs, an area with no significant towns, though it offered potential connections to Oxford and Gloucester and then to follow the Thames Valley into London. His decision to use broad gauge for the line was controversial in that almost all British railways to date had used standard gauge. Brunel said that this was nothing more than a carry-over from the mine railways that George Stephenson had worked on prior to making the world's first passenger railway. Brunel worked out through mathematics and a series of trials that his broader gauge was the optimum railway size for providing stability and a comfortable ride to passengers, in addition to allowing for bigger carriages and more freight capacity.^[16] He surveyed the entire length of the route between London and Bristol himself. For other uses, see Gauge. ... The North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) is located in the English counties of Berkshire, Hampshire, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. ... Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 ( 2001 census). ... This article is about the city of Gloucester in England; for other uses see Gloucester (disambiguation). ... As railways developed and expanded one of the key issues to be decided was that of the rail gauge (the distance between the two rails of the track) which should be used. ... George Stephenson George Stephenson For the British politician, see George Stevenson. ... A railroad car (or, more briefly, car, not to be confused with railcar), also known as an item of rolling stock, is a vehicle on a railroad (or railway) that is not a locomotive — one that provides another purpose than purely haulage, although some types of car are powered. ... Freight is a term used to classify the transportation of cargo and is typically a commercial process. ...

Drawing on his experience with the Thames Tunnel, the Great Western contained a series of impressive achievements — soaring viaducts, specially designed stations, and vast tunnels including the famous Box Tunnel, which was the longest railway tunnel in the world at that time.^[4] Torontos Bloor Street Viaduct bridges the Don valley; road traffic uses the upper deck, rail traffic uses the lower deck. ... Box Tunnel is a railway tunnel in western England, between Bath and Chippenham, dug through the Box Hill. ...

Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Steam Museum, Swindon.

There is an anecdote that Box Tunnel is so oriented that the sun shines all the way through it on Brunel's birthday. For more information, see Box Tunnel.^[17] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1920x2560, 2413 KB) Summary Photographer: User:Ballista Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1920x2560, 2413 KB) Summary Photographer: User:Ballista Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Steam railway trains are hard to make and and put together some times you can get burnt and hurt that why some works make arms and legs for the people ... , For other places with the same name, see Swindon (disambiguation). ... Box Tunnel is a railway tunnel in western England, between Bath and Chippenham, dug through the Box Hill. ...

The initial group of locomotives ordered by Brunel to his own specifications proved unsatisfactory, apart from the North Star locomotive, and 20-year-old Daniel Gooch (later Sir Daniel) was appointed as Superintendent of Locomotives. Brunel and Gooch chose to locate their locomotive works at the village of Swindon, at the point where the gradual ascent from London turned into the steeper descent to the Avon valley at Bath. A Star class locomotive was a particular type of steam locomotive of the Great Western Railway. ... Sir Daniel Gooch was the first chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway from 1837 to 1864. ... Great Western Railway No. ... Swindon railway works was built by the Great Western Railway in 1840 in the town of Swindon in the English county of Wiltshire. ... , For other places with the same name, see Swindon (disambiguation). ... The Avon Gorge and Clifton Suspension Bridge The River Avon is a river in the south west of England. ... , Bath is a small city in Somerset, England most famous for its historic baths fed by three hot springs. ...

Brunel's achievements ignited the imagination of the technically minded Britons of the age, and he soon became one of the most famous men in the country on the back of this interest.

After Brunel's death the decision was taken that standard gauge should be used for all railways in the country. Despite the Great Western's claim of proof that its broad gauge was the better (disputed by at least one Brunel historian), the decision was made to use Stephenson's standard gauge, mainly because this had already covered a far greater amount of the country. However, by May 1892 when the broad gauge was abolished the Great Western had already been re-laid as dual gauge (both broad and standard) and so the transition was a relatively painless one.^[4] Sunlight reflects off dual-gauge tracks near Chur, Switzerland Mixed-gauge track and pointwork (4 ft 8½ in (1435 mm) and 3 ft 6 in (1067 mm)) at Odawara in Japan Dual-gauge tram tracks in Katwijk, The Netherlands Dual-gauge or mixed-gauge railway is a special configuration of...

The present Paddington station was designed by Brunel and opened in 1854. Examples of his designs for smaller stations on the Great Western and associated lines which survive in good condition include Mortimer, Charlbury and Bridgend (all Italianate) and Culham (Tudorbethan). Surviving examples of wooden train sheds in his style are at Frome and Kingswear. Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, is a major National Rail and London Underground station complex in the Paddington area of London, England. ... Mortimer railway station is a railway station in the village of Mortimer in the county of Berkshire in England. ... Charlbury railway station serves the town of Charlbury in Oxfordshire, England. ... Bridgend railway station is a railway station that serves town of Bridgend in South Wales. ... Culham railway station Serves the town of Culham in Oxfordshire Train times and station information for Culham railway station from National Rail Street map and aerial photo of Culham railway station from Multimap. ... Ascott House, Buckinghamshire. ... A train shed is an adjacent building to a railway station where the tracks and platforms are covered by a roof. ... Frome Station serves the town of Frome in Somerset. ... Kingswear railway station is the terminus of the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway, a heritage railway in Devon, United Kingdom. ...

The great achievement that was the Great Western Railway has been immortalised in the Swindon Steam Railway Museum. The original Bristol Temple Meads station, first terminus of the GWR, is the building to the left of this picture The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a British railway company, linking South West England, the West Country and South Wales with London. ... Steam railway trains are hard to make and and put together some times you can get burnt and hurt that why some works make arms and legs for the people ...

Brunel's "atmospheric caper"

A reconstruction of Brunel's atmospheric railway, using a segment of the original piping at Didcot Railway Centre

Another of Brunel's interesting though ultimately unsuccessful technical innovations was the atmospheric railway, the extension of the GWR southward from Exeter towards Plymouth, technically the South Devon Railway (SDR), though supported by the GWR. Instead of using locomotives, the trains were moved by Clegg and Samuda's patented system of atmospheric (vacuum) traction, whereby stationary pumps sucked air from the tunnel. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4023x1965, 4682 KB) Summary Brunels Atmospheric Railway remains at Didcot Railway Centre. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4023x1965, 4682 KB) Summary Brunels Atmospheric Railway remains at Didcot Railway Centre. ... General view, including engine sheds, of part of the site on a cold January day The Didcot Railway Centre, located in the Oxfordshire town of Didcot, is a comprehensive exhibition of Great Western Railway rolling stock. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Smeatons tower on the Plymouth Hoe Plymouth is a city in the Westcountry of England, situated at the mouths of the rivers Plym and Tamar in the traditional county of Devon. ... The South Devon Railway Company built and operated the railway from Exeter to Plymouth and Torquay in Devon, England. ... Great Western Railway No. ... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The section from Exeter to Newton (now Newton Abbot) was completed on this principle, with pumping stations with distinctive square chimneys spaced every two miles, and trains ran at approximately 20 miles per hour (30 km/h).^[4] Fifteen-inch (381 mm) pipes were used on the level portions, and 22-inch (559 mm) pipes were intended for the steeper gradients. Location within the British Isles Newton Abbot is a market town in Devon , England on the River Teign, with a population of 23,580 (2001 census). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ...

The technology required the use of leather flaps to seal the vacuum pipes. The leather had to be kept supple by the use of tallow, and tallow is attractive to rats. The result was inevitable — the flaps were eaten, and vacuum operation lasted less than a year, from 1847 (experimental services began in September; operationally from February 1848) to 10 September 1848.^[18] Tallow is rendered beef or mutton fat, processed from suet. ... Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The accounts of the SDR for 1848 suggest that atmospheric traction cost 3s 1d (three shillings and one penny) per mile compared to 1s 4d/mile for conventional steam power. A number of South Devon Railway engine houses still stand, including that at Starcross, on the estuary of the River Exe, which is a striking landmark, and a reminder of the atmospheric railway, also commemorated as the name of the village pub. The South Devon Railway engine houses were built in Devon, England, to power the atmospheric trains on the South Devon Railway between Exeter and Plymouth. ... Starcross is a small riverside town on the west bank of the estuary of the River Exe in Devon. ... The River Exe rises on Exmoor in Devon, near the north (Bristol Channel) coast of the county, but flows more or less directly due south and reaches the sea at a substantial ria on the south (English Channel) coast. ... An amusingly named pub (the Old New Inn) at Bourton-on-the-Water, in the Cotswold Hills of South West England A pub in the Haymarket area of Edinburgh, Scotland A public house, usually known as a pub, is a drinking establishment found mainly in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada...

A section of the pipe, without the leather covers, is preserved at the Didcot Railway Centre. General view, including engine sheds, of part of the site on a cold January day The Didcot Railway Centre, located in the Oxfordshire town of Didcot, is a comprehensive exhibition of Great Western Railway rolling stock. ...

Transatlantic shipping

SS Great Eastern shortly before her launch in 1858.

Brunel at the Launching of The Great Eastern with John Scott Russell & Lord Derby

Even before the Great Western Railway was opened, Brunel was moving on to his next project: transatlantic shipping. He used his prestige to convince his railway company employers to build the Great Western, at the time by far the largest steamship in the world. She first sailed in 1837. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Scene at unsuccessful launch of SS Great Eastern, Isle of Dogs, London, 1858 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Scene at unsuccessful launch of SS Great Eastern, Isle of Dogs, London, 1858 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The SS Great Eastern was an iron sailing steam ship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Transatlantic (disambiguation). ... The steamship SS Great Western (named for the Great Western Railway Company) was the first steamship purposely built for the Atlantic crossing. ...

She was 236 ft (72 m) long, built of wood, and powered by sail and paddlewheels. Her first return trip to New York City took just 29 days, compared to two months for an average sailing ship. In total, 74 crossings to New York were made. The Great Britain followed in 1843; much larger at 322 ft (98 m) long, she was the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.^[19] New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

Building on these successes, Brunel turned to a third ship in 1852, even larger than both of her predecessors, and intended for voyages to India and Australia. The Great Eastern (originally dubbed Leviathan) was cutting-edge technology for her time: almost 700 ft (213 m) long, fitted out with the most luxurious appointments and capable of carrying over 4,000 passengers. The SS Great Eastern was an iron sailing steam ship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. ...

She was designed to be able to cruise under her own power non-stop from London to Sydney and back since engineers of the time were under the misapprehension that Australia had no coal reserves, and she remained the largest ship built until the turn of the century. Like many of Brunel's ambitious projects, the ship soon ran over budget and behind schedule in the face of a series of momentous technical problems.^[4]

The ship has been portrayed as a white elephant, but it can be argued that in this case Brunel's failure was principally one of economics — his ships were simply years ahead of their time. His vision and engineering innovations made the building of large-scale, screw-driven, all-metal steamships a practical reality, but the prevailing economic and industrial conditions meant that it would be several decades before transoceanic steamship travel emerged as a viable industry. A white elephant For other uses, see White elephant (disambiguation). ...

Great Eastern was built at John Scott Russell's Napier Yard in London, and after two trial trips in 1859, set forth the following year on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York on 17 June 1860.^[20] John Scott Russell John Scott Russell (9 May 1808, Glasgow – 8 June 1882) was a Scottish naval engineer who built the Great Eastern (the largest ship built at that time) in collaboration with Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and made the discovery that gave birth to the modern study of solitons. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...

Though a failure at her original purpose of passenger travel, she eventually found a role as an oceanic telegraph cable-layer, and the Great Eastern remains one of the most important vessels in the history of shipbuilding — the Trans-Atlantic cable had been laid, which meant that Europe and America now had a telecommunications link.^[4] Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. ... The Transatlantic telegraph cable was a telegraph cable that crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Valentia Island, in western Ireland to Trinity Bay, in eastern Newfoundland. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ...

Crimean war

During 1854, Britain entered into the Crimean War, an old Turkish Barrack building became the British Army hospital in Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). With injured men suffering from a variety of illnesses including cholera, dysentery, typhoid and malaria purely from hospital conditions,^[21] Florence Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for the government to produce a solution. Combatants Allies: Second French Empire British Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,194 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought... Ãœsküdar (ancient Scutari) was a city in Bithynia in Anatolia. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... Cholera (or Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... This is about the disease typhoid fever. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... Embley Park, now a school, was the family home of Florence Nightingale. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ...

Brunel was already working on building the SS Great Eastern amongst other projects, but accepted the task in February 1855 of designing and building the War Office requirement of a temporary, pre-fabricated hospital that could be shipped to the Crimea and erected. In 5 months he had designed, built and shipped the pre-fabricated wood and canvas buildings^[22] that were erected, near Scutari Hospital where Nightingale was based, in the malaria free area of Renkioi.^[23] The SS Great Eastern was an iron sailing steam ship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. ... Old War Office Building, seen from Whitehall, London - the former location of the War Office The War Office was a former department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1963, when its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Defence. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Motto Процветание в единстве(Russian) Protsvetanie v edinstve(transliteration) Prosperity in unity Anthem Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина(Russian) Nivy i gory tvoi volshebny, Rodina(transliteration) Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) with respect to Ukraine (light blue). ...

His designs incorporated the necessity of hygiene, providing access to sanitation, ventilation, drainage and even rudimentary temperature controls. They were feted as a great success, some sources stating that of the 1,300 (approximate) patients treated in the Renkioi temporary hospital, there were only 50 deaths.^[24] In the Scutari hospital it replaced, deaths were said to be as many as 10 times this number. Nightingale herself referred to them as "those magnificent huts."^[25] Brunel not only designed the buildings but gave advice as to the location of placing.^[26] Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. ... E. Coli bacteria under magnification Sanitation is the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste, as well as the policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures. ... Ventilation good and very bad Ventilation is air circulation of air, typically between a room, a tunnel, etc. ...

The art of using pre-fabricated modules to build hospitals has been carried forward into the present day,^[23] with hospitals such as the Bristol Royal Infirmary being created in this manner. The Bristol Royal Infirmary is a large teaching hospital, situated in the centre of Bristol, England. ...

Illnesses and death of Brunel

In 1843, while performing a conjuring trick for the amusement of his children, Brunel accidentally inhaled a half-sovereign coin, which became lodged in his windpipe. A special pair of forceps failed to remove it, as did a machine devised by Brunel himself to shake it loose. Magician redirects here. ... 1915 half sovereign: reverse The half sovereign was first introduced in 1544 under Henry VIII. It was a gold coin valued at ten shillings. ... Plastic forceps are intended to be disposable Forceps are a handheld, hinged instrument used for grasping and holding objects. ...

Eventually, at the suggestion of Sir Marc, Brunel was strapped to a board and turned upside-down, and the coin was jerked free.^[27] He convalesced by visiting Teignmouth and enjoyed the area so much that he purchased an estate at Watcombe in Torquay, Devon. Here he designed Brunel Manor and its gardens to be his retirement home. Unfortunately he never saw the house or gardens finished, as he died before it was completed. , Teignmouth (IPA: ) is a town on the north bank of the estuary mouth of the River Teign in south Devon, England. ... This article is about the English town. ... Part of the seafront of Torquay, south Devon, at high tide Devon is a large county in South West England, bordered by Cornwall to the west, and Dorset and Somerset to the east. ... Brunel Manor is a mansion on the outskirts of the Devon seaside resort of Torquay. ...

Brunel suffered a stroke in 1859, just before the Great Eastern made her first voyage to New York.^[28] He died ten days later at the age of 53 and was buried, like his father, in Kensal Green Cemetery in London.^[29] For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ... This article is about the state. ... Kensal Green Cemetery Kensal Green Cemetery, located in Kensal Green, London, England, was incorporated in 1832, and is the oldest of the Magnificent Seven cemeteries still in operation. ...

He left behind his wife Mary and three children: Isambard Brunel Junior (1837–1902), Henri Marc Brunel (1842–1903) and Florence Mary Brunel (c.1847–1876).^[30] Henri Marc enjoyed some success as a civil engineer.
... A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering. ...

Legacy

Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.

Bronze statue of Brunel at Temple in London.

Brunel book cover, the cigar edited out of the original image.

• Many monuments to Brunel exist. There are statues in London at Temple (pictured) and Brunel University, Bristol, Saltash, Swindon, Milford Haven, Nyeland and Paddington station. The flagpole of the Great Eastern is at the entrance to Liverpool FC, and a section of the ship's funnel is at Sutton Poyntz, near Weymouth.

• Contemporary locations bear Brunel's name, such as Brunel University in London, and a collection of streets in Exeter: Isambard Terrace, Kingdom Mews, and Brunel Close. A road, car park and school in his home town of Portsmouth are also named in his honour, along with the town's largest pub. Although not of any real architectural merit, the Brunel shopping centre in Bletchley, Milton Keynes is named after him.

• Most of Brunel's bridges are still in use. The Thames Tunnel is now part of the London Underground, and the Brunel Engine House at Rotherhithe that once housed the steam engines that powered the tunnel pumps still stands, as a museum dedicated to the work and lives of Marc and Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

• Many of Brunel's original papers and designs are now held in the Brunel collection at the University of Bristol.^[31]

• The image of Brunel used to illustrate the cover of a children's book, The Life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel published by Heinemann in March 2005, was altered because of fears that the image of Brunel smoking a cigar would provide an unsuitable role model for five to seven year olds and might result in school libraries not buying the book.^[32]

• Brunel is credited with turning the town of Swindon into one of the largest growing towns in Europe during the 1800s.^[33] The siting of the Great Western Railway locomotive sheds here and the need for housing for the workers, gave Brunel the impetus to build hospitals, churches and housing estates in what was termed 'New Swindon' (subsequently swallowed by the rest of the expanding, mainly agricultural, town). This area is known today as the 'Railway Village'. Brunel's addition of a Mechanics Institute for recreation and Hospitals and clinics for his workers gave Aneurin Bevan the basis for the creation of the National Health Service according to some sources.^[34] The current hospital in Swindon was named the Great Western Hospital in commemoration, which also contains the 'Brunel Treatment Centre'

• In 1975, noted British animator Bob Godfrey was awarded an Oscar for his short film, Great, an irreverent musical look at Brunel and his times.

• An opera about him was given a concert performance at the Colston Hall, Bristol on 18 July 1993, the day before the 150th anniversary of the launch of the SS Great Britain. Titled Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and written by Will Todd and Ben Dunwell, The Times noted that it was an "epic tale of passion, wild ambition and insanity." In 1994 Todd wrote the orchestral suite Brunel.

£2 coin released by the Royal Mint to celebrate Brunel's 200th Birthday.

• In 2006, the Royal Mint struck a £2 coin to "celebrate the 200th anniversary of Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his achievements."^[35] The coin depicts a section of the Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash, along with a portrait of Brunel. The Post Office issued a set of commemorative stamps.

• Brunel was placed second of the heavily publicised "100 Greatest Britons" TV poll conducted by the BBC and voted for by the public. In the second round of voting, which concluded on 24 November 2002, Brunel was placed second, behind Winston Churchill. The building of the Great Eastern was dramatised in an episode of the BBC TV series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World (2003).

• On 8 April 2006, Bristol celebrated Brunel's 200th birthday with a series of festivities. These included a concert of brass bands, an epic saxophone ensemble, a choral piece and a fireworks display over the Avon Gorge culminating in the switching on of new lighting for the Clifton Suspension Bridge.

• In Plymouth, the city of one of Brunel's finest achievements (Royal Albert Bridge), a 2 metre high wooden statue costing £4,500 can be found in the Pennycombequick roundabout, celebrating the major impact he had on the city and its transport links with the whole of Cornwall.

• Brunel is remembered at Hockerill Anglo-European College by lending his name to one of the four equipes there.

• The bookwright Isambard Kingdom Buñuel in First Among Sequels is named for him.

See also

• Royal Albert Bridge
• Bristol Temple Meads railway station
• Bristol Harbour and Underfall Yard
• Chepstow Bridge
• Hungerford Bridge
• Maidenhead Railway Bridge
• Taff Vale Railway
• Clifton Suspension Bridge
• Sonning Cutting
• SS Great Western
• SS Great Britain
• SS Great Eastern
• Swindon Steam Railway Museum
• Zerah Colburn (locomotive designer)
• Works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel

{{, Brunel truss bridge, and lenticular truss The Royal Albert bridge in 1859 The Royal Albert bridge seen from Saltash railway station Royal Albert Bridge seen from the Tamar Bridge. ... Bristol Temple Meads railway station is a major rail transport hub in Bristol, England. ... St Augustines Reach and Peros Bridge, during the 2004 Harbour Festival. ... The Underfall Yard is a historic boatyard on Spike Island serving Bristol Harbour, the harbour in the city of Bristol, England. ... // The Chepstow railway bridge was built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1852. ... Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges, seen from the north The Hungerford Bridge runs over the River Thames in London, between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge. ... Maidenhead Railway Bridge is a railway bridge carrying the main line of the Great Western Railway over the River Thames in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. ... The Taff Vale Railway (TVR) is a railway in Glamorgan, South Wales, and is one of the oldest in Wales. ... The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a suspension bridge, spanning the Avon Gorge and linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in North Somerset, England. ... Sonning Cutting is on the original Great Western Railway built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. ... The steamship SS Great Western (named for the Great Western Railway Company) was the first steamship purposely built for the Atlantic crossing. ... ss Great Britain was the first ocean-going ship to have an iron hull and a screw propeller and, when launched in 1843, was the largest vessel afloat. ... The SS Great Eastern was an iron sailing steam ship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. ... Steam railway trains are hard to make and and put together some times you can get burnt and hurt that why some works make arms and legs for the people ... Zerah Colburn Zerah Colburn (born Saratoga, New York, January 13, 1832; died Boston, Massachusetts, April 26, 1870) engineer, journalist and publisher. ...

Notes and references

ss Great Britain was the first ocean-going ship to have an iron hull and a screw propeller and, when launched in 1843, was the largest vessel afloat. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about:

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

• Obituary in The Times September 19, 1859
• Isambard Kingdom Brunel information at Structurae
• The Royal Albert Bridge - Saltash, Cornwall
• Design Museum - British Council
• Brunel Manor
• The Brunel Museum - Based in Rotherhithe, London the museum is housed in the building that contained the pumps to keep the Thames Tunnel dry.
• Great (1975) at the Internet Movie Database

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Structurae is an on-line database containing works of structural and civil engineering of all kinds such as Bridges, High-rise buildings, towers, dams, etc. ...

Television

• National Geographic Channel - The Iron Engineers
• Deborah Cadbury (2003-11-08). Seven Wonders of the Industrial World: The Great Eastern. Retrieved on 2007-01-14.

The National Geographic Channel is a subscription television network that features documentaries produced by the National Geographic Society. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Newspaper

• Plymouth Evening Herald
• Unknown (2007-07-28). 2 m High Isambard Kingdom Brunel Statue in Plymouth. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.

The Plymouth Herald is Westcountry Publications Plymouth-based newspaper. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Isambard Brunel (1870; reprinted 1970, David & Charles). The Life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Civil Engineer. Written by Brunel's son. 
• Celia Brunel Noble (1938). The Brunels, Father and Son. Written by Brunel's grand-daughter, it adds some family anecdotes and personal information over the previous volume. 
• L. T. C. Rolt (1957; reprinted with new introduction 1989, Penguin). Isambard Kingdom Brunel. ISBN 0-582-10744-X, ISBN 0-14-007986-6, ISBN 0-14-011752-0. Rolt's highly acclaimed biography of Brunel is still the best and most complete. 
• Sir Alfred Pugsley, ed. (1976). The Works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel: An Engineering Appreciation. A technical presentation of Brunel's opus. 
• Adrian Vaughan (1991). Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Engineering Knight-Errant. John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-4636-2. Vaughan presents some interesting interpretations in this volume. His 2006 Brunel: an engineering biography (Ian Allan, ISBN 978-07110-3078-7) is a more orthodox interpretation with notable reproductions of engineering drawings. 
• R. Angus Buchanan (2002). Brunel: The Life and Times of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Hambledon and London. ISBN 1-85285-331-X. Buchanan gives a rather more scholarly presentation together with the wider context in which Brunel lived and worked. 
• Steven Brindle (2004). Paddington Station: Its history and architecture. English Heritage. ISBN 1-873592-70-1. 
• Andrew Mathewson and Derek Laval (1992). Brunel's Tunnel…and where it led. Brunel Exhibition Rotherhithe. ISBN 0-9504361-1-9. 
• Nick Walters. Doctor Who: Reckless Engineering. BBC Books (genre, sci-fi, tv tie-in). ISBN 0-563-48603-1. 
• Eugene Byrne and Simon Gurr (2006). Isambard Kingdom Brunel: a graphic biography. Brunel 200. ISBN none.