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Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers, Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions. Attitudes have varied according to time, place and circumstance. The History of Islam involves the history of the Islamic faith as a religion and as a social institution. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Ulema (, translit: , singular: , translit: , scholar) (Islamic clergy) refers to the educated class of Muslim scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies. ...

Non-muslims under Islam

Non-muslims under Islamic law would be held under the status of Dhimmi Dhimmis were allowed to "practice their religion, subject to certain conditions, and to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy" and guaranteed their personal safety and security of property, in return for paying tribute and acknowledging Muslim supremacy.^[1] Taxation from the perspective of dhimmis who came under the Muslim rule, was "a concrete continuation of the taxes paid to earlier regimes"^[2] (but now lower under the Muslim rule^[3][4]) and from the point of view of the Muslim conqueror was a material proof of the dhimmi's subjection.^[2] Various restrictions and legal disabilities were placed on Dhimmis, such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.^[5] Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ...

The Qur'an distinguishes between the monotheistic People of the Book (ahl al-kitab) (Jews, Christians, Sabians and others), and polytheists or idolaters on the other hand.^{[citation needed]} The People of the Book should be tolerated to some extent.{^{[citation needed]} Polytheists are not given that same degree of tolerance.^{[citation needed]} Atheists and agnostics are considered beyond the pale of tolerance.^[6] All non-muslims are subject to legal and social restrictions as well as humiliating regulations meant to highlight the inferiority of non-Muslim subjects.^[7] There are certain kind of restrictions, when involved with People of the Book, do not apply to polytheists.^{[citation needed]} One example is mslim males being allowed to marry a Christian or Jew, but not a polytheist. Muslim women, however may not marry non-Muslim men.^[8] This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The term People of the Book (Hebrew עם הספר, Am HaSefer) is used in Judaism where it refers specifically to the Jewish people and the Torah. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Not to be confused with Sabaeans, who were ancient people living in what is now Yemen. ... Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple gods or deities. ... Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ... Agnosticism is the philosophical and theological view that the existence of God, gods or deities is either unknown or inherently unknowable. ...

The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula "Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it."^[9] Accordingly, Muslims must not place themselves in a position inferior to that of the followers of other religions.^[10] Pursuant to this principle, Muslim women may not marry non-Muslim men, non-Muslims may not inherit from their Muslim relatives, and a testimony of a non-Muslim is inadmissible against a Muslim.^[11] A non-Muslim who insults Islam must be put to death, according to most schools of Islamic jurisprudence, or flogged and imprisoned, according to others.^[12]

Abraham, Moses, Hebrew prophets, and Jesus were all prophets of Islam, but their message and the texts of the Torah and the Gospels were corrupted by Jews and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.^[13] An angel prevents the sacrifice of Isaac. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... Neviim [נביאים] (Heb: Prophets) is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), following the Torah and preceding Ketuvim (writings). ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... Prophets of Islam are human beings who are regarded by Muslims to be prophets. ... “Tora” redirects here. ... For the genre of Christian-themed music, see gospel music. ...

There is dispute on how to treat Apostasy in Islam; precisely, whether or not it is punishable by death.^[14] W. Heffening states that Shafi'is interpret verse ^{[Qur'an 2:217]} as adducing the main evidence for the death penalty in Qur'an.^[15] Wael Hallaq states the death penalty was a new element added later and "reflects a later reality and does not stand in accord with the deeds of the Prophet." He further states that "nothing in the law governing apostate and apostasy derives from the letter of the holy text." ^[16] Apostasy in Islam (Arabic: ارتداد, irtidād or ridda) is commonly defined as the rejection of Islam in word or deed by a person who has been a Muslim. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Practice of the early Muslims

During the ten years that Muhammad led his followers against the Meccans and then against the other Arab tribes, Christian and Jewish communities who had submitted to Muslim rule were allowed to worship in their own way and follow their own family law, and were given a fair degree of self-government. However, the Arabs who followed their traditional polytheistic religion (i.e, the non-Jews and non-Christians) were only given freedom for a specified term of four months, under a general treaty, after which they were given either the choice of conversion, exile or execution.^[17] Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      A Christian () is a... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ...

The Jews generally rejected Muhammad's status as a prophet.^[18] According to Watt, "Jews would normally be unwilling to admit that a non-Jew could be a prophet."^[19] In the Constitution of Medina, Muhammad demanded the Jews' political loyalty in return for religious and cultural autonomy.^[18]However, after each major battle with the Medinans, Muhammad accused one of the Jewish tribes of treachery (See ^{[Qur'an 2:100]}). After Badr and Uhud, the Banu Qainuqa and Banu Nadir, respectively, were expelled "with their families and possessions" from Medina. After the Battle of the Trench in 627, the Jews of Banu Qurayza were accused of conspiring with the Meccans; 600-900 Qurayza men were beheaded (except for the few who chose to convert to Islam), women and children enslaved, and their properties confiscated.^[20] The word gentile is an anglicised version of the Latin word gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe. ... The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... view of Mt. ... This article is in need of improvement. ... Banu Nadir (Arabic: ‎) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... The massacre of the Banu Qurayza. ...

After Muhammad's death in 632, the Islamic empire grew rapidly, encompassing what is now the Middle East, Egypt, North Africa, and Iran. Most of the new subjects were Christian or Jewish, and considered People of the Book. (After some argument, the Zoroastrians were considered People of the Book as well^[21]). Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were called dhimmi, protected peoples. As noted above, they could worship, follow their own family law, and own property. People of the Book were not subject to certain Islamic rules, such as the prohibitions on alcohol and pork, but were subject to other restrictions. Under the Islamic state, they were exempt from military service, but were required to pay a poll tax known as jizya. (They were, however, exempt from the zakat required of Muslims). They could be bureaucrats and advisors, but they could never be rulers. Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... North Africa is the Mediterranean, northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ... A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). ... In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية; Ottoman Turkish cizye) is a per capita tax imposed on able bodied non-Muslim men of military age. ... This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. ...

They were not subject to forced conversion. In fact, under the first caliphs and the Ummayad dynasty, conversion was discouraged. Arab troops were settled in garrison towns like Kufa and Basra, in part to keep them separate from the conquered peoples. If a dhimmi wanted to convert, he/she could only do so by convincing an Arab to act as a sponsor or patron, adopting the dhimmi in the patron's tribe and making him/her an honorary Arab. There are claims that there were several instances in which entire communities wanted to convert, and were prevented; and that they were more useful as taxpayers.^[22] For main article see: Caliphate Khalif is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, or global Islamic nation. ... The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the... Kufa (الكوفة al-Kufa in Arabic) is a city in Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. ... This article is about the city of Basra. ...

The Syriac Patriarch Ishôyahb III wrote in his correspondence to Simeon of Rewardashir, "As for the Arabs, to whom God has at this time given rule (shultãnâ) over the world, you know well how they act toward us. Not only do they not oppose Christianity, but they praise our faith, honour the priests and saints of our Lord, and give aid to the churches and monasteries."[1] For other senses, see Patriarch (disambiguation). ... Ishoyahb III of Adiabene was the patriarch of Seleucia Iraq from 648 till 660. ...

Later Islamic practice

Under the Ummayads and Abbasids, the Islamic community was increasingly fragmented into various sects and kingdoms, each of which had its own evolving policy towards dhimmi and towards conquered polytheists. The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the... Abbasid Caliphate (Abbasid Khalifat) and contemporary states and empires in 820. ...

The Islamic heartland

In general, the policies of the territories comprising the earliest Islamic conquests grew gradually harsher towards the dhimmis. Conversion to Islam was made easier (all one had to do was to recite the confession of faith). Many dhimmis did convert as a result of fear and pressure. Areas that were majority Christian or Zoroastrian before the Arab conquest at some point became overwhelmingly Muslim. As dhimmis became minorities, they sometimes became persecuted minorities. At some point (it is not clear when), non-Muslims were forbidden to visit the sacred cities of Mecca and Medina, while some hadith even urged their exclusion from the entire Arabian peninsula.

Later Islamic conquests

With the Ghaznavids and later the Mughals, Islam also expanded further into northern India. Will Durant, in The Story of Civilization, described this as "probably the bloodiest story in history". This approach was not uniform, and different rulers adopted different strategies. The Mughal emperor Akbar, for example, was relatively tolerant towards Hindus, while his successor Aurangzeb was intolerant. Hindus were ultimately given the tolerated religious minority status of dhimmi. However, the underlying complexity of Hindu philosophy was useful in this regard, as it had always posited an underlying unity of all things, including the fusion of various deities into a single reality (Brahman). The Ghaznavid Empire was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 977 to 1186. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Will Durant William James Durant (November 5, 1885–November 7, 1981) was an American philosopher, historian, and writer. ... The Story of Civilization by Will and Ariel Durant (ISBN 0-671-21988-X) is an eleven-volume set of books. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Aurangzeb (Persian: (November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707), also known as Alamgir I, was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. ... Hindu philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Brahman (nominative ) is the concept of the supreme spirit found in Hinduism. ...

The Buddhists of India were not as fortunate; although Buddhism had been in decline prior to the Muslim invasions, the destruction of monastic universities in the invasions such as Nalanda and Vikramashila were a calamity from which it never recovered. According to one Buddhist scholar, the monasteries were destroyed because they were large, fortified edifices considered threats by Muslim Turk invaders, not because they were non-Muslim institutions.^[23] Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ... A view of the ruins of Nalanda University In the extreme rear is visible stucco (lime plaster fresco) wall art from the Gupta period. ... University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India, along with University during the Pala dynasty. ...

The Almohad rulers of Muslim Spain were initially intolerant, and engaged in forced conversions^{[citation needed]}; Maimonides, for example, was forced to masquerade as a Muslim and eventually flee Spain after the initial Almohad conquest. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i. ... Commonly used image indicating one artists conception of Maimonidess appearance Maimonides (March 30, 1135 or 1138–December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Spain, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages. ...

However, it is worth mentioning that most Muslims rulers in Spain could be considered tolerant with some exceptions. Christians were free to practice their own beliefs, and had kept their own churches. The tolerant atmosphere in Muslim Spain made it a refuge for Jews persecuted in other European lands.

Contemporary Islam

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most Islamic states fell under the sway of European colonialists. The colonialist empires proselytized their official faiths, and permitted the work of missionaries; especially those originating in Christian Europe. After World War II, there was a general retreat from colonialism, and predominantly Muslim countries were again able to set their own policies regarding non-Muslims. This period also saw the beginning of increased migration from Muslim countries into the First World countries of Europe, the UK, Canada, the US, etc. This has completely reshaped relations between Islam and other religions. Most Muslim countries today are in intellectual debate over the limits of human rights as determined by secular liberalism, and human rights as determined by Islam. The terms First World, Second World, and Third World were used to divide the nations of Earth into three broad categories. ...

Predominantly Muslim countries

Some predominantly Muslim countries allow the practice of all religions. Of these, some limit this freedom with bans on proselytizing or conversion, or restrictions on the building of places of worship; others (such as Mali) have no such restrictions. In practice, the situation of non-Muslim minorities depends not only on the law, but on local practice, which may ameliorate somewhat harsh laws or make their situations hard despite liberal laws.

Some countries are predominantly Muslim and allow freedom of religion adhering to democratic principles. Of particular note are the following countries:^[24]

• Indonesia, Bangladesh, Malaysia have a significant population from the Hindu, Christian and Buddhist faith. They are allowed to practice their faith, build places of worship and even have missionary schools and organizations but with limitation of such practice. Some Muslim countries nationally observe Hindu, Christian and Buddhist holidays, e.g. Durga Puja, Maghi Purnima, Buddha Purnima, Ashari Purnima, Moharram, Christmas etc.
• In Syria, there exists about 1.8 million (10%) Christians of about 15 different religious and ethnic sects, as well as few thousands of Jews. The freedom of religion is well observed by the state law as well as the historical long record of tolerance since the Caliphal days. Countrary to many Christian countries that have both Catholic and Orthodox minorities, in Syria, Christmas and Easter days are official holidays for both the Catholic or Orthodox calendar.

Some predominantly Muslim countries set more limitations of non-Muslims:

• Pakistan has different electorates for Muslims and non-Muslims, and limits the public positions a non-Muslim can hold.
• Saudi Arabia limits religious freedom to a high degree, prohibiting public worship by other religions.
• The now-overthrown Taliban regime in Afghanistan was considered intolerant by many observers. Some ancient Buddhist monuments, like the Buddhas of Bamyan, were destroyed as idolatrous.
• The Islamist government of Iran formally tolerates Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians - although all three groups are subjected to some severe discrimination in practice - while the situation of Bahá'ís, considered by the government as a pro-Zionist, un-Islamic heresy, is far worse. See Persecution of Bahá'ís.
• In Sudan, there was extensive use of the rhetoric of religious war by both parties in the decades-long battle between the Muslim North and the largely non-Muslim South (see Second Sudanese Civil War.)
• In Egypt, a 16 December 2006 judgment of the Supreme Administative Council created a clear demarcation between recognized religions — Islam, Christianity and Judaism — and all other religious beliefs. The ruling leaves members of other religious communities, including Bahá'ís, without the ability to obtain the necessary government documents to have rights in their country, essentially denying them of all rights of citizenship.^[25] They cannot obtain ID cards, birth certificates, death certificates, marriage or divorce certificates, and passports; they also cannot be employed, educated, treated in public hospitals or vote among other things.^[25] See Egyptian identification card controversy.

According to Islamic law, jizya (poll tax) is to be paid by all non-Muslims,^[2] excluding the weak and the poor, living in a Muslim state, to the general welfare of the state. Also, in his book "Al-Kharaj," Abu Yusuf says, "No Jizya is due on females or young infants." In exchange for the tax, the non-Muslims are required to be given security, provided compensation from the Muslim Exchequer when they are in need, treated on equality with Muslims, and enjoy rights as nationals of the state. Al-Balathiri comments on this saying, "Khaled Ibn Al-Walid, on entering Damascus as a conqueror, offered a guarantee of security to its people and their properties and churches, and promised that the wall of the city would not be pulled down, and none of their houses be demolished. It was a guarantee of God, he said, and of the Caliph and all believers to keep them safe and secure on condition they paid the dues of the Jizya."^[26] This poll tax is different from the alms tax (Zakah) paid by the Muslim subjects of a Muslim state. Whereas jizya is compulsory and paid by the tolerated community per head count, zakat was paid only if one can afford it. More importantly, since the poll tax was determined by and collected for Muslim rulers and non-Muslims had no power to set its rate. In the absence of specific historical case studies, it is impossible to know whether and how higher it was than the alms tax of Muslims. The Taliban (Pashto: , students or seekers of knowledge) are a fundamentalist Sunni Muslim and ethnic Pashtun movement that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by American aerial bombardment and Northern Alliance ground forces. ... The Buddhas of Bamyan (Pashto: د بودا بتان په باميانو کې De Buda butan pe bamiyano ke, Persian: تندیس‌های بودا در باميان tandis-ha-ye buda dar bamiyaan) were two monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley of central Afghanistan, situated 230 km (143 miles) northwest of Kabul at an altitude... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      A Christian () is a... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... Seat of the Universal House of Justice, governing body of the Baháís, in Haifa, Israel The Baháí Faith is the religion founded by Baháulláh in 19th century Persia. ... The persecution of Baháís refers to the religious persecution of Baháís in various countries, especially in Iran, the nation of origin of the Baháí Faith, Irans largest religious minority and the location of one of the largest Baháí populations in the world. ... Combatants Sudanese Government (North Sudan) Sudan Peoples Liberation Army Commanders Gaafar Nimeiry Sadiq al-Mahdi Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir John Garang Casualties Not Released 1. ... December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent judiciary body in the Arab Republic of Egypt, with its new seat in the Cairo suburban, Maadi. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية; Ottoman Turkish cizye) is a per capita tax imposed on able bodied non-Muslim men of military age. ... Nickname: The Seal of the Damascus Governorate Syria Syria Governorates Damascus Governorate Government  - Governor Bishr Al Sabban Area  - City 573 km²  (221. ... This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. ...

Territorial disputes

One of the open issues in the relation between Islamic states and non-Islamic states is the claim from hardline Muslims that once a certain land, state or territory has been under 'Muslim' rule, it can never be relinquished anymore, and that such a rule, somewhere in history would give the Muslims a kind of an eternal right on the claimed territory. This claim is particularly controversial with regard to Israel and to a lesser degree Spain and parts of the Balkan and it applies to India as well. It goes against several principles of international rights. It has little to no basis is Quran or Hadith A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... ... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Muslims in diaspora

Many Muslims now find themselves living in many non-Muslim countries, where religious freedom is usually the ruling ideology. Many of these Muslims are still struggling to make sense of their faith in these entirely different circumstances. Some believers distance themselves completely from their "idolatrous" surroundings and look forward to a day when their new countries will become Muslim. Other Muslims, however, appreciate religious freedom and are tolerant of other faiths.

Forced Conversion

Main article: Forced Conversion

Many Muslim scholars believe that Quranic verses such as "Let there be no compulsion in religion: Truth stands out clear from Error" (Quran, 2:256) and (Quran 18:29) show that Islam prohibits forced conversion towards people of any religion. A forced conversion occurs when someone adopts a religion or philosophy under the threat that a refusal would result in negative consequences not just in the afterlife but in this life too, ranging from job loss, social isolation to incarceration, torture, or death. ...

However, some Wahhabi scholars such as the controversial Ibn Baaz believe that (Quran 2:256) was (partially) abrogated by later verses such as al-Tawbah 9:5, and so the verse only applies towards Christians, Jews, and Magians (People of the Book) and not towards polytheists.^[27] Wahhabism (sometimes spelled Wahabbism or Wahabism) is a movement of Islam named after Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792). ... Abdul Azeez ibn Abdullaah ibn Baaz (also Shaikh Abdulaziz bin Baz or Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Baz) was the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 until his death in 1999. ... The Three Wise Men are given the names Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthasar in this Romanesque mosaic from the Basilica of St Apollinarius in Ravenna, Italy. ... The term People of the Book (Hebrew עם הספר, Am HaSefer) is used in Judaism where it refers specifically to the Jewish people and the Torah. ...

"Then when the forbidden months (1st, 7th, 11th, and 12th months of the Islamic calendar) have passed, then kill the (distrusted) pagans wherever you find them, and capture them and besiege them, and lie in wait for them in each and every ambush (of war). But if they repent [by rejecting Shirk and accept Islamic Monotheism] and establish prayer, and practice regular charity, then make it easy for them. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful".

(Quran 9:5)

There is dispute regarding the way that Muhammad and his companions treated other non-Muslims. As such, there is dispute within the community regarding how to treat non-Muslims. In the modern era, in most places, Islam is found to be usually spread by peaceful means (See also dawah) and forced conversion is regarded against the tenets of Islam by the majority of Muslims. However, in some socially and economically hindering places, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, and The Sudan evidence of a few cases of forced conversion has been found. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... It has been suggested that Dai be merged into this article or section. ... Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Sudan Sudan has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the Halaib Triangle. ...

See also

• Islam and Judaism
• Christianity and Islam
• Jainism and Islam
• Islam and Sikhism

This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Jainism and Islam While Islam is one of the largest religions, Jainism is one of the smallest. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ...

Notes

The Encyclopedia of Islam (EI) is a scholarly encyclopedia covering all aspects of Islamic civilization and history. ... The Encyclopedia of Islam (EI) is a scholarly encyclopedia covering all aspects of Islamic civilization and history. ... The Encyclopedia of the Quran (EQ) is a scholarly work with essays on the most important themes and subjects, and an encyclopaedic dictionary of Quran terms, concepts, personalities, place names, cultural history and exegesis. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Bat Ye'or (2002). Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3943-7. 
• Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00807-8. 
• Lewis, Bernard (2002). The Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280310-7. 
• Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521026994.