As the Yuan Dynasty ended, many Mongols as well as the Muslims who came with them remained in China. Most of their descendants took Chinese names and became part of the diverse cultural world of China.^[1] During the following Ming rule (1368-1644), Muslims truly adopted Chinese culture. Most became fluent in Chinese and adopted Chinese names and the capital, Nanjing, became a center of Islamic learning. As a result, the Muslims became "outwardly indistinguishable" from the Chinese.^[2] Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ...

The Ming dynasty saw the rapid decline in the Muslim population in the sea ports. This was due to the closing of all seaport trade with the outside world.

Integration

See also: Chinese Islamic cuisine, Sini (script), and Chinese mosques

As a result of increasing isolationism by the Ming dynasty, immigration from Muslim countries slowed down drastically however, and the Muslims in China became increasingly isolated from the rest of the Islamic world, gradually becoming more sinicized, adopting the Chinese language and Chinese dress. Muslims became fully integrated into Chinese society. One interesting example of this synthesis was the process by which Muslims changed their names. Chinese Islamic cuisine is cuisine of the Hui (ethnic Chinese Muslims) and other Muslims living in China. ... Sini is a Chinese Islamic calligraphic form for the Arabic script. ... The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques Dongsi Mosque [1] Great Mosque, Huhhot [2] Great Mosque, Tianjin [3] Great Mosque, Xian [4] Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou [5] Huajue Mosque in Xian Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar [6] Najiahu Mosque in Yinchuan Nanguan Mosque... Ming is a common personal name in China, It may also mean: Ming Dynasty, the ruling dynasty in China from 1368 to 1644 Ming class submarine, a class of diesel-electric submarines built by China Motorola MING, a smartphone released by Motorola Ming library, a C library with PHP bindings... Sinicization, or less commonly Sinification, is to make things Chinese. ...

During this period, Muslims also began to adopt Chinese surnames. Many Muslim married Han Chinese women and simply took the name of the wife. Other Muslims, who could not find a Chinese surname similar to their own, adopted the Chinese character most similar to their own - Ha for Hasan, Hu for Hussain and Sa'I for Said and so on. Chinese surnames that are very common among Muslim families are Mo, Mai, and Mu - names adopted by the Muslims who had the surnames Muhammad, Mustafa and Masoud. A family name, or surname or last name, is the part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ...

Muslim customs of dress and food also underwent a synthesis with Chinese culture. The Islamic modes of dress and dietary rules were maintained within a Chinese cultural framework. Chinese Islamic cuisine is heavily influenced by Beijing cuisine, with nearly all cooking methods identical, and differs only in material due to religious restrictions. As a result, northern Islamic cuisine is often included as part of Beijing cuisine. Chinese Islamic cuisine is cuisine of the Hui (ethnic Chinese Muslims) and other Muslims living in China. ... Beijing cuisine (Chinese: ; pinyin: jīngcài; lit. ... Beijing cuisine (Chinese: ; pinyin: jīngcài; lit. ...

During the Ming Dynasty, Chinese Islamic traditions of writing began to develop, including the practice of writing Chinese using the Arabic script (xiaojing) and distinctly Chinese forms of decorative calligraphy.^[3] The script is used extensively in mosques in eastern China, and to a lesser extent in Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi. A famous Sini calligrapher is Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang. For other uses, see Ming. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Ningxia (Simplified Chinese: 宁夏; Traditional Chinese: 寧夏; Pinyin: Níngxià; Wade-Giles: Ning-hsia; Postal Pinyin: Ningsia), full name Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Simplified Chinese: 宁夏回族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 寧夏回族自治區; Pinyin: Níngxià Huízú ZìzhìqÅ«), is a Hui autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China, located on the northwest Loess...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ShÇŽnxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling Mountains across the... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang (米廣江, 1963-) is an expert in Islamic calligraphy, specializing in the Sini style which originated from the Chinese Muslim tradition. ...

Mosque Architecture began to follow traditional Chinese architecture. A good example is the Great Mosque of Xi'an, whose current buildings date from the Ming Dynasty. Western Chinese mosques were more likely to incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like pagodas.^[4] The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, built in 1165 AD. Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. ... The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques The Great Mosque of Xian (Chinese: 西安大清真寺), located near the Drum Tower (Gu Lou) on Huajue Lane of Xian, Shaanxi province, China, is one of the oldest and most renowned mosques in the country. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... A pagoda at Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia This article is about the building style. ...

In time, the Muslims who were descendants of immigrants from Muslim countries began to speak local dialects and to read in Chinese Language. Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ...

Prominent Muslims

During the Yuan Dynasty, Muslims from the Middle East were given elevated status over the native Han in Mongol political circles. Perhaps, as a result of this, there were many prominent Muslims who were trusted associates of the highest levels of the Ming government. The Yuan Dynasty of China, continued to maintain excellent relationship with other nomadic tribes of Mongolia. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... // Han in China Chinese (æ¼¢), an abbreviation or adjectival modifier for things Chinese. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... Ming is a common personal name in China, It may also mean: Ming Dynasty, the ruling dynasty in China from 1368 to 1644 Ming class submarine, a class of diesel-electric submarines built by China Motorola MING, a smartphone released by Motorola Ming library, a C library with PHP bindings...

Military Generals

At least six of the most trusted commanders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, were Muslim. The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ... The Hui people (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Xiaoerjing: حُوِ ذَو ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ...

Lan Yu , in 1388, led a strong imperial Ming army out of the Great Wall and won a decisive victory over the Mongols in Mongolia, effectively ending the Mongol dream to re-conquer China. Lan Yu was later killed by the Emperor, along with several others, in a purge of those deemed to be a potential threat to his heir apparent.^[5] Lan Yu was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. ...

Mu ying was one of the few capable generals who survived the massacre of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. He and his descendants guarded Yunnan, a province near Vietnam, until the end of the Ming Dynasty. Mu Ying was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. ... The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ... For other uses, see Ming. ...

Chang Yuchun was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. Other generals of the Ming Dynasty include Feng Sheng, Ding Dexing and Hu Dahai. Chang Yuchun (常遇春) was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... Hu Dahai was a General of the Ming Dynasty. ...

Zheng He

The Ming dynasty also gave rise to who is perhaps the most famous Chinese Muslim, the Zheng He, a mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral. He was born in 1371, in Yunnan province. He served as a close confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China (reigned 1403–1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions, led by Zheng He to the Indian Ocean. Some have speculated, most notably by Gavin Menzies that Zheng He traveled to West Africa, North America and South America, Greenland, Antarctica and Australia and circumnavigated the world. For other uses, see Ming. ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. ... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... Yunan redirects here. ... The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ... Events July 21 - Battle of Shrewsbury. ... August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... Gavin Menzies Gavin Menzies (b. ... A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ...  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... Compass rose with north highlighted and at top Look up North in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Notes

1. ^ Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson, and David Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples. 3. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. ISBN 0-618-42770-8
2. ^ Israeli(2002), pg. 292
3. ^ [1] Islamic Calligraphy in China
4. ^ Cowen, Jill S.. "Muslims in China: The Mosque", Saudi Aramco World, July/August 1985, pp. 30-35. Retrieved on 2006-04-08. 
5. ^ Dun J. Li The Ageless Chinese (Charles Scribner's Sons: 1971), p. 276

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Islam during the Yuan Dynasty
• Islam during the Qing Dynasty
• History of Islam in China
• Islam in China
• Religion in China
• Demographics of the People's Republic of China
• Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association
• Tibetan Muslims
• Islam by country