Islam has a rich heritage in China. The religion has had a presence in the country since the Tang Dynasty when a companion of Muhammad, Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, was sent as an official envoy to Emperor Gaozang in 650 CE. The Emperor drew parallels between the religion and the teachings of Confucius and ordered the establishment of the first mosque in China.[2] For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Muhammad (Arabic ; also Mohammed, Mohamet, and other variants[1] [2] [3]), 570-632 C.E.,[4] [5] was an Arab religious and political leader who established Islam and the Muslim community (Ummah, Arabic: أمة) to whom he preached. ... Sa`ad ibn Abī Waqqās (Arabic: ‎ ) was an early convert to Islam from the Banū Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe and important companions of the Prophet Muhammad. ... Emperor Gaozong (628 - 683) was the third emperor of Tang Dynasty in China and he ruled from 649 to 683. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan with an iwan at center, three domes, and five visible minarets A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ...

A notable feature of the Muslim communities in China is the presence of female imams [3]. A form of Islamic calligraphy, the Sini, is well established in China. Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang is a famous modern calligrapher in this tradition. There is a current controversy among Muslims on the circumstances in which women may act as imams—that is, lead a congregation in salat (prayer). ... The stylized signature of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire was written in an expressive calligraphy. ... Sini is a Chinese Islamic calligraphic form for the Arabic script. ... Hajji (Arabic: ‎ , pilgrim) is an honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca, and is often used to refer to an elder, since it takes time to accumulate the wealth to fund the travel. ... Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang (米廣江, 1963-) is an expert in Islamic calligraphy, specializing in the Sini style which originated from the Chinese Muslim tradition. ...

Muslim Demographics

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page .

China is home to a large population of adherents of Islam. According to the CIA World Factbook, about 1%-2% of the total population in China are Muslims, ^[1] while the US Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report shows that Muslims constitute about 1.5% (or a population of 19,594,707) of the Chinese population.^[2] The various censuses asserted that there may be up to 20 million Muslims in China.^[3] The Asia Times also offered its numerical range of Muslim populations in China: "Reliable data are difficult to obtain, but China's estimated 20 million to 30 million Muslims may in fact be the second-largest religious community in the country, after the 100 million or so Buddhists." [4] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... World Factbook 2004 cover The World Factbook is an annual publication by the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States with basic almanac-style information about the various countries of the world. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ...

However, some contend that the only way the Muslim population of China could be substantially higher than the officially counted 20.3 million in the 2000 census is if there were a very large hidden or uncounted number of Muslims in China; but a large undercount of Muslims has not been documented and remains speculative.^[4] That said, some other sources also give the figure of 100 million based on expolation of the population in 1948 where the figure of 48 million was given in the census, which was corroborated by a china year book that also placed the figure at 50 million.^[5]

According to the 2000 census, the largest of the ten Muslim ethnic groups in China are the Hui (9.8 million in year 2000 census). The other nine, in descending order of size, are Uyghurs (8.4 million), Kazakhs (1.25 million), Dongxiang (514 thousand), Kirghiz (161 thousand), Salar (105 thousand), Tajiks (41 thousand), Bonan (17 thousand), Uzbek (12 thousand), and Tatar (5 thousand). Xinjiang has the largest number of Muslims; many are also concentrated in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Hui can refer to: Hui people, a Chinese ethnic group. ... Uyghurs (also called Uighurs, Uygurs, or Uigurs) (Chinese:维吾尔 or 維吾爾 ; in pinyin: wéiwúěr) are a Turkic ethnic group of people living in northwestern China (mainly in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, where they are the dominant ethnic group together with Han people... The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks or Qazaqs), (in Kazakh: Қазақтар []; in Russian: Казахи; English term is the transliteration from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Russia and China). ... The Dongxiang people (autonym: Sarta or Santa (撒尔塔); Simplified Chinese: 东乡族 Traditional Chinese︰東鄉族; Pinyin: Dōngxiāngzú) are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ... A traditional Kyrgyz Manaschi performing part of the Manas epic poem at a yurt camp in Karakol Kyrgyz are a Turkic ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. ... The Salar people (Chinese: 撒拉族, Pinyin: Sālāzú) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ... now. ... The Bonan (also Baoan) people (保安族; pinyin: bÇŽoān zú) are an ethnic group living in Gansu and Qinghai provinces in northwestern China. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Ningxia (Simplified Chinese: 宁夏; Traditional Chinese: 寧夏; pinyin: Níngxià; Wade-Giles: Ning-hsia) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China, located on the northwest loess highland, the Yellow River flows through a vast area of its land. ...

History

Main article: History of Islam in China

The Great Mosque of Xi'an, one of China's largest mosques

During the Tang Dynasty, China was highly tolerant of new religions and Chinese contact with foreign envoys flourished. Islam was introduced to China via the silk road by Arabs. Although some believe that Islam may have arrived in China during the Sui Dynasty, the first official record of Islam's arrival in China occurred during the Tang Dynasty. Muslims came to dominate foreign trade during the Song Dynasty, and, as immigration slowed during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, became increasingly integrated into Chinese society. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1520x2288, 671 KB) Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque (Xian, China) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: 07/23, 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Mosque Islam in China Great Mosque of Xian Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1520x2288, 671 KB) Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque (Xian, China) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: 07/23, 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Mosque Islam in China Great Mosque of Xian Metadata This file... The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques The Great Mosque of Xian (Chinese: 西安大清真寺), located near the Drum Tower (Gu Lou) on Huajue Lane of Xian, Shaanxi province, China, is one of the oldest and most renowned mosques in the country. ... The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan with an iwan at center, three domes, and five visible minarets A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Silk Road (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: sīchóu zhī lù; Persian راه ابریشم; Râh-e Abrisham; Turkish: İpekyolu; Kyrgyz: Жибек жолу (Ğibek ğolu); Hungarian: Selyemút) or Silk Route is an interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel, and connecting Changan (todays... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب) are a heterogenous ethnic group who are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: suí cháo; 581-618) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... The Song Dynasty (Chinese: ) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Yuáncháo; Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. ... For other articles with similar names, see Ming. ...

However, Muslims suffered a decline of their status during the Qing Dynasty. Numerous Hui rebellions, such as the Panthay Rebellion, sprung up during the Qing Dynasty in reaction to repressionist policies. The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, is a Chinese term for the Empire of the Great Qing (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: dàqīngguó), founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what... The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; Pinyin: ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... The Panthay Rebellion (known in Chinese as the Du Wenxiu Qiyi 杜文秀起义 (1856 - 1873) was a separatist movement of the Hui people, Chinese Muslims, against the imperial Qing Dynasty in southwestern Yunnan Province, China. ...

Chinese Muslims and the Hajj

Some Chinese Muslims may have made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca on the Arabian peninsula between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, yet there is no written record of this prior to 1861. // This article is about the Islamic tradition. ... Mecca IPA: or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: ‎, Turkish: Mekke) is the capital city of Saudi Arabias Makkah province, in the historic Hijaz region. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Briefly during the Cultural Revolution, Chinese Muslims were not allowed to attend the Hajj, but this policy was reversed in 1979. Chinese Muslims now attend the Hajj in large numbers, typically in organized groups. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng; literally Proletarian Cultural Great Revolution; often abbreviated to 文化大革命 wénhuà dà gémìng, literally Great Cultural Revolution, or even simpler, to 文革 wéngé, Cultural Revolution) in the People...

A record 7,000 Chinese Muslim pilgrims from all over the country attended the haj in Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 2006^[6]

Representative bodies

Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association

Main article: Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association

The Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association claims to represent Chinese Muslims nationwide. At its inaugural meeting on May 11, 1953 in Beijing, representatives from 10 nationalities of the People's Republic of China were in attendance. The Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association (Chinese: 中国伊斯兰教协会) claims to represent Chinese Muslims nationwide. ...

China Islamic Association

In April 2001, the government set up the China Islamic Association, which was described as aiming to "help the spread of the Qur'an in China and oppose religious extremism". The association is to be run by 16 Islamic religious leaders who are charged with making "a correct and authoritative interpretation" of Islamic creed and canon.

It will compile and spread inspirational speeches and help imams improve themselves, and vet sermons made by clerics around the country. This latter function is probably the key job as far as the central government is concerned. It is worried that some clerics are using their sermons to spread sedition.

Some examples of the religious freedom granted to Muslims are:

• In areas where Muslims are a majority, the breeding of pigs is not allowed, in deference to Muslim sensitivities
• Muslim communities are allowed separate cemeteries
• Muslim couples may have their marriage consecrated by an Imam
• Muslim workers are permitted holidays during major religious festivals
• Chinese Muslims are also allowed to make the Hajj to Mecca, and more than 45,000 Muslims have done so in recent years.^[7]

Islamic education in China

Main article: Islamic education in China

Over the last twenty years a wide range of Islamic educational opportunities have been developed to meet the needs of China’s Muslim population. In addition to mosque schools, government Islamic colleges, and independent Islamic colleges, a growing number of students have gone overseas to continue their studies at international Islamic universities in Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran, and Malaysia. ^[8]

Culture and heritage

The Mongol conquest of the greater part of Eurasia in the 13th century brought the extensive cultural traditions of China and Persia into a single empire, albeit one of separate khanates, for the first time in history. The intimate interaction that resulted is evident in the legacy of both traditions. In China, Islam influenced technology, sciences, philosophy and the arts. In terms of material culture, one finds decorative motives from central Asian Islamic architecture and calligraphy, the marked halal impact on northern Chinese cuisine and the varied influences of Islamic medical science on Chinese medicine.

Taking the Mongol Eurasian empire as a point of departure, the ethnogenesis of the Hui, or Sinophone Muslims, can also be charted through the emergence of distinctly Chinese Muslim traditions in architecture, food, epigraphy and Islamic written culture. This multifaceted cultural heritage continues to the present day. ^[9]

Islamic Architecture

Main article: Chinese mosques

Id Khar Mosque

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Mosques of China

As in all regions the Chinese Islamic architecture reflects the local architecture in its style. China is renowned for its beautiful mosques, which resemble temples. However in western China the mosques resemble those of the middle east, with tall, slender minarets, curvy arches and dome shaped roofs. In northwest China where the Chinese Hui have built their mosques, there is a combination of east and west. The mosques have flared Buddhist style roofs set in walled courtyards entered through archways with miniature domes and minarets (see Beytullah Mosque). ^[10] The first mosque was the Great Mosque of Xian, or the Xian Mosque, which was created in the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century. The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques Dongsi Mosque [1] Great Mosque, Huhhot [2] Great Mosque, Tianjin [3] Great Mosque, Xian [4] Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou [5] Huajue Mosque in Xian Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar [6] Najiahu Mosque in Yinchuan Nanguan Mosque... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 169 KB) 11/10/2005 es: Kashgar (Kashi) es una ciudad-oasis en la Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang en la República Popular China. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 169 KB) 11/10/2005 es: Kashgar (Kashi) es una ciudad-oasis en la Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang en la República Popular China. ... Id Khar Mosque Id Kah mosque in September of 2004 The Id Kah mosque (Chinese: ; pinyin: àitídǔoěr) is a mosque located in Kashgar, Xinjiang, in the western Peoples Republic of China. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Hui can refer to: Hui people, a Chinese ethnic group. ... External links Minarets, at the Encylopedia of the Orient Minaret Photo Gallery Categories: Stub | Mosques | Architectural elements ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Halal Food in China

Main article: Chinese Islamic cuisine

Due to the large Muslim population in western China, many Chinese restaurants cater to Muslims or cater to the general public but are run by Muslims. In most major cities in China, there are small Islamic restaurants or food stalls typicially run by migrants from Western China (e.g., Uyghurs), which offer inexpensive noodle soup. Lamb and mutton dishes are more commonly available than in other Chinese restaurants, due to the greater prevalence of these meats in the cuisine of western Chinese regions. ^[11] Due to the majority Muslim population in western China, many Chinese restaurants cater to Muslims or cater to the general public but are run by Muslims. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... The Uyghur (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Uighur Simplified Chinese: 维吾尔; Traditional Chinese: 維吾爾; Pinyin: Wéiwúěr; Turkish: Uygur) are a Turkic people, forming one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ... It has been suggested that Lambing be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the animal, sheep; for other meanings of Sheep, see Sheep (disambiguation). ...

Calligraphy

Main article: Sini (script)

Sini is a Chinese Islamic calligraphic form for the Arabic script. It can refer to any type of Chinese Islamic calligraphy, but is commonly used to refer to one with thick and tapered effects, much like Chinese calligraphy. It is used extensively in mosques in eastern China, and to a lesser extent in Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi. A famous Sini calligrapher is Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang. Sini is a Chinese Islamic calligraphic form for the Arabic script. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing the Arabic language, which is the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam. ... Calligraphy is an art dating back to the earliest day of history, and widely practiced throughout China to this day. ... The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan with an iwan at center, three domes, and five visible minarets A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Ningxia (Simplified Chinese: 宁夏; Traditional Chinese: 寧夏; Pinyin: Níngxià; Wade-Giles: Ning-hsia; Postal Pinyin: Ningsia), full name Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Simplified Chinese: 宁夏回族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 寧夏回族自治區; Pinyin: Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū), is a Hui autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China, located on the northwest Loess... Shaanxi (Simplified Chinese: 陕西; Traditional Chinese: 陝西; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shensi, pronounced like Shahn-shee) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling... Hajji (Arabic: ‎ , pilgrim) is an honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca, and is often used to refer to an elder, since it takes time to accumulate the wealth to fund the travel. ... Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang (米廣江, 1963-) is an expert in Islamic calligraphy, specializing in the Sini style which originated from the Chinese Muslim tradition. ...

Martial arts

Main article: Muslim Chinese martial arts

Muslim development and participation at the highest level of Chinese Wushu has a long history. Many of its roots lies in the Qing Dynasty persecution of Muslims. The Hui chinese muslims started and adapted many of the styles of wushu such as Ba Ji Quan, Pi Gua Zhang, Liu He Quan.. etc. There were specific areas that where know to be centeres of Muslim wushan, such as Cang County in Hebei Province. These traditional chinese martial arts where very distinct from the turkic chinese muslim styles practied in Xinjiang.^[12] Muslim Chinese martial arts have a long history in China, and many Muslims have participated at the highest level of Chinese Wushu. ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, is a Chinese term for the Empire of the Great Qing (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: dàqīngguó), founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what... Hui can refer to: Hui people, a Chinese ethnic group. ... Bājíquán (八極拳,literally eight extremes fist) is a style of wushu (Chinese martial arts) that features explosive, short range power and is famous for its elbow strikes. ... Introduction According to Preface to Six Harmonies Boxing (Liuhequan Xu) written in 1750, the style was created by Yue Fei who as a child learnt from a master of deep knowledge and became very skilful at spear play; (on this basis) he created a boxing method to teach his officers... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ...

Chinese terminology for Islamic institutions

Qīngzhēn (清真) is the Chinese term for certain Islamic institutions. Its literal meaning is "pure truth." QÄ«ngzhÄ“n (清真) is the Chinese term for certain Islamic institutions. ...

In Chinese, halal is called qīngzhēn cài (清真菜) or "pure truth food." A mosque is called qīngzhēn sì (清真寺) or "pure truth temple." This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Other contributions

Muslims contributed greatly to astronomy, medicine, architecture and militarily to China.

• The first hospital (hu yah wo yuan - medical house) was set up in 1277CE ^[13]
• The chinese material medica 52 (re published in 1968-75) was revised under the Song Dynasty in 1056CE and 1107CE to include material taken from Ibn Sina's book 200 Medicines^[14]
• Jamal ud-Din a persian astronomer presented to Kublai Khan seven Persian astronomical instruments in 1267CE, and a new chronology entitled wannianli (the ten thousand year chronology)^[15]

This article needs cleanup. ... Kublai Khan, Khubilai Khan or the last of the Great Khans (September 23, 1215 - February 18, 1294) (Mongolian: Хубилай хаан, Chinese: ; pinyin: Hūbìliè Hàn), was a Mongol military leader. ...

Famous Chinese Muslims

• Zheng He, mariner and explorer
• Grandmaster Ma Xianda
• Haji Noor
• Ahmad from Kwarzm, treasurer for Khubilai Khan during the Yuan Dynasty

To meet Wikipedias content policies, the external links section for this article may require cleanup. ... Know as grandmaster Ma Xianda Ma was born in 1932 to a Muslim family who trace their martial arts roots back six generations. ... Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang (米廣江, 1963-) is an expert in Islamic calligraphy, specializing in the Sini style which originated from the Chinese Muslim tradition. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Yuáncháo; Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. ...

See also

• Islam by country
• Religion in China
• Demographics of China
• Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association
• Tibetan Muslims
• Christianity in China

Distribution of Islam per country. ... Jingan Temple in downtown Shanghai. ... The demographics of China may include or exclude, depending on context or point of view: The demographics of mainland China The demographics of Hong Kong The demographics of Macau The demographics of Taiwan This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association (Chinese: 中国伊斯兰教协会) claims to represent Chinese Muslims nationwide. ... The Tibetan Muslims, also known as the Kachee (Kache), form a small minority in Tibet. ... Christianity in China has developed since at least the 7th century AD. The introduction of Nestorianism, a Christian sect, around 635 is considered by some to be the first entry of the Christian religion into China. ...

Notes

1. ^ https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html#People
2. ^ http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm
3. ^ Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million, and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan, and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk. The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.
4. ^ Based on a post-enumeration survey and related studies, the 2000 census undercounted China's population by 1.81%. This would amount to some 23 million persons. It is unlikely that any such undercount would consist primarily of members of Muslim nationalities. Instead, the undercount is most often attributed to the floating population of rural to urban migrants (who are not officially registered) and to rural populations in central China – not to minority populations or areas. For discussion of the undercount, see Barbara A. Anderson, "Undercount in China's 2000 Census in Comparative Perspective," PSC Research Report Report No. 04-565 (September 2004), Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Available at: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs.html?ID=1872; and Guangyu Zhang, "Very Low Fertility in China in the 1990s: Reality or An Illusion Arising from Birth Underreporting?," Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, April 2004.
5. ^ There are in China 48,104,241 Mohammedan followers and 42,371 mosques, largely in Sinkiang, Chinghai, Manchuria, Kansu, Yunnan, Shensi, Hopei, and Honan. "Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Religion; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1976), pg. 145. [1st pub. in 1945 by Philosophical Library. 1976 reprint is unrevised.]
6. ^ China Internet Information Center http://china.org.cn/english/international/155711.htm
7. ^ bbc religion and ethics ISLAM China Islamic Association [1]
8. ^ Harvard Asia Quarterly
9. ^ CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER China Heritage Project, The Australian National University ISSN 1833-8461 No. 5, March 2006
10. ^ Saudi Aramco World, July/August 1985 , page 3035
11. ^ http://chinamuslim.per.sg/halal/halal.htm
12. ^ NTU Bajiquan Kungfu Club http://club.ntu.edu.tw/~ntubachi/Bajiquan/en_about.htm
13. ^ http://www.dubaibuzz.com/halaqahmedia.php sulaiman ma - islam in china
14. ^ ibid
15. ^ ibid

References

• Reischauer, Edwin O. and Fairbank, John K., East Asia: The Great Tradition
• http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03669a.htm
• http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HI06Ad01.html
• www.muslimwikipedia Islam in China
• http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/166/43

Edwin Oldfather Reischauer (October 15, 1910 - September 1, 1990) was Tokyo-born U.S. ambassador to Japan (1961-66) and the co-developer, with George M. McCune, of the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean. ... Fairbank is a city located in Buchanan County, Iowa. ...

External links

• Chinese Muslims forge isolated path
• Islam in China
• Photos of "Islam in China" by Photojournalist Sean Gallagher
• www.muslimwikipedia Islam in China
• The New York times
• Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center
• islamawareness.net

mw:Islam in China Facade of the masjid. ... The US state department and the cia world factbook estimate that muslims are 4% of the population. ... This article is in need of attention. ... It is estimated that there are up to 40,000 Muslim adherents in Korea (does not include migrant workers who live in Korea). ... It is estimated that there are up to 40,000 Muslim adherents in Korea. ...