The history of Islam in the United States starts in the 18th century, with the first Muslim inhabitants.^[1] Once very small, the Muslim population has increased greatly in the last one hundred years: How much it has increased is unclear; there is much controversy over recent estimates of the Muslim population in the U.S. Much of the growth has been driven by immigration of Muslims from Muslim-majority nations. Many Muslims are first or second-generation immigrants. However, up to one-third of American Muslims are African Americans who have converted to Islam during the last seventy years, first into the Nation of Islam and then into mainstream Sunni Islam. A significant number of American Muslims are in fact convicted inmates who converted to Islam in various state and federal prisons.^[2]. According to the Washington Post, the number of converted inmates is in excess of 250,000. Most of these converted inmates are African Americans.^[3] African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...

Mosques are usually explicitly Sunni or Shi'a. The mosque is often run by an elected board that hires or fires the imam and decides which national Islamic federation(s) to support. "Backed by money from Saudi Arabia, Wahhabis have built or taken over hundreds of mosques in North America and opened branches of Saudi universities here for the training of imams as part of the effort to spread their beliefs, which are intolerant of Christianity, Judaism and even other strains of Islam." ^{[4][5][6][7][8]} In many areas, a mosque may be dominated by whatever group of immigrants is the largest. Sometimes the Friday sermons, or khutbahs, are given in languages like Urdu or Arabic rather than English. Areas with large Muslim populations may support a number of mosques serving different immigrant groups or varieties of belief within Sunni or Shi'a traditions. The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Khutba is an Islamic sermon delivered after or before Salah. ... (, historically spelled Ordu), is an Middle Eastern-Aryan language. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

At present, many mosques are served by imams imported from overseas, as only these imams have certificates from Muslim seminaries. This sometimes leads to conflict between the congregation and an imam who speaks little English and has little understanding of American culture. Some American Muslims have founded seminaries in the US in an attempt to prevent such problems.

History

Two of the earliest Muslims known for certain to have lived in the U.S. arrived as slaves from West Africa. They were Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, who spent a few years in the US in the mid 18th century before being returned to West Africa, and 'Umar Ibn Said in the mid 19th century. 1734 portrait of Ayuba wearing his traditional African wardrobe Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (1701–1773), also known as Job ben Solomon, was a famous Muslim slave who was a victim of the Atlantic slave trade. ... Omar Ibn Said Omar Ibn Said (ca. ...

In 1888, Alexander Russell Webb was one of the first Anglo-Americans to embrace Islam. Mohammad Webb Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb, Islam in America,and the American Islamic Propagation Movement by Muhammed Abdullah al-Ahari from the introduction of his reprint of Webbs Islam in America available through SoundVision. ...

Small scale migration to the U.S. of Muslims began in 1893. The immigrants included Syrian, Lebanese, Jordanian, and Palestinian Muslims. Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

• 1907 Immigrants from Poland, Russia, and Lithuania founded the first Muslim organization in New York City.
• 1915 The first mosque, founded by Albanian Muslims, is established in an older building that was not built to be a mosque.
• 1935 The first building built specifically to be a mosque is established in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Although the first mosque was established in the U.S. in 1915, relatively few mosques were founded before the 1960s. Eighty-seven percent of mosques in the U.S. were founded within the last three decades according to the Faith Communities Today (FACT) survey. California has more mosques than any other state. Nickname: Location in the State of Iowa Coordinates: , Country United States State Iowa County Linn County Incorporated 1849 Government  - Mayor Kay Halloran Area  - City  64. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ...

See also: Muslims first journey to America

Introduction There are numerous historical written accounts of Muslims from Africa and from Spain travelling to lands across the Atlantic Ocean as part of geographical explorations from as early as 889. ...

Demographics

There is no accurate count of the number of Muslims in the United States, as the U.S. Census Bureau does not collect data on religious identification. There is an on-going debate as to the true size of the Muslim population in the US. Various institutions and organizations have given widely varying estimates about how many Muslims live in the US. The following are a few recent studies:

• 1.1 million (2001) City University of New York - American Religious Identification Survey [0.5% of national adult population] ^[9]
• 1.6 million (2000) Glenmary Research Center [0.5% of national population]^[10]
• 1.9 million (2001) American Jewish Committee [0.6% of national population]^[11]
• 2.0 million (2000) Hartford Institute for Religious Research [0.7% of national population]^[12]
• 4.7 million (2005) Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year [1.5% of national population]^[13]
• 6.7 million (1997) J. Ilyas Ba-Yunus [2.2% of national population]^[14]
• [1% of population] (2002) CIA World Factbook^[15]
• 2.35 million (2007) Pew Research Center. ^[16][17]

The 2007 Pew survey of Muslim Americans finds two-thirds of the Muslim-Americans are foreign-born. Among the foreign-born, most have immigrated since 1990. Of the roughly one-third of Muslim-Americans that are native-born, the majority are converts and African-American.

Population estimates have been controversial, with a number of academic researchers, including Tom Smith, responsible for the University of Chicago study, being explicitly critical of the survey methodologies that have led to high estimates.^[18] Some journalists have alleged that numbers have been inflated for political purposes.^[19] The City University of New York (CUNY; acronym: IPA pronunciation: ), is the public university system of New York City. ... The stated Mission of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) is to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews in the United States, in Israel, and throughout the world; to strengthen the basic principles of pluralism around the world, as the best defense against anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry... The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general encyclopedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ... World Factbook 2004 cover The World Factbook is an annual publication by the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States with basic almanac-style information about the various countries of the world. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

There are only 1,209 mosques in the United States ^[20], meaning that each mosque, if there are actually five million Muslims in the U.S., would serve nearly 4,200 Muslims.^[21]. However, many mosques are storefronts^[22], and the nation's largest mosque, Dar al-Hijrah near Washington D.C., has only about 3,000 weekly attendees.^[23] This February 2007 does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...

The Council on American-Islamic Relations states that, in their opinion, no scientific count of Muslims in the U.S. has been done, but that six to seven million is the figure that they provide. They do not provide the reasoning or analysis behind the figure^[24] See the CAIR article for a more detailed account of one particular controversy, over the six million estimate by that organization. Another example of a controversial estimate is the one from William B. Milam, the former U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan, where he claims that "the Muslim community in the U.S. numbers some 7 million and is thriving". No scientific study backed up the claim and he estimated six million merely one year before.^[25] Milam admits in the speech that "I am not a scholar, and I do not wish to engage in debate with scholars on the nature of Islam."^[26] The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) is a controversial Islamic advocacy group in North America, funded by American Muslims and also in significant part by sources with connections to Arab Middle Eastern governments. ... The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) is a controversial Islamic advocacy group in North America, funded by American Muslims and also in significant part by sources with connections to Arab Middle Eastern governments. ... William B. Milam is an American diplomat. ... This is a list of ambassadors from the United States. ...

Some Muslim groups, however, say that the recent independent studies and surveys have undercounted the Muslim population. Undercounts are due, they say, to Islamophobia, Muslim fear of revealing their faith in a survey, and the fact that many Muslims identify themselves as Muslims but do not attend mosques. ^[27] Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · The Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Ku Klux Klan Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights LGBT rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Feminism Mens...

According to a CAIR survey, regular Sunni^[28] mosque attendees come from the following backgrounds: South Asian (33%), African-American (30%), Arab (25%), African (3.4%), European (2.1%), White American (1.6%), Southeast Asian (1.3%), Caribbean (1.2%), Turkish (1.1%), Iranian (0.7%), and Hispanic/Latino (0.6%).^[29] Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... Map of South Asia South Asia is a subregion of Asia comprising the modern states of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, . It covers about 4,480,000 km², or 10 percent of the continent, and is also known as the Indian subcontinent. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Maronite, Alawite Islam, Druze, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism An Arab (Arabic: ) is any member of the Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... A European is primarily a person who was born into one of the countries within the continent of Europe. ... The term White American officially refers to people of European, Middle Eastern, and North African descent residing in the United States. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... “West Indian” redirects here. ...  Countries where Spanish has official status. ... // The term Latino is a linguistic identity that refers to an individual that has significant ancestry from a nation-state where a Latin derived language is spoken or is the offical language of the government. ...

A map prepared by the Harvard Pluralism Project, shows the distribution of mosques/masjids in the United States.^[30]

Another map from Valparaiso University shows an estimation of the Muslim populations per county, noting heavy concentrations of Muslim Americans in the Washington-Boston corridor, Houston, and southern California.^[31] Valparaiso University, known colloquially as Valpo, is a private university located in the city of Valparaiso, Indiana. ...

Variety of Islamic traditions

Islamic Society of Northern Wisconsin Mosque in Altoona, Wisconsin.

Within the Muslim community in the United States there exist a number of different traditions. As in the rest of the world, the Sunni Muslims are in the majority. The Shi'a Muslims, especially those in the Iranian immigrant community, are also active in community affairs. All four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence fiqh are found among the Sunni community. Some Muslims in the US are also adherents of certain global movements within Islam such as the Salafi/Wahabi, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Tablighi Jamaat, as well as movements which most Muslims would consider non-Muslim, such as Jama'at Ahmadiyya or the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement or Louis Farrakhan's Nation of Islam. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1500x1500, 315 KB) The Islamic Society of Northern Wisconsin and Mosque in Altoona, Wisconsin. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1500x1500, 315 KB) The Islamic Society of Northern Wisconsin and Mosque in Altoona, Wisconsin. ... Location of Altoona within Wisconsin Location of Altoona within Eau Claire County Altoona is a city in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, United States. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is on the beliefs of the followers of the Salaf. ... Wahhabism (sometimes spelled Wahabbism or Wahabism) is a movement of Islam named after Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792). ... The Muslim Brotherhood or The Muslim Brothers (Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimÅ«n, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان al-ikhwān, the Brotherhood or MB) is a world-wide Sunni Islamist movement founded by the sufi schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. ... Tablighi Jamaat (Proselytizing Group) (Arabic: جماعة تبليغ, also Tabliq) is a Muslim missionary and revival movement. ... Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Assimilation

According to a 2004 telephone survey of a sample of 1846 Muslims conducted by the polling organization Zogby the respondents were more educated and affluent than the national average, with 59% of them holding at least an undergraduate college degree.^[32] Citing the Zogby survey, a 2005 Wall Street Journal editorial, by Bret Stephens and Joseph Rago expressed the tendency of American Muslims to report employment in professional fields, with one in three having an income over $75,000 a year. ^[33] The editorial also characterized American Muslims as "role models both as Americans and as Muslims". John Zogby (born 1948) is a noted American political pollster. ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ...

Unlike many Muslims in Europe, American Muslims do not tend to feel marginalized or isolated from political participation. Several organizations were formed by the American Muslim community to serve as 'critical consultants' on U.S. policy regarding Iraq and Afghanistan. Other groups have worked with law enforcement agencies to point out Muslims within the United States that they suspect of fostering 'intolerant attitudes'. Still others have worked to invite interfaith dialogue and improved relations between Muslim and non-Muslim Americans.^[34]

Some progressive Muslims press for more accommodations to the surrounding society.^{[citation needed]} For instance, they want mosques re-designed to make them more woman-friendly; they believe that women can be imams, that is, lead the congregation in prayer [7]. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

There are also those Muslims who feel that U.S. Muslims are lukewarm in their faith, and press for even more stringent observance of halal rules, male-female segregation, hijab, daily prayer, fasting, etc.^{[citation needed]} Illustration of an Islamic headscarf “Higab” redirects here. ...

Islamic Center of Washington

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (768x918, 120 KB)Taken by SimonP in April 2005 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (768x918, 120 KB)Taken by SimonP in April 2005 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The Islamic Center of Washington The Islamic Center of Washington is a mosque and Islamic cultural center in Washington D.C. It is located on Embassy Row on Massachusetts Avenue just east of the bridge over Rock Creek. ...

Organizations

There are many Islamic organizations in the U.S.

• The largest of these groups is the American Society of Muslims (ASM), the successor organization to the Nation of Islam, once better-known as the Black Muslims. The American Society Of Muslims accepts the leadership of Warith Deen Muhammad. This group has evolved from the Black separatist Nation (or Temples) of Islam (1930-1975). This has been a twenty-three year process of religious reorientation and organizational decentralization, in the course of which the group was known by other names, such as the American Muslim Mission. It is not clear just how many Americans belong to the ASM. The vast majority of ASM adherents are African Americans. It should be noted that the original Nation of Islam beliefs differed sharply from traditional Islam in that they did not recognize Muhammad as God's final Prophet.

• The second largest group is the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA). ISNA is an association of Muslim organizations and individuals that provides a common platform for presenting Islam. It is mostly comprised of immigrants as well as some Caucasian, and small group of African American converts. Its membership may have recently exceeded ASM as many independent Mosques throughout the United States are choosing to affiliate with it. ISNA's annual convention is the largest gathering of Muslims within the United States.^[35]
• The third largest group is the Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA). ICNA describes itself as a non-ethnic, open to all, independent, North America-wide, grass-roots organization. It is mostly comprised of immigrants and some Caucasian, and African American converts. It also is growing as various independent Mosques throughout the United States join. It also may be larger than ASM at the present moment. It's youth division is Young Muslims ^[36]

• The Islamic Supreme Council of America (ISCA) represents many Muslims. Its stated aims include providing practical solutions for American Muslims, based on the traditional Islamic legal rulings of an international advisory board, many of whom are recognized as the highest ranking Islamic scholars in the world. ISCA strives to integrate traditional scholarship in resolving contemporary issues affecting the maintenance of Islamic beliefs in a modern, secular society. ^[37]

• The Islamic Assembly of North America (IANA) is a leading Muslim organization in the United States. According to its website, among the goals of IANA is to "unify and coordinate the efforts of the different dawah oriented organizations in North America and guide or direct the Muslims of this land to adhere to the proper Islamic methodology." In order to achieve its goals, IANA uses a number of means and methods including conventions, general meetings, dawah-oriented institutions and academies, etc. ^[38]

• The Muslim Student Association (MSA) is a group dedicated, by its own description, to Islamic societies on college campuses in Canada and the United States for the good of Muslim students. The MSA is involved in providing Muslims on various campuses the opportunity to practice their religion and to ease and facilitate such activities. MSA is also involved in social activities, such as fund raisers for the homeless during Ramadan. The founders of MSA would later establish the Islamic Society of North America and Islamic Circle of North America.^[39]

• The Islamic Information Center (IIC) is a "grass-roots" organization that has been formed for the purpose of informing the public, mainly through the media, about the real image of Islam and Muslims. The IIC is run by chairman, (Hojatul-Islam) Imam Syed Rafiq Naqvi, various committees, and supported by volunteers. ^[40]

This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Warith Deen Muhammad Warith Deen Muhammad (born Wallace D. Muhammad on October 30, 1933) is an influential American Muslim leader. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), based in Plainfield, Indiana, USA, is an umbrella group that describes itself as the largest Muslim organization in North America. ... Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) is a non-ethnic, non-sectarian, open to all, independent, North America wide, grassroots organization. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... The Young Muslims is an Islamic organisation that encourages the revival of Islamic values in Muslim youth through: Dawah (invitation to Islam), Tarbiyah (education), Tazkiyah (personal development), and Community involvement and activism. ... The Islamic Supreme Council of America (ISCA) is a controversial Muslim religious organization in the United States. ... The Islamic Assembly of North America (IANA) is a Muslim organization headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan. ... The Muslim Student Association (MSA) is a group dedicated, by its own description, to Islamic societies on college campuses in Canada and the United States for the good of Muslim students. ... The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), based in Plainfield, Indiana, USA, is an umbrella group that describes itself as the largest Muslim organization in North America. ... Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) is a non-ethnic, non-sectarian, open to all, independent, North America wide, grassroots organization. ...

Political

Muslim political organizations lobby on behalf of various Muslim political interests. Organizations such as the American Muslim Council are actively engaged in upholding human and civil rights for all Americans. The American Muslim Council is a Muslim organization aimed at empowerment of American Muslims. ...

• The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) is the United States largest Muslim civil rights and advocacy group, originally established to promote a positive image of Islam and Muslims in America. CAIR portrays itself as the voice of mainstream, moderate Islam on Capitol Hill and in political arenas throughout the United States. It has aggressively condemned all acts of terrorism, and has been working in collaboration with the White House in "issues of safety and foreign policy".^[34]

• The Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC) is an American Muslim public service & policy organization headquartered in Los Angeles and with offices in Washington D.C. MPAC was founded in 1988. The mission of MPAC "encompasses promoting an American Muslim identity, fostering an effective grassroots organization, and training a future generation of men and women to share our vision. MPAC also works to promote an accurate portrayal of Islam and Muslims in mass media and popular culture, educating the American public (both Muslim and non-Muslim) about Islam, building alliances with diverse communities and cultivating relationships with opinion- and decision-makers." ^[41]

• The American Islamic Congress is a small but growing moderate Muslim organization that promotes religious pluralism. Their official Statement of Principles states that "Muslims have been profoundly influenced by their encounter with America. American Muslims are a minority group, largely comprising African-Americans, immigrants, and children of immigrants, who have prospered in America's climate of religious tolerance and civil rights. The lessons of our unprecedented experience of acceptance and success must be carefully considered by our community." Their Statement of Principles describes their full agenda.^[42]

• The Free Muslims Coalition was created to eliminate broad base support for Islamic extremism and terrorism and to strengthen secular democratic institutions in the Middle East and the Muslim World by supporting Islamic reformation efforts.^{[citation needed]}

The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) is a controversial Islamic advocacy group in North America, funded by American Muslims and also in significant part by sources with connections to Arab Middle Eastern governments. ... The Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC) is an American Muslim public service & policy organization headquartered in Los Angeles and with offices in Washington D.C. MPAC was founded in 1988. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... The American Islamic Congress (AIC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in the United States. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Charity

In addition to the organizations just listed, other Muslim organizations in the United States serve more specific needs. For example, some organizations focus almost exclusively on charity work. As a response to a crackdown on Muslim charity organizations working overseas such as the Holy Land Foundation, more Muslims have begun to focus their charity efforts within the United States. The Holy Land Foundation is an Islamic charity in the United States and claims to be the largest in that country. ...

• Inner-City Muslim Action Network (IMAN) is one of the leading Muslim charity organizations in the United States. According to the Inner-City Muslim Action Network, IMAN seeks "to utilize the tremendous possibilities and opportunities that are present in the community to build a dynamic and vibrant alternative to the difficult conditions of inner city life." IMAN sees understanding Islam as part of a larger process to empower individuals and communities to work for the betterment of humanity. ^[43]

Inner-City Muslim Action Network (IMAN) is one of the leading Muslim charity organizations in the United States. ...

Other

With the growth of Islam within the United States, Muslims with similar interests and ideas have organized for various purposes. Among the types of Muslim organizations that exist are those for entertainment purposes as well as for professionals, such as doctors and engineers. The most well-known organization for Muslims within the medical profession is the Islamic Medical Association of North America (IMANA). The largest Muslim organizations for women is the Muslim Women's League.^{[citation needed]}

American Muslims can be found in all professions in the United States. Muslim doctors, lawyers, teachers, and businessmen serve large and small communities. Muslims have made contributions to the cultural, scientific, political, and economic life of the United States. For more information on American Muslims and their contribution within the United States, see List of American Muslims.^{[citation needed]} This page is an incomplete list of notable people from North America who are Muslims - followers of Islam. ...

Controversy and Criticism

Many Muslim Americans especially have been criticized for supporting terrorism, fundamentalist ideas or views which are contrary to the American society and mindset. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, Muslim cab drivers have refused passengers carrying liqueur.^[44] There are reported incidents in which Muslims cashiers in grocery stores have refused to sell pork products.^[45] The largest Muslim civil rights organization in America, CAIR has been accused of supporting terrorism.^[46]

American populace's view on Islam

A nationwide survey conducted in 2003 by the Pew Research Center and the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life reported that the percentage of Americans with an unfavorable view of Islam increased by one percentage point between 2002 and 2003 to 34%, and then by another two percentage points in 2005 to 36%. At the same time the percentage responding that Islam was more likely than other religion to encourage violence fell from 44% in July 2003 to 36% in July 2005.^[47] Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ...

The July 2005 Pew survey, also showed that 59% of American adults view Islam as "very different from their religion", down one percentage point from 2003. In the same survey 55% had a favorable opinion of Muslim Americans up four percentage points from 51% in July 2003. ^[48] A December 2004 Cornell University survey shows that 47% of Americans believe that the Islamic religion is more likely than others to encourage violence amongst its believers. ^[49]

A CBS April 2006 shows that, in terms of faiths^[50]

• 58 % of Americans have favorable attitudes toward Protestantism/Other Christians
• 48 % favorable toward Catholicism
• 47 % favorable toward Judaism
• 31 % favorable toward Christian fundamentalism
• 20 % favorable toward Mormonism
• 19 % favorable toward Islam
• 8 % favorable toward Scientology

The Pew survey shows that, in terms of adherents^[51] Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Protestantism encompasses the forms... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As a Christian ecclesiastical... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fundamentalist Christianity is a fundamentalist movement, especially within American Protestantism. ... Book of Mormon, see Latter Day Saint movement. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Scientology is a system of beliefs and practices created by American pulp fiction[1][2] and science fiction [3] author L. Ron Hubbard in 1952 as a self-help philosophy. ...

• 77 % of Americans have favorable opinions of Jews
• 73 % favorable of Catholics
• 57 % favorable of "evangelical Christians"
• 55 % favorable of Muslims
• 35 % favorable of Atheists

Evangelicalism, in a strictly lexical, but rarely used sense, refers to all things that are implied in belief that Jesus is the savior. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ...

American Muslim's views on the United States

In a 2007 survey titled Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream, the Pew Research Center found Muslim Americans to be This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

largely assimilated, happy with their lives, and moderate with respect to many of the issues that have divided Muslims and Westerners around the world.^[52]

47% of respondents said they considered themselves Muslims first and Americans second. However, this was compared to 81% of British Muslims and 69% of German Muslims, when asked the equivalent question. A similar disparity exists in income, the percentage of American Muslims living in poverty is 2% higher than the general population, compared to an 18% disparity for French Muslims and 29% difference for Spanish Muslims.^[53]

Politically, American Muslims were both pro-larger government and socially conservative. For example, 70% of respondents preferred a bigger government providing more services, while 61% stated that homosexuality should be discouraged by society. Despite their social conservatism, 71% of American Muslims expressed a preference for the Democratic Party.^[54] Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ...

American Muslim life after the September 11, 2001 attacks

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, there were occasional attacks on some Muslims living in the U.S., although this form of violent out lash has not been condoned or perpetuated by a majority of the American public. ^[55][56] A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly...

In a 2007 survey, 53% of American Muslims reported that it was more difficult to be a Muslim after the 9/11 attacks. Asked to name the most important problem facing them, the options named by more than ten percent of American Muslims were discrimination (19%), being viewed as a terrorist (15%), public's ignorance about Islam (13%), and stereotyping (12%). 54% believe that the U.S. government's anti-terrorism activities single out Muslims.^[57]

On a small number of occasions Muslim women who wore distinctive hijab were harassed, causing some Muslim women to stay at home, while others temporarily abandoned the practice.^[58][59] While 51% of American Muslims express worry that women wearing hijab will be treated poorly, 44% of American Muslim women who always wear hijab express a similar concern.^[60] Yet many other Americans have expressed a rejection of such prejudice. In one city, women of various faiths all started wearing headscarves, so that Muslim women could not be singled out.^{[citation needed]} In several cities, concerned neighbors patrolled mosques to prevent arson and vandalism.^{[citation needed]} Many Americans have spoken out against anti-Muslim prejudice. Illustration of an Islamic headscarf “Higab” redirects here. ...

In a 2007 survey, 35% of American Muslims stated that the decision for military action in Afghanistan was the right one and 12% supported the use of military force in Iraq. This is consistent with the finding that 55% of American Muslims do not believe that the "War on Terror" is a sincere attempt to reduce international terrorism. Only 40% of respondents said that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by "groups of Arabs", while 32% refused to respond and 28% said it was not carried out by a group of Arabs. 18% of respondents overall state that Arabs did not do it but they do not know who did. Most of those who named an alternate theory said that the attacks were carried out by a conspiracy involving the U.S. government or President George W. Bush (7% of all respondents).^[61] The war on terrorism or war on terror (abbreviated in U.S. policy circles as GWOT for Global War on Terror) is an effort by the governments of the United States and its principal allies to destroy groups deemed to be terrorist (primarily radical Islamist organizations such as al-Qaeda... Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, a variety of conspiracy theories have emerged about the attacks which contradict the mainstream account of events that day. ...

76% of surveyed Muslim Americans stated that they are very or somewhat concerned about the rise of Islamic extremism around the world, while 61% express a similar concern about the possibility of Islamic extremism in the United States. Correspondingly, 8% of American Muslims said that suicide bombing is often or sometimes justifiable in defense of Islam, while 5% said such justification is rarely proper. 78% stated that suicide bombing is never justified. Muslims between the ages of 18 and 29 were significantly more supportive, with 26% of this group stating that there were at least rare instances when suicide bombing was justified. 5% of American Muslims expressed a positive view of al Qaeda. Remarkably, 61% of Muslim Americans agreed that "a way can be found for Israel to exist so that the rights and needs of the Palestinian people can be taken care of", roughly equivalent to the general populations of both the United States and Israel and far more than that found in Muslim-majority countries.^[62] A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death (see suicide, suicide weapons). ... Al-Qaeda (also al-Qaida or al-Qaida) (Arabic: ‎ , translation: The Base) is an international alliance of militant jihadist organizations established by Osama bin Laden and others around the time of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989. ... Palestinians are people with family origins mainly in Palestine. ...

Disaffected Muslims in the US

Some Muslims in the US have adopted the strident anti-American rhetoric common in many Muslim-majority countries. In some cases, these are recent immigrants who have carried their anti-American sentiments with them. The Egyptian cleric, Omar Abdel-Rahman is now serving a jail sentence for his involvement in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. He had a long history of involvement with Islamist and jihadi groups before arriving in the US. Omar Abdel-Rahman Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman (Arabic: عمر عبد الرحمن) (born May 3, 1938) is a blind Egyptian Muslim cleric who is currently serving a life sentence at the Federal Administrative Maximum Penitentiary hospital in Florence, Colorado, United States. ... In the 1993 World Trade Center bombing (February 26, 1993) a car bomb was detonated by Arab terrorists in the underground parking garage below Tower One of the World Trade Center in New York City. ...

There is an openly anti-American Muslim group in the U.S. The Islamic Thinkers Society [8], found only in New York City, engages in leafleting and picketing to spread their viewpoint. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

At least one non-immigrant American, John Walker Lindh, has also been imprisoned or convicted on charges of serving in the Taliban army and carrying weapons against US soldiers. He had converted to Islam in the U.S., moved to Yemen to study Arabic, and thence went to Pakistan where he was recruited by the Taliban. John Phillip Walker Lindh (born February 9, 1981) is an American who was captured during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan while fighting there for the Taliban. ... The Taliban (Pashto: , students or seekers of knowledge) are a group that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by American aerial bombardment and Northern Alliance ground forces. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ...

Young, immigrant Muslims feel more frustrated and exposed to prejudice than their parents are. Because most U.S. Muslims are raised conservatively – and won't consider rebelling through sex or drugs – many experiment with their faith shows a poll, dated June 7, 2007.[9] June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

Other notable cases include:

• The Lackawanna Six: Shafal Mosed, Yahya Goba, Sahim Alwan, Mukhtar Al-Bakri, Yasein Taher, Elbaneh Jaber. Six Muslims from the Lackawanna, N.Y. area were charged and convicted for providing material support to al Qaeda. [10]
• Iyman Faris In October 2003, Iyman Faris was sentenced to 20 years in prison for providing material support and resources to al Qaeda and conspiracy for providing the terrorist organization with information about possible U.S. targets for attack. [11]
• Ahmed Omar Abu Ali In November 2005, he was convicted and sentenced to 30 years in prison for providing material support and resources to al Qaeda, conspiracy to assassinate the President of the United States, conspiracy to commit air piracy and conspiracy to destroy aircraft. [12]
• Ali Al-Timimi was convicted and sentenced in April 2005 to life in prison for recruiting Muslims in the US to fight U.S. troops in Afghanistan.[13]

The Buffalo six (also known as the Lackawanna 6) is a group of alleged Al-Qaida terrorists and convicted conspirators. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Ahmed Omar Abu-Ali is a man from Falls Church, Virginia in the United States who is being held on charges of providing material support to the al Qaeda terrorist network. ... Ali Al-Tamimi is an American biologist and Islamic scholar. ...

Prominent critics of American Islamic radicalism

• Daniel Pipes, Steven Emerson and Robert Spencer have suggested that a segment of the U.S. Muslim population exhibit hate and a wish for violence towards the US.^[63][64][65]

• Muslim journalist Stephen Schwartz, American Jewish Committee terrorism expert Yehudit Barsky, and US Senator Charles Schumer have all separately testified to a growing radical Islamist Wahhabi influence in U.S. mosques, financed by extremist groups. According to Barsky 80% of US mosques are so radicalized.^[66][67][68] In an effort to address this extremist influence, ISNA has implemented assorted programs and guidelines in order to help mosques identify and counter any such individuals.^[69]

This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Steven Emerson is an American investigative journalist specializing in national security, terrorism, and Islamic extremism. ... Robert Bruce Spencer born 1962 is an American writer on Islam. ... Stephen Schwartz (born 1948) is an American author and foreign policy pundit. ... The stated Mission of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) is to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews in the United States, in Israel, and throughout the world; to strengthen the basic principles of pluralism around the world, as the best defense against anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Politics Portal      The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the... Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is a Jewish American politician. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Wahhabism (sometimes spelled Wahabbism or Wahabism) is a movement of Islam named after Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792). ... ISNA can refer to: Iranian Students News Agency Intersex Society of North America This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Responses to criticism

• Peter Bergen claims that a minority of US Muslims have adopted Islamism, saying that a "vast majority of American Muslims have totally rejected the Islamist ideology of Osama Bin Laden".^[70]

• International Institute of Islamic Thought Director of Research Louay M. Safi has questioned the motives of several noted critics, alleging that members of what he terms the "Extreme Right" are exploiting security concerns to further various Islamophobic objectives.^[71]

Peter Bergen (1962-) is a fellow at the New America Foundation in Washington D.C; an Adjunct Professor at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University; CNNs terrorism analyst and author of Holy War, Inc. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... The International Institute of Islamic Thought is a private, non-profit organization that describes itself as an institution concerned with issues of Islamic thought. ... Louay M. Safi was born in Damascus. ...

See also

• List of American Muslims
• Western Muslims
• List of Muslims
• Timeline of Islamic history
• List of Islamic and Muslim related topics
• List of Iranian Americans
• Black Muslims
• Latino Muslims

This page is an incomplete list of notable people from North America who are Muslims - followers of Islam. ... Western Muslims are Muslims who reside in the West. ... This page is a list of Muslims in various professions and fields. ... There is much more to Muslim history than military and political history; this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political history. ... This is an alphabetical list of topics related to Islam, the history of Islam, Islamic culture, and the present-day Muslim world, intended to provide inspiration for the creation of new articles and categories. ... This is a list of famous Iranian-Americans. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Latino Muslims are Latinos whose religion is Islam. ...

Notes

Accuracy In Media (AIM) is an American organization which monitors the news media in the United States. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Boston Globe is the most widely-circulated daily newspaper in Boston, Massachusetts and in the greater New England region. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... FrontPage Magazine is a conservative internet publication edited by David Horowitz Link [1] Categories: Computer stubs | Magazines stubs ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The City University of New York (CUNY; acronym: IPA pronunciation: ), is the public university system of New York City. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... World Factbook 2004 cover The World Factbook is an annual publication by the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States with basic almanac-style information about the various countries of the world. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the PG, is the largest daily newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Valparaiso University, known colloquially as Valpo, is a private university located in the city of Valparaiso, Indiana. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ... August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Proposed new USIP headquarters, construction to begin 2007. ... Media:Example. ... The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), based in Plainfield, Indiana, USA, is an umbrella group that describes itself as the largest Muslim organization in North America. ... Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) is a non-ethnic, non-sectarian, open to all, independent, North America wide, grassroots organization. ... The Islamic Supreme Council of America (ISCA) is a controversial Muslim religious organization in the United States. ... The Islamic Assembly of North America (IANA) is a Muslim organization headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan. ... The Muslim Student Association (MSA) is a group dedicated, by its own description, to Islamic societies on college campuses in Canada and the United States for the good of Muslim students. ... The Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC) is an American Muslim public service & policy organization headquartered in Los Angeles and with offices in Washington D.C. MPAC was founded in 1988. ... The American Islamic Congress (AIC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in the United States. ... Inner-City Muslim Action Network (IMAN) is one of the leading Muslim charity organizations in the United States. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pron. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year (127th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Newsday is a daily tabloid-size newspaper that primarily serves Long Island and the New York City borough of Queens, although it is sold throughout the New York City metropolitan area. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year (127th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... WorldNetDaily, also known as WND, is an American conservative online news site, founded in 1997. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year (127th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... July 26 is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... July 26 is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Cornell University is a private university located in Ithaca, New York, USA. Its two medical campuses are in New York City and Education City, Qatar. ... December 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → 31 December 2005 (Saturday) 25-year-old Scottish human rights worker Kate Burton and her parents are freed unharmed in the Gaza Strip by the Palestinian gunmen who kidnapped them two days earlier. ... CBS is one of the largest radio and television networks in the United States. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... July 26 is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for desktop publishing use. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... The New York Post is the 13th-oldest newspaper published in the United States and the oldest to have been published continually as a daily. ... January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Steven Emerson is an American investigative journalist specializing in national security, terrorism, and Islamic extremism. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... GlobalSecurity. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is a Jewish American politician. ... A news release or press release is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something claimed as having news value. ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the Gregorian calendar (254th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Comedy Central is an American cable television and satellite television channel in the United States. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Timeline of Islam in the United States
• A Brief History of Islam in the United States
• [http://www.sunnah.org/history/islamamr.htm The Islamic Community In The United States: Historical
• Muslim Americans Survey of Muslim Americans

 Development] 

• American Muslims Demographics

External links

• "The Diversity of Muslims in the United States: Views as Americans" United States Institute of Peace Special Report, February 2006
• Survey of U.S. Muslim population studies
• An Oral History of Islam in Pittsburgh