Astrology
Background
History of astrology
History of astronomy
Traditions
Arab and Persian astrology
Aztec astrology
Babylonian astrology
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Chinese astrology
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Hindu (Indian, Vedic) astrology
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Jewish views of astrology
Mayan astrology
Western astrology
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Main articles: Islamic science and astrology

Islamic astrology, in Arabic ilm al-nujum or ilm al-falak is the study of the heavens by early Muslims. In early Arabic sources, ilm al-nujum was used to refer to both astronomy and astrology. In medieval sources, however, a clear distinction was made between ilm al-nujum (science of the stars) or ilm al-falak (science of the celestial orbs), referring to astrology, and ilm al-hay'ah (science of the figure of the heavens), referring to astronomy. Both fields were rooted in Greek, Persian, and Indian traditions. Despite consistent critiques of astrology by scientists and religious scholars, astrological prognostications required a fair amount of exact scientific knowledge and thus gave partial incentive for the study and development of astronomy. Natal astrology is based upon the concept that each individuals personality or path in life can be determined by constructing a natal chart for the exact date, time, and place of a persons birth. ... Electional astrology is a subsection of horary astrology that attempts to determine the ideal time to initiate an action, such as buying a house, starting a business, getting married, buying a car, beginning a journey/travel, or any other important moment in the natives life. ... Horary astrology is a very old branch of astrology by which an astrologer will try to answer a question by drawing up an astrological chart or horoscope for the exact time and place at which that question came to mind or when it was put to them. ... Mundane Astrology (also known as political astrology) is the application of astrology to world affairs and world events, taking its name from the Roman word Mundus, meaning the World. Mundane astrology is branch of Judicial astrology and is widely believed by astrological historians to be the most ancient branch of... This is a subarticle to Islamic studies and science. ... Hand-coloured version of the anonymous Flammarion woodcut. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... In the modern Western world, astrology and astronomy (Latin: Astronomia) are generally regarded as completely separate disciplines. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ...

Opinions of Contemporary Scholars

According to jurists, the study of astronomy (ilm al-hay'ah) is lawful, as it is useful in predicting the beginning of months and seasons, determining the direction of salat (prayer), and navigation. They agree that this branch of science be used in determining the beginning and end of the month of Ramadan. As for astrology, this is considered by most Islamic scholars as haram (unlawful), as knowledge of the Unseen is known only by Allah. Dr. Husam al-Din Ibn Musa `Afana, a Professor of the Principles of Fiqh at Al-Quds University, Palestine, states the following: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about Islamic religious observances in the month of Ramadan. ... harām (Arabic: حرام Ḥarām, Turkish: Haram, Malay: Haram) is an Arabic word, used in Islam to refer to anything that is prohibited by the faith. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Al-Quds University (Arabic: جامعه القدس ) is the Arab university in Jerusalem. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi...

"First of all, it is worth noting that the Arabs knew astronomy a long time ago. They would predict time through observing the movements of stars. According to the scholars of Shar`iah, there are two terms confused in many people's minds when it comes to dealing with the question in hand. These terms are astronomy and astrology. Astronomy is the science that deals with studying the movements of the celestial bodies and reducing observations to mathematical order. That science is useful in determining time, seasons, the direction of Prayer, etc. Astrology, on the other hand, is concerned with studying the positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs. Astrologists believe that the movements of stars have an influence on people's lives. Both Muslim astronomers and [religious] scholars refuse the prophecies of astrologists."^[1]

On the other hand, scholars agree that astrology is a prohibited field of study. Imam Ibn Taymiyah said: “Astrology that is concerned with studying the positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs is prohibited by the Quran, the Sunnah, and the unanimous agreement of the Muslim scholars. Furthermore, astrology was considered forbidden by all Messengers of Almighty Allah.” The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Abu al-Abbas Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Abd al-Salaam ibn Abdullah ibn Taymiya al-Harrani, was a jurist, reformer, preacher, scholar, exegete of Islam. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The Saudi scholar, Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen, said: “Astrology is a kind of sorcery and fortune-telling. It is forbidden because it is based on illusions, not on concrete facts. There is no relation between the movements of celestial bodies and what takes place on the Earth.”^[2] Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen (1925-2001 CE) was one of the most prominent Islamic scholars of the latter half of the twentieth century. ...

Quranic Verses & Ahadith Relating to Astrology

Before the advent of Islam, people believed that the sun and moon might eclipse when a great figure died. During the Muhammad's lifetime, it happened that the sun eclipsed on the same day when Muhammad’s son Ibrahim died. The people then thought that it had eclipsed because of the Prophet’s son’s death. On knowing this, Muhammad led them in the Eclipse Prayer and then delivered a speech saying: “The sun and moon are but signs of Allah; they do not eclipse because so-and-so died or was born.” Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Total eclipse redirects here. ...

This hadith indicates that Muhammad denied all relation between the movements of the heavenly bodies and events on the Earth. Ibn `Abbas reported that Muhammad said: “He who has acquired some knowledge of astrology has acquired some knowledge of sorcery; the more he acquires of the former the more he acquires of the latter.”^[3] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Commenting on this hadith, the Yemeni scholar Muhammad ash-Shawkani (d.1834), said that the Prophet compared between astrology and sorcery because sorcery was known to be forbidden; and so, he who would get some knowledge of astrology would do something forbidden and would be sinful.^[4] Muhammad ash-Shawkani (1760-1834 CE [1]) was a Yemeni Sunni scholar of Islam, jurisprudent, and reformer. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Sorceress by John William Waterhouse Magic and sorcery are the influencing of events, objects, people and physical phenomena by mystical, paranormal or supernatural means. ...

It was also reported by Ibn Abbas that the Prophet Muhammad said: “He who uses astronomy for something other than what Almighty Allah has made lawful would be practicing sorcery. Astrologers predict knowledge of the future, and he who does so is a sorcerer, and sorcerers are disbelievers.”^[5] Abdullah ibn Abbas was a cousin of the prophet Muhammad. ...

Also, Ibn Mihjan reported that the Prophet said: “I fear on account of my nation three things after my death: (I fear that) their Imams (leaders) would oppress them, (that) they would believe in astrology, and (that) they would disbelieve predestination.”^[6] Imam is an Arabic word meaning Leader. The ruler of a country might be called the Imam, for example. ...

Abu Hurayrah also reported that the Prophet said: “He who goes to a fortune-teller to ask him about something, his Prayer will not be accepted for forty days.”^[7] `Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr Al-Azdi (d. ...

Abu Hurayrah also reported that the Prophet said: “He who goes to a soothsayer or a fortuneteller and believes what he says exhibits disbelief in what has been sent down to Prophet Muhammad (from Allah).”^[8]

Contemplating the last two ahadith reported by Abu Hurayrah, it is to be noted that mere going to fortune-tellers is a sin that incurs upon a Muslim who commits it that his prayer is not accepted for forty days, and that believing what fortunetellers say renders a Muslim a disbeliever in what has been sent down to Prophet Muhammad. This is because Allah says in the Quran: “Say (O Muhammad): None in the heavens and the earth knoweth the Unseen save Allah; and they know not when they will be raised (again).”^[9] Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral rule or the state of having committed such a violation. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ...

Allah also says: “(He is) the knower of the Unseen, and He revealeth unto none His secret, save unto every messenger whom he hath chosen, and then He maketh a guard to go before him and a guard behind him That He may know that they have indeed conveyed the messages of their Lord. He surroundeth all their doings, and He keepeth count of all things.”^[10]

Prominent Arab, Muslim, Persian, and/or Middle Eastern or North African Astrologers

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness. Revisions and additions are welcome.

• Abraham ibn Ezra
• Abraham Zacuto
• Al-Battani
• Al-Biruni
• Albubather
• Alchabitius
• Al-fadl ibn Naubakht
• 'Ali ibn Ridwan
• Al-Kindī
• Arzachel
• Berossus
• Biblical Magi (the "Three Wise Men")
• Haly Abenragel
• Hypatia of Alexandria
• Ibn Arabi
• Ibn Yunus
• Ibrahim al-Fazari
• Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
• Mashallah
• Muhammad al-Fazari
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
• Naubakht
• Porphyry
• Sharafeddin Tusi
• Sudines

Rabbi Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra (also known as Ibn Ezra, or Abenezra) (1092 or 1093-1167), was one of the most distinguished Jewish men of letters and writers of the Middle Ages. ... Abraham Zacuto (אברהם זכות) (portuguese: Abraão ben Samuel Zacuto) was a Spanish astronomer, mathematician and historian who served as Royal Astronomer in the 15th Century to King John II of Portugal. ... Al Battani (c. ... A statue of Biruni adorns the southwest entrance of Laleh Park in Tehran. ... Abu Bakr al-Hassan ibn al-Khasib, also al-Khaseb, Albubather in Latin, was a Persian physician and astrologer of the 9th century. ... Alchabitius was the common European name of a 10th century Arabian astrologer, also known by the transliterated Arabic name Abdelazys. ... Al-fadl ibn Naubakht, (also written Nowbakht), was an 8th century Persian scholar at the court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. ... Abul Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri (c. ... Portrait of Al-Kindi For the Christian theologian, see Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi AbÅ«-YÅ«suf Ya’qÅ«b ibn Ishāq al-KindÄ« (c. ... For other meanings, see Arzachel (disambiguation) Al-Zarqali (in full Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Yahya Al-Zarqali, Arzachel to Latin Europe), (1028–1087 CE), was a leading Arab mathematician and the foremost astronomer of his time. ... Berossus (also Berossos or Berosus) Greek: Βεροσσος was a Hellenistic Babylonian writer who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. // Life and work Berossus published the Babyloniaca (hereafter, History of Babylonia) some time around 290-278 B.C.E. for the Macedonian/Seleucid king, Antiochus I. Certain astrological... Three Kings, or Three Wise Men redirects here. ... The Three Wise Men are given the names Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar in this late 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of St Apollinarius in Ravenna, Italy. ... Abû l-Hasan Alî ibn Abî l-Rijâl (commonly known as Haly, Hali, Albohazen Haly filii Abenragel or Haly Abenragel, from ibn Rijal) was an Arab astrologer of the late 10th and early 11th century, best known for his Kitāb al-bāri fi akhām an-nuj... An imagined portrait of Hypatia of Alexandria Hypatia of Alexandria (Greek: Υπατία; 370–415) was an ancient philosopher, who taught in the fields of mathematics, astronomy and astrology. ... For the Maliki scholar, see Ibn al-Arabi. ... Ibn Yunus ( إبن يونوس in Arabic) (full name, Abul-Hasan Ali Ibn Abd al-Rahman Ibn Ahmad Ibn Yunus al-Sadafi) (950?-1009) was an important Arab astronomer/astrologer, whose astronomical works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on almost modern-like meticulous calculations and attention... Abu Ishaq Ibrahlm ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari was an 8th century Persian mathematician and astronomer at the Abbasid court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. ... Jafar ibn Muhammad Abu Mashar al-Balkhi (787 - 886) was a Persian astronomer and mathematician from Balkh, in todays Afghanistan. ... An engraving by Albrecht Dürer, from the title page of the De scientia motus orbis (Latin version with engraving, 1504). ... Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari was a Persian philosopher and mathematician. ... A stamp issued September 6, 1983 in the Soviet Union, commemorating al-KhwārizmÄ«s (approximate) 1200th anniversary. ... Nobakht Ahvazi (also spelled Naubakht in many a literature) and his sons were Astronomers from Ahvaz in Persia. ... Porphyry (Greek: , c. ... Sharafeddin Muzzafar-i Tusi, was a Persian mathematician of the middle ages, (1135 - 1213). ... Sudines (Greek: Σουδινες) ca. ...

Notes

See also

• Egyptian astrology
• Babylonian astrology
• Islamic astronomy
• Islamic law
• Arab and Persian astrology
• Jewish views of astrology
• List of Muslim astronomers
• Cazimi