Age of the Caliphs

The initial Islamic conquests (632-732) began with the death of Muhammad, were followed by a century of rapid Arab and Islamic expansion, and ended with the Battle of Tours—resulting in a vast Islamic empire and area of influence that stretched from India, across the Middle East and North Africa, to the Pyrenees. Edward Gibbon writes in History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Image File history File links Middle East during the Age of the Caliphs File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Middle East during the Age of the Caliphs File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Arabs Commanders Theodorus Khalid ibn al-Walid, Shurahbil, Yazid, Amr Ibn al As Strength About 10,000 15-18,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Campaignbox Muslim Conquest. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Muslim Arabs Commanders Theodore the Sacellarius Baänes Khalid ibn Walid Strength About 200,000 About 24,000 Casualties Very Heavy,About 50,000 Unknown,Relativly low The Battle of Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmuq or Hieromyax) took place between the Muslim Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in... The Battle of Syllaeum was a naval battle between the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in 677, in coordination with a series of land battles in Anatolia and Syria. ... The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (in Arabic: معارك القادسيّة, alternate spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya) was the decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sāsānian Persian army during the first period of Islamic expansion which resulted in the Islamic conquest of Iran. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A battle between Ali and Muawiya Is forces. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire Commanders Hassan bin al-Numan Strength 40,000 Unknown Casualties Unknown total loss of a territory {{{notes}}} The Battle of Carthage was fought in 698 between the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa, and the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate. ... Combatants Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire, Bulgarians Commanders Maslama Leo III Strength 160,000-200,000 men, 2,000 ships Unkown Casualties 130,000-170,000 men, 2,000 ships Unknown The Second Arab siege of Constantinople (717-718), was a combined land and sea effort by the Arabs to take... Combatants Visigoths Muslim forces of the Ummayad Commanders Roderic Tariq ibn Ziyad Strength 24-30,000 7,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Guadalete took place July 19, 711, at the Guadalete River (or La Janda Lake) in the southern extreme of the Iberian peninsula. ... The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Islamic Moors conquest of that country in 711. ... Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, the governor (or wali) of Muslim Spain (al-Andalus), built up a strong army from North Africa, Yemen, and Syria to conquer Aquitaine, a large duchy in the southwest of modern-day France, formally under Frankish sovereignty, but in practice almost independent in the... Combatants Franks Moors Commanders Charles Martel Abd er Rahman Strength 15,000-75,000 60,000-400,000 Casualties about 1500 unknown, but reported massive, most notable-Abd er Rahman {{{notes}}} The Battle of Tours (often called the Battle of Poitiers, but not to be confused with the Battle of... The Battle of the Zab took place on the banks of the Great Zab river in what is now Iraq on January 25, 750. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe. ... This article is about the prophet. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), the peaceful submission to the will of God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Combatants Franks Moors Commanders Charles Martel Abd er Rahman Strength 15,000-75,000 60,000-400,000 Casualties about 1500 unknown, but reported massive, most notable-Abd er Rahman {{{notes}}} The Battle of Tours (often called the Battle of Poitiers, but not to be confused with the Battle of... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... Edward Gibbon (1737-1794). ...

Under the last of the Ommiades [ Umayyad dynasty ], the Arabian empire extended two hundred days’ journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of Africa, the solid and compact dominion from Fargana to Aden, from Tarsus to Surat, will spread on every side to the measure of four or five months of the march of a caravan. We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines; but the progress of the Mahometan religion diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Koran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville: the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris.

The individual conquests, together with their beginning dates: The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... Tartary or Great Tartary (Latin: Tartaria or Tataria Magna) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate a great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Urinal Mountains to the Pacific Ocean inhabited by Turkic and... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... Fergana Ferghana (Uzbek: Fargona or Farghana, Russian: Фарғона, the land between two rivers ) is a city (1994 population: 191,000) and the capital of Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southern edge of the Fergana Valley in southern Central Asia, cutting across the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan, and Uzbekistan. ... The oil refinery and Tanker port of Little Aden were operated by British Petroleum (now Beyond Petroleum) It was the capital of the Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen until that countrys unification with the Yemen Arab Republic when it was declared a free trade zone. ... In tetrapods, the tarsi are the cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. ... Surat (Gujarati:સુરત) is a port city in the Indian state of Gujarat and administrative headquarters of the Surat District. ... Caravans comprise land-based trading convoys, often utilising the camel as a beast of burden, and generally associated with crossing deserts in Asia or Africa. ... The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most... The Antonines most often referred to were two successive Roman Emperors who ruled between A.D. 138 and 180: Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, famous for their skilled leadership. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), the peaceful submission to the will of God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... Colour photograph of Ulugh Beg Madrasa taken in Samarkand ca. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (, ). It is the capital of Andalusia and of the province of Sevilla. ... Moor may refer to: A high altitude form of heathland habitat widespread in northern Britain; see heath (habitat). ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Arabic (; , less formally, ) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Tigris River in Mosul, Iraq The Tigris (Kurdish: Tîj / Tûj / Tîr , Old Persian: Tigrā-, Pahlavi: Tigr, Syriac: ܕܩܠܬ; Deqlath, Arabic: دجلة; Dijla, Turkish: Dicle, Hebrew: חדקל; ḥiddeqel) is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of...

Byzantine-Arab Wars: 632-718

Main article: Byzantine-Arab Wars

• The conquest of Syria, 635
• The conquest of Armenia, 639
• The conquest of Egypt, 639
• The conquest of North Africa, 642
• The Second Arab siege of Constantinople 717 - 718

Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Events Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in Northumbria, England Nestorian China Births Pippin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia (approximate date) 23 May - Chan Bahlum II, king of Palenque Deaths Categories: 635 ... Events Dagobert I succeeded by Clovis II as king of the Franks in Neustria and Burgundy During the Islamic conquest of Persia, Susa is destroyed Births Deaths Pippin I of Landen, father of Gertrude of Nivelles Categories: 639 ... At the commencement of the Islamic conquest of Egypt, Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. ... The Islamic conquest of North Africa began early in the century of rapid Arab and Islamic expansion following the death of Mohammed in 632 CE. By 640 the Arabs controlled Mesopotamia, had invaded Armenia, and were concluding their conquest of Byzantine Syria. ... Events August 5 - In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia. ... Combatants Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire, Bulgarians Commanders Maslama Leo III Strength 160,000-200,000 men, 2,000 ships Unkown Casualties 130,000-170,000 men, 2,000 ships Unknown The Second Arab siege of Constantinople (717-718), was a combined land and sea effort by the Arabs to take... Events March 25 - Leo III usurps the throne of Byzantium August 15 - Muslama begins the Second Arab siege of Constantinople. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ...

Conquest of Persia: 636-651

Main article: Islamic conquest of Persia

In the reign of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid ruler of Persia, a Muslim invasion force secured a decisive defeat of the Persian army at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah in 636. But the final military victory didn't come until 642 when the Persian army was destroyed at Nahavand (Nehavand). Then, in 651, Yazdgird III was murdered at Merv, present-day Turkmenistan, ending the dynasty. His son Pirooz and many others fled into exile in China. Events April 20 - Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine Empire loses Syria to the Arabs The Arabs invade Persia Rothari marries queen Gundeparga, becomes king of the Lombards city of Basra Iraq founded by caliph Omar on a canal. ... Events End of Yazdegard IIIs attempts to drive out the Saracens. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Yazdegerd III, (also Yazdgird III) (made by God, Izdegerdes), king of Persia, a grandson of Khosrau II, who had been murdered by his son Kavadh II in 628, was raised to the throne in 632 after a series of internal conflicts. ... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (in Arabic: معارك القادسيّة, alternate spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya) was the decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sāsānian Persian army during the first period of Islamic expansion which resulted in the Islamic conquest of Iran. ... Events August 5 - In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia. ... Nahavand (also spelled Nahawand in some texts) is a town in Hamadan Province in Iran. ...

Conquest of Afghanistan: 637-709

Main article: Islamic conquest of Afghanistan

In 637, five years after the death of Muhammad, Arab Muslims had shattered the might of the Persian Sassanians and began to move towards the lands east of Iran: Herat was captured in 652. By 709 all of Aryana came under Arab control. Regions around Kabul were annexed from the Hindu Shahis as well. But the invaders encountered pockets of resistance from local tribespeople, a process that would continue for centuries, and Tang China and Tibet mounted an opposition to the Arab invasion to prevent Muslim incursions into Central Asia. Events Arabs take Jerusalem Arabs take Aleppo Battle of al-Qadisiyah: Arabs defeat Persian army, take Persian capital of Ctesiphon Battle of Mag Rath: Dalriada influence in Ulster greatly reduced Births Deaths Categories: 637 ... Events Saelred becomes king of Essex Ceolred becomes king of Mercia after his cousin Cenred abdicates to become a monk in Rome A storm separates the Channel Islands of Jethou and Herm Births Emperor Konin of Japan Deaths May 25 - Aldhelm, bishop and scholar Categories: 709 ... // The Islamic Conquest In 637, five years after the death of Muhammad (Sualallah-u-Alaihi Wasallam), Arab Muslims shattered the might of the Iranian Sassanians at the Battles of al-Qādisiyyah and Nahawand. ... Events Arabs take Jerusalem Arabs take Aleppo Battle of al-Qadisiyah: Arabs defeat Persian army, take Persian capital of Ctesiphon Battle of Mag Rath: Dalriada influence in Ulster greatly reduced Births Deaths Categories: 637 ... This article is about the prophet. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Head of king Shapur II (Sasanian dynasty A.D. 4th century). ... Herāt (Persian هرات) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the valley of the Hari Rud river in the province also known as Herat, and was traditionally known for wine. ... View of Kabul (2001/2) Kabul Kabul (34°32′N 69°10′E, Kâbl, in Persian کابل) is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan with a population variously estimated at 2 to 4 million. ... Coin of the Shahi king Spalapati Deva, circa 750-900. ... Tang Dynasty (唐朝 618-907) followed the Sui Dynasty and preceded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period in China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Conquest of North Africa: 640-709

Main article: Islamic conquest of North Africa

Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... Events Saelred becomes king of Essex Ceolred becomes king of Mercia after his cousin Cenred abdicates to become a monk in Rome A storm separates the Channel Islands of Jethou and Herm Births Emperor Konin of Japan Deaths May 25 - Aldhelm, bishop and scholar Categories: 709 ... The Islamic conquest of North Africa began early in the century of rapid Arab and Islamic expansion following the death of Mohammed in 632 CE. By 640 the Arabs controlled Mesopotamia, had invaded Armenia, and were concluding their conquest of Byzantine Syria. ...

Conquest of South Asia: 664-712

Main article: Islamic conquest of South Asia

During the period of Rajput supremacy in north India, which lasted from the seventh to the twelfth centuries, the first Muslim effort toward invasion was made in 664. Forces led by Mohalib began launching raids from Persia, striking Multan in the southern Punjab in what is today Pakistan. Mohalib penetrated as far as the ancient capital of the Maili and returned with prisoners of war but he didn't come to conquer. Events September, Synod of Whitby Births Deaths Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk. ... Events Ansprand succeeds Aripert as king of the Lombards. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... ( 6th century - 7th century - 8th century - other centuries) Events Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is written, and Arabs subjugate Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, North Africa and Central Asia to Islam. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Events September, Synod of Whitby Births Deaths Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk. ... Mohalib was an Arab general who made the first Islamic raids into South Asia in 664 CE, penetrating the ancient capital of the Maili and returning with many prisoners of war. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Multan (ملتان) is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, and capital of Multan District. ... Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 The Punjab (meaning: Land of five Rivers; also Panjab, Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬ, Shahmukhi: پنجاب) is a region straddling the border between India and Pakistan. ... Maili is a census-designated place located in Honolulu County, Hawaii. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...

Later, in 711, the Umayyad caliph in Damascus sent an expedition to Baluchistan (an arid region on the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Asia, presently split between Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan) and Sindh (presently a province of Pakistan bordering on Baluchistan, Punjab, and Rajasthan, India). This expedition was led by Muhammad bin Qasim and went as far north as Multan. He then invaded South Asia on the orders of Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef, the governor of Iraq. His armies defeated Raja Dahir at what is now Hyderabad in Sindh and established Islamic rule in 712. Like Alexander the Great before him, Qasim traveled and subdued the whole of what is modern Pakistan, from Karachi to Kashmir, reaching the borders of Kashmir within three years. See also: phone number 711. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria. ... Baluchistan (or Balochistan), also known as Greater Baluchistan is an arid region of south Asia, presently split between Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. ... The Iranian plateau is major geologic formation in the Middle East and the southern Eurasian Plate. ... Sindh (Sind) سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis and various other groups. ... Rajasthan (राजस्थान) is the geographically largest state in northwestern India. ... Muhammad bin Qasim (c. ... Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef (661 - June in Taif, 714 in Wasit, Iraq) (Arabic: الحجاج بن يوسف also known as Al Hajjaj bin Yousef Al saqafe) was an important Arab administrator during the Umayyad caliphate. ... Hyderabad located in Sindh province of Pakistan (also formerly known as Neroon Kot). ... Sindh (Sind) سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis and various other groups. ... Events Ansprand succeeds Aripert as king of the Lombards. ... Alexander the Great fighting Persian king Darius (not in frame) (Pompeii mosaic, from a 3rd century BC original Greek painting, now lost). ... Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ...

Conquest of Iberia: 711-718

Main article: Islamic conquest of Iberia

The conquest of Iberia commenced when the Moors (mostly Berbers with some Arabs) invaded Visigothic Christian Iberia in the year 711 CE. Under their Berber leader, Tariq ibn Ziyad, they landed at Gibraltar on April 30 and worked their way northward. Tariq's forces were joined the next year by those of his superior, Musa ibn Nusair. During the eight-year campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Islamic rule—save for small areas in the northwest (Asturias) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees. This territory, under the Arab name Al-Andalus, became part of the expanding Umayyad empire. See also: phone number 711. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... The Islamic Conquest of Iberia (711—718) commenced when the Moors (mostly Berbers with some Yemenis) invaded Visigothic Christian Iberia in the year 711 CE. Under their Berber leader, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, they landed at Gibraltar on April 30 and proceeded to bring most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic... The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. // Origins of the name The name derives from the old tribe of the Mauri and their kingdom, Mauretania. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. ... As a noun, Christian is an appellation and moniker deriving from the appellation Christ, which many people associate exclusively with Jesus of Nazareth. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... See also: phone number 711. ... The Common Era (CE), also known as the Christian Era and sometimes the Current Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 until the present. ... Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... Musa bin Nusair (640 - 716) was a Yemeni Muslim governor and general under the Umayyads. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Capital Oviedo Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th  10 604 km²  2,1% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 12th  1 056 789  2,5%  99,65/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Asturian  â€“ Spanish  Asturian  asturianu/a,  asturiano/a Statute of Autonomy January 11, 1982 Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate seats... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...

End of the Conquests: 718-750

After their success in overrunning Iberia, the conquerers moved northeast across the Pyrenees but were ultimately defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732. Meanwhile, the Christian Reconquista or reconquest of Iberia became established with Pelayo of Asturias' victory at the Battle of Covadonga in 722. Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Look up Frank and frank in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Charles Martel (or Charles the Hammer) (August 23, 686 – October 22, 741) was born in Herstal, in what is now Wallonia, Belgium, the illegitimate son of Pippin the Middle (635 or 640 – December 16, 714) and his concubine Alpaida (or Chalpaida). ... Combatants Franks Moors Commanders Charles Martel Abd er Rahman Strength 15,000-75,000 60,000-400,000 Casualties about 1500 unknown, but reported massive, most notable-Abd er Rahman {{{notes}}} The Battle of Tours (often called the Battle of Poitiers, but not to be confused with the Battle of... Events October 10 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe. ... For other uses, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ... Pelayo (in Spanish) or Pelágio (in Portuguese) (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Islamic Moors conquest of that country in 711. ... Events 3 January - Kinich Ahkal Mo Naab III takes throne of Maya state of Palenque Battle of Covadonga: First victory of a Christian army over a Muslim army in Spain (probable date) War between Wessex and Sussex Births Deaths Empress Gemmei of Japan Categories: 722 ...

Then, in the east, in an internecine war between rival Arab dynasties, the Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the Abbasids, after which most of the Umayyad clan were massacred. But one Umayyad prince, Abd-ar-rahman I, escaped to Al-Andalus and, a few years later, founded a new Umayyad dynasty there. Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire. ... Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ...

See also

• Amr ibn al-A'as
• Caliph
• Khalid ibn al-Walid
• Umayyad Caliphate

Amr ibn al-Ä€s (Arabic: عمرو بن العاص) (d. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Khālid bin WalÄ«d (in Arabic:خالد بن الوليد) ; also known as: Sayf-Allāh / Sword of God); (584 - 642) was a Muslim Arab soldier and general. ... The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish. ...

References

• Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 51
• Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests Chapter 6