This is a sub-article of fiqh and Law and economics.

Islamic economics is economics in accordance with Islamic law. Because the Qur'an spoke against usury in the context of early Muslim society, it generally entails trying to remove or redefine interest rates from financial institutions. In doing so, Islamic economists hope to produce a more 'Islamic society'. However, liberal movements within Islam may deny the need for this field, since they generally see Islam as compatible with modern secular institutions and law. Zakât (or Zakaat or Zakah) (English:tax, alms, tithe) (Arabic: زكاة, Old (Quran) Arabic: زكوة) is the third of the Five Pillars of Islam in Sunni Islam and one of the Branches of Religion in Shia Islam. ... In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية) is a per capita tax imposed on non-Muslim adult males. ... In Sharia (Islamic Jurisprudence) from the arabic نصاب is the amount which savings or capital or product must exceed in order for the muslim owner to be obliged to give Zakat (Charity). ... Khums (derived from the Arabic خمس or five) is a Shia article of faith that refers to a one-fifth tax, which all adult Muslims who are financially secure and have surplus in their income normally have to pay on annual savings, net commercial profits, and all... Sadaqah is a Islamic Term that means voluntary charity. See also Alms Zakat Khums Category: ‪Islam-related stubs‬ ... Bayt al-mal is an Arabic term that is translated as House of money. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Riba is the (Arabic: ربا ) term for intrest, the charging of which is forbidden by the Quran here, among other places: And that which you give in gift (loan) (to others), in order that it may increase (your wealth by expecting to get a better one in return) from other... Murabaha is defined as a particular kind of sale, compliant with shariah, where the seller expressly mentions the cost he has incurred on the commodities to be sold and sells it to another person by adding some profit or mark-up thereon which is known to the buyer. ... Takaful - Islamic Insurance ==]] “The basic fundamentals underlying the Takaful concept are very similar to cooperative and mutual principles, to the extent that the cooperative and mutual model is one that is accepted under Islamic Law. ... Sukuk is the Arabic name for a financial certificate but can be seen as an Islamic equivalent of bond. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic economical jurisprudence and inheritance. ... Islamic politics is the profession of Muslim politicians. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and Marriage. ... Islamic criminal jurisprudence is the Islamic criminal law. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and etiquette. ... Islamic theological jurisprudence is the filed of Islamic jurisprudence specialized in theological issues. ... This is a sub-article to fiqh and Hygiene Hygiene in Islam is a prominent topic but one which non-Muslims are not very familiar with. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Law and economics is the term usually applied to an approach to legal theory that incorporates methods and ideas borrowed from the discipline of economics. ... Face-to-face trading interactions among on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor Economics, as a social science, studies the production, distribution, and consumption of commodities. ... Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... The Qurān [1] (Arabic: ‎ , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... Usury (//, from the Medieval Latin usuria, interest or excessive interest, from Latin usura interest) was defined originally as charging a fee for the use of money. ... An interest rate is the rental price of money. ... Since the 19th century, Muslim progressives have produced a considerable body of liberal thought within Islam (in Arabic: الإسلام الاجتهادي or interpretation-based Islam; also الإسلام التقدمي or progressive Islam - but some consider progressive Islam and liberal Islam as two distinct movements [1]). These have in common a religious outlook which depends mainly on...

History

For centuries Muslims have developed ways to integrate their religious beliefs with the external economic realities of the nations they live in. This has had varying degrees of compatibility with the empires and customs they encountered. Like most things in Islam, commerce adapts to al-urf, "the custom". In Islamic law (Sharia Arabic: شريعة), al-urf العرف is the custom of a given society, leading to change in the Egypt, marriage the Urfi way means to get married without offical papers issued by the state (Zawag Urfi:زو&#1575...

In the 1980s and 1990s Muslim bankers and religious leaders developed ways to integrate Islamic law on usage of money with modern concepts of ethical investing. Consequently, a sophisticated economic discipline has emerged with its own concepts, analytical tools and institutions. Some of these are revived traditional micro venture capital and ethical investing frameworks that thrived in medieval times. However, they incorporated many modern techniques and technologies. Some consider the emergence of these economic practices to be part of a revival of Islam and an Islamization of knowledge. Others see them as a practical response to problems of global debt and debt slavery. A number of researchers suggest, however, the underlying causes of the genesis of modern Islamic economics was based more on the desire to reflect beliefs about Islamic identity than to establish a more ethical or religiously sound banking system[1]. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... This article is about the year. ... Ethical investing, also known as Socially responsible investing or SRI attempts to ensure that invested funds are not used to violate the investors most basic moral values or ethical codes. ... Investment is a term with several closely related meanings in finance and economics. ... Micro venture capital financing invests in projects too small to attract the attention of more traditional venture capitalists. ... Ethical investing, also known as Socially responsible investing or SRI attempts to ensure that invested funds are not used to violate the investors most basic moral values or ethical codes. ... Islamization of knowledge is a term which describes a variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethics of Islam with various fields of modern thought. ... Flows 2004 Global debt and equity underwriting reached a record $5. ... Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off a familys loans via the labour of family members or heirs. ...

Reforms under Islam

Main article: Reforms under Islam (610-661)

Michael Bonner, Professor of Medieval Islamic History at the University of Michigan, writes on poverty and economics in the Qur'an that the Qur'an provided a blueprint for a new order in society, in which the poor would be treated more fairly than before. This "economy of poverty" prevailed in Islamic theory and practice until 13th and 14th century. At its heart was a notion of property circulated and purified, in part, through charity, which illustrates a distinctively Islamic way of conceptualizing charity, generosity, and poverty markedly different from "the Christian notion of perennial reciprocity between rich and poor and the ideal of charity as an expression of community love." The Qur'an prohibits bad kind of circulation (often understood interest or usury) and asks for good circulation (zakat [legal alms giving]). Some of the recipients of charity appear only once in the Qur'an, and others—such as orphans, parents, and beggars—reappear constantly. Most common is the triad of kinsfolk, poor, and travelers. Unlike pre-Islamic Arabian society, the Qur'anic idea of economic circulation as a return of goods and obligations was for everyone, whether donors and recipients know each other or not, in which goods move, and society does what it is supposed to do. The Qur'an's distinctive set of economic and social arrangements, in which poverty and the poor have important roles, show signs of newness. The Qur'an told that the guidance comes to a community that regulates its flow of money and goods in the right direction (from top down) and practices generosity as reciprocation for God's bounty. In a broad sense, the narrative underlying the Qur'an is that of a tribal society becoming urbanized. Many scholars have characterized both the Qur'an and Islam as highly favorable to commerce and to the highly mobile type of society that emerged in the medieval Near East. Muslim tradition (both hadith and historiography) maintains that Muhammad did not permit the construction of any buildings in the market of Medina other than mere tents; nor did he permit any tax or rent to be taken there. This expression of a "free market"—involving the circulation of goods within a single space without payment of fees, taxes, or rent, without the construction of permanent buildings, and without any profiting on the part of the caliphal authority (indeed, of the Caliph himself )—was rooted in the term sadaqa, "voluntary alms." This coherent and highly appealing view of the economic universe had much to do with Islam's early and lasting success. Since the poor were at the heart of this economic universe, the teachings of the Qur'an on poverty had a considerable, even a transforming effect in Arabia, the Near East, and beyond.^[1] Between 610 and 661 there were a number of social reforms that occurred during the time of Muhammads mission and also later under his four immediate successors usually refered to as the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. ... Interest is the rent paid to borrow money. ... Usury (//, from the Medieval Latin usuria, interest or excessive interest, from Latin usura interest) was defined originally as charging a fee for the use of money. ... Zakât (or Zakaat or Zakah) (English:tax, alms, tithe) (Arabic: زكاة, Old (Quran) Arabic: زكوة) is the third of the Five Pillars of Islam in Sunni Islam and one of the Branches of Religion in Shia Islam. ... Pre-Islamic Arabia is studied by Islamic scholars because it is the context in which Islam, as practiced today, was formed. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... The Near East is a term commonly used by archaeologists, geographers and historians, less commonly by journalists and commentators, to refer to the region encompassing the Levant (modern Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon), Turkey, Mesopotamia (Iraq and eastern Syria). ... Hadith ( translit: ) are traditions relating to the words and deeds of Muhammad. ... For the river and also village in Norway named Sira, see Sira, Norway. ... Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Sadaqa is voluntary Islamic charity as opposed to zakat, or obligatory charity. ...

Interest

Main article: Islamic banking

Islamic economic institutions, not just the Islamic bank but all those connected with Islamic banking, claim to operate on the basis of "zero interest." Critics of Islamic economics argue, however, that the fundamental characteristic of charging interest (i.e. charging a premium, on the principal amount of a loan, for the time value of the loaned money) is not truly eliminated in Islamic banking, but rather the interest is merely hidden and relabeled. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

For example, consider the practical reality of purchasing a vehicle from an Islamic bank under an allegedly "zero interest" loan. The procedure, generally, is that the client tells the Islamic bank which vehicle he or she would like to own. The Islamic bank then purchases that vehicle in its name, and sells it to the client at a marked-up price, under an agreement that the new marked-up price of the vehicle must be paid in a certain number of installments of a certain time period. Thus a $20,000 car might cost $35,000 if purchased from an Islamic bank at "zero interest," 5 year loan. Of course, the bank charges the extra $15,000 on top of the $20,000 cost of the car because money has a time value (that is to say, a payment of $20,000 5 years from now is worth less than a payment of $20,000 today). This is also why a $20,000 car could cost $35,000 if the purchase were financed by an interest bearing loan issued by a non-Islamic financial institution.

Usually, time value of money is compensated to the lender by the lender charging the borrower interest on the principal amount of the loan. In the case of Islamic banking, the lost time value is compensated by charging a mark-up on the home or vehicle that the client might be seeking to purchase by way of a loan. The vehicle or mortgage usually remains in the name of the bank, until the principal loan including the mark-up has been paid. In the case of a business loan, instead of charging interest over the time that the principal amount is loaned out, an Islamic bank will demand a certain percentage of the borrower's business profits for an indefinite period of time. The time value of money (TVM) is a necessary concept of finance that allows us to equate (PV) the value of a dollar now to a future dollar : the value of a discount bond. ...

Under a conventional interest based loan it is possible to "call" the loan if the interest rate drops and the borrower finds that he can find cheaper financing (i.e. pays off the entire loan before the end of its term, thus paying less interest). However, there is no way to call a loan issued by an Islamic bank. Thus, while the borrower from an Islamic bank is protected against interest rate increases, the borrower cannot benefit from interest rate drops.

In theory, Islamic banking should be synonymous with full-reserve banking, with banks achieving a 100% reserve ratio [2]. However in practice this is rarely the case. Full-reserve banking is a theoretically conceivable banking practice in which all deposits, banknotes, and notes in a financial system would be backed up by assets with a store of value. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Reserve requirements. ...

Debt arrangements

Most Islamic economic institutions advise participatory arrangements between capital and labor. The latter rule reflects the Islamic norm that the borrower must not bear all the cost of a failure, as "it is God who determines that failure, and intends that it fall on all those involved." Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. ...

Conventional debt arrangements are thus usually unacceptable - but conventional venture investment structures are applied even on very small scales. However, not every debt arrangement can be seen in terms of venture investment structures. For example, when a family buys a home it is not investing in a business venture - a person's shelter is not a business venture. Similarly, purchasing other commodities for personal use, such as cars, furniture, and so on, cannot realistically be considered as a venture investment in which the Islamic bank shares risks and profits for the profits of the venture.

Natural capital

Perhaps due to resource scarcity in most Islamic nations, this form of economics also emphasizes limited (and some claim also sustainable) use of natural capital, i.e. producing land. These latter revive traditions of haram and hima that were prevalent in early Muslim civilization. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Sustainable Development. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article covers the word as used in Islamic urban planning. ... Hima means (is Arabic for) inviolate zones solely for the conservation of natural capital, typically fields, wildlife and forests (contrast haram to protect areas for more immediate human purposes). ...

Welfare

Social welfare, unemployment, public debt and globalization have been re-examined from the perspective of Islamic norms and values. Islamic banks have grown recently in the Muslim world but are a very small share of the global economy compared to the Western debt banking paradigm. It remains to be seen if they will find niches - although hybrid approaches, e.g. Grameen Bank which applies classical Islamic values but uses conventional lending practices, are much lauded by some proponents of modern human development theory. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Grameen Bank (Bangla: গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক) is a microfinance organization started in Bangladesh that makes small loans (known as microcredit) to the impoverished without requiring collateral. ... Human development theory is an economic theory that merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics. ...

Islamic stocks

In June 2005 Dow Jones Indexes, New York, and RHB Securities, Kuala Lumpur, teamed up to launch a new "Islamic Malaysia Index" —a collection of 45 stocks representing Malaysian companies that comply with a variety of Shariah-based criteria. Three variables (the total debt of an indexed company, its total cash plus interest-bearing securities and its accounts receivables) must each be less than 33% of the trailing 12-month average capitalization, for example. 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Deaths in June June 27: Shelby Foote June 27: John T. Walton June 26: Richard Whiteley June 25: John Fiedler June 25: Chet Helms June 24: Paul Winchell June 21: Jaime Cardinal Sin June 20: Jack Kilby... The Dow Jones Industrial Average (NYSE: DJI) is one of several stock market indices created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company founder Charles Dow. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... Nickname: KL Motto: Maju dan makmur (Malay: Peace and progress) Location in Malaysia Coordinates: Country Malaysia State Federal Territory Establishment 1857 Granted city status 1974 Mayor Ruslin Hasan Area    - City 243. ...

References

• Muhammad Nijatullah Siddiqui, Muslim Economic Thinking, (Islamic Foundation, Leicester, UK)
• Syed Nawab Haider Naqi, Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis, (Islamic Foundation, Leicester, UK)
• M. Umar Chapra, Islam and the Economic Challenge, (Islamic Foundation, Leicester, UK)
• Angelo M. Venardos, Islamic Banking & Finance in South-East Asia: Its Development & Future, (World Scientific Publishing, Singapore)
• Abbas Mirakhor, Theoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance, (Islamic Publications International)
• Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional - Majelis Ulama Indonesia Fatwa about many issues in Islamic Economics
• Islamic Economics book list
• Islamic Banking references
• Islamic Banking references (GDRC)

Uma Chapra is an economist who has written extensively on the issues of Islamic finance. ... Abbas Mirakhor is an International Monetary Fund Executive Director representing the Iranian government at the IMF. Abbas Mirakhor has served as an economist in the Research Department of the IMF and was formerly Professor of Economics at the Florida Institute of Technology. ...

Dump merge

Islamic Finance is based on interpretations from the Qur'an. Its two central tenets are no interest can be earned on loans and socially responsible investing. The key difference from a financial perspective is the no-interest rule since the Islamic socially responsible investing paradigm is not much different from what other religions do. The Qurān [1] (Arabic: ‎ , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... Interest is the rent paid to borrow money. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Investment is a term with several closely related meanings in finance and economics. ... Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ...

Quran, the holy book of Islam, forbids Riba (or interest). The book has the 4 key verses upon which the no-interest principle is based. Many of the differences in Islamic finance (especially Islamic banking) revolve around this no interest principle. The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... Riba is the (Arabic: ربا ) term for intrest, the charging of which is forbidden by the Quran here, among other places: And that which you give in gift (loan) (to others), in order that it may increase (your wealth by expecting to get a better one in return) from other... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

For example, Islamic banks must take equity positions in homes rather than taking a traditional mortgage. Others examples include essentially profit sharing plans, leasing, and repurchase plans. These allow the financial institution to make money while satisfying the no-interest principle. The First Provincial Bank of Taiwan in Taipei, Republic of China was formerly the central bank of the Republic of China and issued the New Taiwan dollar. ... Ownership equity, commonly known simply as equity, also risk or liable capital, is a financial term for the difference between a companys assets and liabilities -- that is, the value that accrues to the owners (sole proprieter, partners, or shareholders). ... A mortgage is a method of using property (real or personal) as security for the payment of a debt. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A lease or tenancy is an interest in personal property or real property given by a lessor to another person (usually called the lessee or tenant) for a fixed period of time, and the lessee obtains exclusive possession of the property in return for paying the lessor a fixed or... In Financial economics, a financial institution acts as an agent that provides financial services for its clients. ...

The second difference between Islamic finance and traditional finance is the emphasis on socially responsible investing. While in the Western financial tradition there are many investors who invest in "socially responsible" means, socially responsible investing is not as wide spread as it is within the Islamic tradition.

Islam takes a holistic view of the person. Thus someone who is good does good things. This includes investing responsibly to assure that the money does not go for "bad" purposes. These "bad" purposes include the usual subjects such as drugs, weapons, alcohol, pornography, and terrorism. Again this is really no different from traditional socially responsible investing. Holism (from holon, a Greek word meaning entity) is the idea that the properties of a system cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its components alone. ... Many drugs are provided in tablet form. ... A weapon is a tool used to kill or incapacitate a person or animal, or destroy a military target. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... Pornographic movies Pornography (from Greek πόρνη (porni) prostitute and γραφή (grafi) writing), more informally referred to as porn or porno, is the representation of the human body or sexual activity with the goal of sexual arousal. ... Terrorist redirects here. ...

Popularity and availability

Today there are many financial institutions, even in the Western world, offering financial services and products in accordance with the rules of the Islamic finance. For example, legal changes introduced by Chancellor Gordon Brown in 2003, have enabled British banks and building societies to offer so-called Muslim mortgages for house purchase. James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom and a Labour Party politician. ... Building society was the name given in 19th century Britain for working mens co_operative savings groups: by pooling savings, members could buy or build their own homes. ...

In 2004 the UK's first stand alone Sharia'a complaint bank was launched, the Islamic Bank of Britain. They offer products and services to its UK customers that utilise the Islamic financial principles; such as Mudaraba, Murabaha, Musharaka and Qard. The Islamic Bank of Britain is a commercial bank in the United Kingdom, established in August 2004 to offer Sharia’a compliant financial service products to British Muslims. ...

The Islamic finance sector was worth between 300 and 500 billion dollars (237 and 394 billion euros) as of September 2006, compared with 200 billion dollars in 2004. The number of Islamic retail banks and investment funds number in their hundreds and many Western financial institutions offer products that comply with Sharia law, including Citigroup, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Lloyds TSB and UBS. [3] Institutional fund management is fund management conducted by large financial firms such as banks, insurance companies and major investment organisations (e. ... Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... Citigroup Inc. ... Deutsche Bank AG NYSE: DB (German for German Bank) is a multinational bank operating worldwide and employing more than 67,500 people (Dec. ... HSBC Holdings plc (LSE: HSBA, SEHK: 005, NYSE: HBC, Euronext: HSBC, BSX: 1077223879) is one of the largest banking groups in the world, ranked the fifth-largest company and third-largest banking company in the world in Forbes Global 2000. ... Lloyds TSB Group plc is a group of financial services companies, based in the United Kingdom, which was created in 1995 following the merger of the TSB Group and the Lloyds Bank Group. ... UBS can refer to: UBS AG, a banking group Unbundled Bitstream Services United Building Society - the name of several financial institutions in different countries around the world. ...

In practice

Main article: Islamic economics in the world

Islamic economics in practice. ...

See also

• Islamic banking
• Murabaha
• Musharakah
• Mudarabah
• Ijara
• Qard-Hasan
• Istisna
• Bai'salam
• Tawaruk
• Modern Islamic philosophy
• Islamic bank
• Islamic finance
• Islamization of knowledge
• Green economics
• Creditary economics
• Islamic science
• Ibn Khaldun

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Murabaha is defined as a particular kind of sale, compliant with shariah, where the seller expressly mentions the cost he has incurred on the commodities to be sold and sells it to another person by adding some profit or mark-up thereon which is known to the buyer. ... Ijara is a town in the North Eastern Province of Kenya. ... There are many new trends in Islamic Philosophy and meanwhile some traditional schools are still very alive and active. ... For more information please refer to http://www. ... Islamic Finance is based on interpretations from the Quran. ... Islamization of knowledge is a term which describes a variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethics of Islam with various fields of modern thought. ... Green economics is an approach to economics in which the economy is considered to be a component of and dependent upon the natural world within which it resides and of which is it considered a part. ... Creditary economics is a broad and inclusive term for all theories of economics and political economy that drastically de-emphasize or deny altogether a role for debt and assumptions of fixed yield for such financial capital instruments. ... This is a subarticle to Islamic studies and science. ... Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldūn (full name ) (ابو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي ), (May 27, 1332/732AH to March 19, 1406/808AH) was a famous Arab historiographer and historian born in present-day Tunisia, and is sometimes viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography, sociology and economics. ...

References

1. ^ Michael Bonner, "Poverty and Economics in the Qur’an", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xxxv:3 (Winter, 2005), 391–406

External links

• Riba, Interest and Six Hadiths: Do We Have a Definition or a Conundrum? by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
• Corporate Islamic Finance - An Assessment by Dinar Standard
• The Riba-Interest Equation and Islam: Reexamination of the Traditional Arguments by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
• Stipulation of Excess in Understanding and Misunderstanding Riba: Al-Jassas Link by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
• Muslim mortgages in Britain
• Information on Islamic Finance
• Alternative energy for funds Extract from Jane's Transport Finance about Islamic finance, 29 August 2006

http://sukkook.googlepages.com/

• The Riba-Interest Equation and Islam: Reexamination of the Traditional Arguments by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
• The Riba-Interest Equivalence: Is there an Ijma (consensus)? by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
• Training,seminars and information on Islamic banking and finance
• Liberal and progressive Islam from Alan Godlas' Islamic resources page at the University of Georgia
• [4], Mahmoud el-Gamal, Rice University, Houston, Texas, "An Economic Explanation of the Prohibition of Riba in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence."
• Study Islamic Business in Indonesia
• muslim-investor.com Principles about Muslim Financial
• Dow Jones Islamic Market indexes
• Shouldn’t there be a war on poverty? - An Islamic perspective
• Islam & the Economic Question